Supporting adherence for people starting a new medication for a long-term condition through community pharmacies: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the New Medicine Service

BMJ Quality and Safety

Volumn 25, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 747-758

  Elliott, Rachel Ann ^a   Boyd, Matthew J ^a   Salema, Nde Eshimuni ^a   Davies, James ^b   Barber, Nicholas ^c   Mehta, Rajnikant Laxmishanker ^d   Tanajewski, Lukasz ^a   Waring, Justin ^a   Latif, Asam ^a   Gkountouras, Georgios ^a   Avery, A J ^a   Chuter, Antony ^a   Craig, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b School of Pharmacy ^*  (United Kingdom)

^c Health Foundation   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chronic disease management; Compliance; Patient centred care; Pharmacists; Randomised controlled trial

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTENTION TO TREAT ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; NEW MEDICINE SERVICE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME; PHARMACY; PRESCRIPTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TELECONSULTATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; AGED; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHRONIC DISEASE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; ENGLAND; HEALTH STATUS; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PHARMACIST; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MALE; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MIDDLE AGED; PHARMACISTS; PROFESSIONAL ROLE; STATE MEDICINE;

EID: 84990173542     PISSN: 20445415     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004400     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Horne R, Weinman J, Barber N, et al. Concordance, adherence and compliance in medicine taking. Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D (NCCSDO). December 2005. http://www.netscc.ac.uk/hsdr/files/project/SDO-FR-08-1412-076-V01.pdf
2. Marsden E, Cubbin I, McAlavey A. An investigation into how poor compliance traditionally associated with corticosteroid therapy in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be improved to enhance long-term management and patient care. Int J Pharm Pract 2009;17(S2): B55-6.
3. Cerveri I, Locatelli F, Zoia MC, et al. International variations in asthma treatment compliance: the results of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Eur Respir J 1999;14:288-94.
4. Llorca PM. Patient compliance in schizophrenia and the impact on patient outcome. Psychiatr Res 2008;161:235-47.
5. Ereshefsky L, Saragoussi D, Despiégel N, et al. The 6-month persistence on SSRIs and associated economic burden. J Med Econ 2010;13:527-36.
6. Ho PM, Rumsfeld JS, Masoudi FA, et al. Effect of medication nonadherence on hospitalization and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1836-41.
7. Ho PM, Spertus JA, Masoudi FA, et al. Impact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1842-7.
8. Vestbo J, Anderson JA, Calverley PM, et al. Adherence to inhaled therapy, mortality and hospital admission in COPD. Thorax 2009;64:939-43.
9. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Advancing the responsible use of medicines: applying levers for change. Parsipanny, USA: IMS Health, 2012.
10. Trueman P, Lowson K, Blighe A, et al. Evaluation of the Scale, Causes and Costs of Waste Medicines. 2010. http://www. pharmacy.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/News/Evaluation-of-NHS-Medicines-Waste--web-publication-version.pdf
11. Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, et al. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(11):CD000011.
12. Elliott RA. Strategies for improving poor adherence to medication to optimize rheumatoid arthritis disease management. Dis Manage Health Outcomes 2008;16:13-29.
13. Barber N, Parsons J, Clifford S, et al. Patients' problems with new medication for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:172-5.
14. Leventhal H, Cameron LD. Behavioral theories and the problem of compliance. Patient Educ Couns 1987;10:117-38.
15. Clifford S, Barber N, Elliott R, et al. Patient-centred advice is effective in improving adherence to medicines. Pharm World Sci 2006;28:165-70.
16. Elliott RA, Clifford S, Barber N, et al. The cost effectiveness of a pharmacy advisory service to improve adherence to medicines. Pharm World Sci 2008;30:17-23.
17. Department of Health. Pharmacy in England: Building on strengths-delivering the future. 2008. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicy AndGuidance/DH-083815
18. Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee. New Medicines Service. Secondary New Medicines Service. 2011. http://www.psnc.org.uk/pages/nms.html
19. NHS Business Services Authority. Complete New Medicines Service (NMS) data. London: NHSBSA, 2014.
20. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c332.
21. Boyd M, Waring J, Barber N, et al. Protocol for the New Medicine Service Study: a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation with qualitative appraisal comparing the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the New Medicine Service in community pharmacies in England. Trials 2013;14:411.
22. Elliott R, Boyd M, Waring J, et al. Understanding and Appraising the New Medicines Service in the NHS in England (029/0124)' A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation with qualitative appraisal comparing the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the New Medicine Service in community pharmacies in England. University of Nottingham, 2014.
23. Inc. SI. SAS Version 9.3(TS1M1). Cray, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc., 2011.
24. Elliott RA. Poor adherence to anti-inflammatory medication in asthma: reasons, challenges, and strategies for improved disease management. Dis Manage Health Outcomes 2006;14:223-33.
25. Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee, NHS Employers. NHS Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework 2011/12 Service Developments-Latest Information. August 2011. http://www.psnc.org.uk/data/files/PharmacyContract/Contract-changes-2011/summary-of-cpcf-changes-may-2011.pdf (accessed 4/8/2011).
26. Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, et al. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J Clin Hypertens 2008;10:348-54.
27. Euroqol Group. Measuring Self-Reported Population Health-An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Secondary Measuring Self-Reported Population Health-An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. 2008. http://www. euroqol.org/fileadmin/user-upload/Documenten/PDF/Books/Measuring-Self-Reported-Population-Health---An-International-Perspective-based-on-EQ-5D.pdf
28. Horne R, Weinman J, Hankins M. The beliefs about medicines questionnaire: the development of and evaluation of a new method for assessing the cognitive representation of medication. Psychol Health 1999;14:1-24.
29. National Health Service Executive. NHS Reference Costs 2012-13. Secondary NHS Reference Costs 2012-13, Department of Health, London, 2013.
30. Personal Social Services Research Unit. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2013. Compiled by Lesley Curtis. 2013 Pub: Personal Social Services Research Unit, The University of Kent.
31. Briggs A, Gray A. The distribution of health care costs and their statistical analysis for economic evaluation. J Health Serv Res Policy 1998;3:233-45.
32. Hollis S, Campbell F. What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1999;319:670-4.
33. Shih WJ. Problems in dealing with missing data and informative censoring in clinical trials. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2002;3:4.
34. Royston P. Multiple imputation of missing values: further update of ICE, with emphasis on categorical variables. Stata J 2009;9:466-77.
35. Carlin JB, Galati JC, Royston P. A new framework for managing and analysing multiply imputed data sets in Stata. Stata J 2008;8:49-67.
36. Zwger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrica 1986;73:13-22.
37. Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JH. Applied Longitudinal Analysis. New Jersey: Wiley, 2004.
38. Assmann SF, Pocock SJ, Enos LE, et al. Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet 2000;355:1064-9.
39. IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2011.
40. StataCorp LP. Stata data analysis and statistical Software. Special Edition Release 10.1 edition, STATA Press, 2008.
41. Office for National Statistics. Enumeration Postcodes (2011) to output areas (2011) to lower layer super output areas (2011) to middle layer super output areas (2011) to local authority districts (2011) E+W Lookup, 2011.
42. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Cost of Service Inquiry for Community Pharmacy Report by PwC. London: PriceWaterhouseCooper, 2011.
43. DiMatteo MR. Variations in patients' adherence to medical recommendations: a quantitative review of 50 years of research. [see comment]. Med Care 2004;42:200-9.
44. Vrijens B, Vincze G, Kristanto P, et al. Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories. BMJ 2008;336: 1114-17.
45. Caro JJ, Salas M, Speckman JL, et al. Persistence with treatment for hypertension in actual practice. CMAJ 1999;160:31-7.
46. Garg VK, Bidani R, Rich EP, et al. Asthma patients' knowledge, perception, and adherence to the asthma guidelines. Journal of Asthma 2005;42:633-8.
47. Cramer JA. A Systematic Review of Adherence With Medications for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1218-24.
48. Shemesh E, Yehuda R, Milo O, et al. Posttraumatic stress, nonadherence, and adverse outcome in survivors of a myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 2004;66: 521-6.
49. Simpson E, Beck C, Richard H, et al. Drug prescriptions after acute myocardial infarction: Dosage, compliance, and persistence. Am Heart J 2003;145:438-44.
50. Quilici J, Fugon L, Beguin S, et al. Effect of motivational mobile phone short message service on aspirin adherence after coronary stenting for acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:568-9.
51. Vik SA, Maxwell CJ, Hogan DB. Measurement, correlates and health outcomes of medication adherence among seniors. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:303-12.
52. Kazis LE, Friedman RH. Improving medication compliance in the elderly. Strategies for the health care provider. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:1161-2.
53. Shi L, Liu J, Koleva Y, et al. Concordance of adherence measurement using self-reported adherence questionnaires and medication monitoring devices. Pharmacoeconomics 2010;28:1097-107.
54. Black N. Patient reported outcome measures could help transform healthcare. BMJ 2013;346:f167.
55. Choo PW, Rand CS, Inui TS, et al. Validation of patient reports, automated pharmacy records, and pill counts with electronic monitoring of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Care 1999;37:846-57.
56. Murri R, Ammassari A, Gallicano K, et al. Patient-Reported Nonadherence to HAART Is Related to Protease Inhibitor Levels. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:123-8.
57. Butler JA, Peveler RC, Roderick P, et al. Measuring compliance with drug regimens after renal transplantation: comparison of self-report and clinician rating with electronic monitoring. Transplantation 2004;77:786-9.
58. Lehmann A, Aslani P, Ahmed R, et al. Assessing medication adherence: options to consider. Int J Clin Pharma 2014;36:55-69.
59. Dartnell JGA, Anderson RP, Chohan V, et al. Hospitalisation for adverse events related to drug therapy: incidence, avoidability and costs. Med J Aust 1996;164:659-62.
60. Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, et al. The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of ?-blockers. J Am Med Assoc 1990;263:1653-7.
61. Weiden PJ, Olfson M. Cost of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995;21:419-29.
62. Lau DT, Nau DP. Oral antihypoglycaemic medication nonadherence and subsequent hospitalization among individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2149-53.
63. Fikri-Benbrahim N, Faus MJ, Martínez-Martínez F, et al. Impact of a community pharmacists' hypertension-care service on medication adherence. The AFenPA study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2013;9:797-805.
64. Kjeldsen LJ, Bjerrum L, Dam P, et al. Safe and effective use of medicines for patients with type 2 diabetes-A randomized controlled trial of two interventions delivered by local pharmacies. Res Social Adm Pharm 2015;11: 47-62.
65. Haynes RB, Ackloo E, Sahota N, et al. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(2):CD000011.
66. Derose SF, Green K, Marrett E, et al. AUtomated outreach to increase primary adherence to cholesterol-lowering medications. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:38-43.
67. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Medicines optimisation. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society, 2013.
68. The Kings Fund. Polypharmacy and medicines optimisation: making it safe and sound. London: The King's Fund, 2013.
69. Blenkinsopp A, Bond CM. The potential and pitfalls of medicine management: What have we learned so far? Dis Manag Health Outcomes 2008;16:79-86.
70. Mossialos E, Courtin E, Naci H, et al. From "retailers" to health care providers: Transforming the role of community pharmacists in chronic disease management. Health Policy 2015;119:628-39.