Going international? Risk taking by cryptomarket drug vendors

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 35, Issue , 2016, Pages 69-76

  Décary Hétu, David ^a,b   Paquet Clouston, Masarah ^a,b   Aldridge, Judith ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b University of Montreal   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cryptomarkets; Dark net drug markets; Illegal drug markets; Risk taking

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CRYPTOMARKET; DRUG COST; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG PACKAGING; DRUG TRANSPORT; LAW ENFORCEMENT; ONLINE SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DECISION MAKING; DRUG TRAFFIC; ECONOMICS; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; INTERNET; NONBIOLOGICAL MODEL; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION;

STREET DRUG;

COMMERCE; DECISION MAKING; DRUG TRAFFICKING; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; INTERNET; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL; RISK-TAKING; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 84989765653     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Adler, P.A., Wheeling and dealing: An ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community. 1993, Columbia University Press, New York, USA.
2. Aldridge, J., Décary-Hétu, D., Not an ‘Ebay for Drugs’: The cryptomarket “Silk Road” as a paradigm shifting criminal innovation. 2014 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2436643.
3. Anderson, E., Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. 2000, WW Norton & Company, New York, USA.
4. Barratt, M.J., Ferris, J.A., Winstock, A.R., Use of silk road, the online drug marketplace, in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Addiction 109:5 (2014), 774–783.
5. Becker, G.S., Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Becker, G.S., Landes, W.M., (eds.) Essays in the economics of crime and punishment, 1974, NBER, Cambridge, USA.
6. Black, M.M., Ricardo, I.B., Drug use, drug trafficking, and weapon carrying among low-income African-American, early adolescent boys. Pediatrics 93:6 (1994), 1065–1072.
7. Blais, A.R., Weber, E.U., A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgment and Decision Making 1:1 (2006), 33–47.
8. Bouchard, M., A capture–recapture model to estimate the size of criminal populations and the risks of detection in a marijuana cultivation industry. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23:3 (2007), 221–241.
9. Bouchard, M., Tremblay, P., Risks of arrest across drug markets: A capture-recapture analysis of “hidden” dealer and user populations. Journal of Drug Issues 35:4 (2005), 733–754.
10. Branwen, G., Tor black-market-related arrests. 2015 http://www.gwern.net/Black-market%20arrests.
11. Caulkins, J.P., Johnson, B., Taylor, A., Taylor, L., What drug dealers tell us about their costs of doing business. Journal of Drug Issues 29:2 (1999), 323–340.
12. Christin, N., Traveling the silk road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
13. Cross, J.C., Passing the buck: Risk avoidance and risk management in the illegal/informal drug trade. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20:9/10 (2000), 68–94.
14. De Mesquita, B.B., CohenE, L.E., Self-interest, equity, and crime control: A game-theoretic analysis of criminal decision making. Criminology 33:4 (1995), 483–518.
15. Décary-Hétu, D., Aldridge, J., DATACRYPTO: A dark net crawler and scraper. 2015, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec.
16. Décary-Hétu, D., Aldridge, J., Sifting through the net: Monitoring of online offenders by researchers. European Review of Organised Crime 2:2 (2015), 122–141.
17. Denton, B., O'Malley, P., Gender, trust and business: Women drug dealers in the illicit economy. British Journal of Criminology 39:4 (1999), 513–530.
18. Ehrlich, I., Participation in illegitimate activities: An economic analysis. Becker, G.S., Landes, W.M., (eds.) Essays in the economics of crime and punishment, 1974, Columbia University Press, New York, USA.
19. Fairlie, R.W., Drug dealing and legitimate self-employment. Journal of Labor Economics 20:3 (2002), 538–567.
20. Fitzgerald, J.L., Mapping the experience of drug dealing risk environments: An ethnographic case study. International Journal of Drug Policy 20:3 (2009), 261–269.
21. Gardner, M., Steinberg, L., Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology 41:4 (2005), 625–635.
22. Garland, D., The rise of risk. Ericson, R., (eds.) Risk and morality, 2003, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
23. Gottfredson, M.R., Hirschi, T., A general theory of crime. 1990, Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA.
24. Hensley, W.E., Probability, personality, age, and risk taking. Journal of Psychology 95:1 (1977), 139–145.
25. Holt, T.J., Lampke, E., Exploring stolen data markets online: Products and market forces. Criminal Justice Studies 23:1 (2010), 33–50.
26. Holt, T.J., Smirnova, O., Chua, Y.T., Copes, H., Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets. Global Crime 16:2 (2015), 81–103.
27. Jacobs, B.A., Topalli, V., Wright, R., Managing retaliation: Drug robbery and informal sanction threats. Criminology 38:1 (2000), 171–198.
28. Johnson, B.D., Natarajan, M., Strategies to avoid arrest: Crack sellers’ response to intensified policing. American Journal of Police 14:3/4 (1995), 49–69.
29. Krueger, R.F., Schmutte, P.S., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Campbell, K., Silva, P.A., Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103:2 (1994), 328–338.
30. Lane, S.D., Cherek, D.R., Analysis of risk taking in adults with a history of high risk behavior. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60:2 (2000), 179–187.
31. Lane, S.D., Cherek, D.R., Pietras, C.J., Tcheremissine, O.V., Alcohol effects on human risk taking. Psychopharmacology 172:1 (2004), 68–77.
32. Leontiadis, N., Moore, T., Christin, N., Pick your poison: Pricing and inventories at unlicensed online pharmacies. Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, Philadelphia, USA, 2013.
33. Levchenko, K., Pitsillidis, A., Chachra, N., Enright, B., Félegyházi, M., Grier, C., et al. Click trajectories: End-to-end analysis of the spam value chain. IEEE symposium on security and privacy, 2011.
34. Little, M., Steinberg, L., Psychosocial correlates of adolescent drug dealing in the inner city potential roles of opportunity, conventional commitments, and maturity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 43:4 (2006), 357–386.
35. Littlejohn, C., Baldacchino, A., Schifano, F., Deluca, P., Internet pharmacies and online prescription drug sales: A cross-sectional study. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy 12:1 (2005), 75–80.
36. MacCoun, R., Reuter, P.H., Are the wages of sin $30 an hour? Economic aspects of street-level drug dealing. Crime & Delinquency 38:4 (1992), 477–491.
37. Martin, J., Drugs on the dark net: How cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs. 2014, Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK.
38. Martin, J., Lost on the silk road: Online drug distribution and the ‘Cryptomarket’. Criminology and Criminal Justice 14:3 (2014), 351–367.
39. May, T., Hough, M., Drug markets and distribution systems. Addiction Research & Theory 12:6 (2004), 549–563.
40. McCarthy, B., New economics of sociological criminology. Annual Review of Sociology 28 (2002), 417–442.
41. McCarthy, B., Hagan, J., Danger and the decision to offend. Social Forces 83:3 (2005), 1065–1096.
42. Moloney, M., Hunt, G., Joe-Laidler, K., Drug sales, gender, and risk: Notions of risk from the perspective of gang-involved young adults. Substance Use & Misuse 50:6 (2015), 721–732.
43. Mungan, M.C., Klick, J., Forfeiture of illegal gains, attempts, and implied risk preferences. Journal of Legal Studies 43:1 (2014), 137–153.
44. Neumann, J.V., Morgenstern, O., Theory of games and economic behavior. 1944, Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
45. Nezlek, J.B., Multilevel modeling for social and personality psychology. 2011, SAGE Publications Ltd., London, UK.
46. O'Shaughnessy, M.V., Montaner, J.S.G., Strathdee, S.A., Schechter, M.T., Deadly public policy. Twelfth world AIDS conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
47. Raudenbush, S.W., Bryk, A.S., Congdon, R., HLM 7 for Windows. 2004, Scientific Software International, Inc.
48. Raudenbush, S.W., Bryk, A.S., Cheong, Y.F., Congdon, R.T., du Toit, M., HLM 7: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. 2011, SSI Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL.
49. Reuter, P.H., Disorganized crime: The economics of the visible hand. 1983, MIT Press, Cambridge, USA.
50. Reuter, P.H., Haaga, J., The organization of high-level drug markets. 1989 http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/notes/2006/N2830.pdf.
51. Reuter, P.H., Kleiman, M.A., Risks and prices: An economic analysis of drug enforcement. Crime and Justice 7 (1986), 289–340.
52. Rhodes, T., The ‘risk environment’: A framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy 13 (2002), 85–94.
53. Romer, D., Duckworth, A.L., Sznitman, S., Park, S., Can adolescents learn self-control? Delay of gratification in the development of control over risk taking. Prevention Science 11:3 (2010), 319–330.
54. Scott, M.A., Simonoff, J.S., Marx, B.D., The Sage handbook of multilevel modeling. 2013, Sage, New York, USA.
55. Skolnick, J.H., Correl, T., Navarro, E., Rabb, R., The social structure of street drug dealing. 1990 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/146833NCJRS.pdf.
56. Smith, R., Understanding entrepreneurial behaviour in organized criminals. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 3:3 (2009), 256–268.
57. Soska, K., Christin, N., Measuring the longitudinal evolution of the online anonymous marketplace ecosystem. 24th USENIX Security Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, 2015.
58. Swogger, M.T., Walsh, Z., Lejuez, C.W., Kosson, D.S., Psychopathy and risk taking among jailed inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior 37:4 (2010), 439–452.
59. Topalli, V., Wright, R., Fornango, R., Drug dealers, robbery and retaliation. Vulnerability, deterrence and the contagion of violence. British Journal of Criminology 42:2 (2002), 337–351.
60. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Non-intrusive inspection systems program. 2014 https://www.dhs.gov/publication/non-intrusive-inspection-systems-program.
61. UNODC, World drug report. 2005 https://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2005/volume_1_chap2.pdf.
62. van Duyne, P.C., Mobsters are human too. Canter, D., Alison, L., (eds.) Offender profiling series: Profiling in policy and practice, Vol. 2, 1999, Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, USA.
63. Volery, R., Drug dealing on cryptomarkets: Shipping techniques and knowledge transfrom [ORIGINAL TITLE IN FRENCH: Vente de drogues sur les cryptomarchés: Techniques d'envoi et transmission des connaissances]. Masters at the École des sciences criminelles, 2015, Université de Lausanne.
64. Weinfurt, K.P., Bush, P.J., Peer assessment of early adolescents solicited to participate in drug trafficking: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25:24 (1995), 2141–2157.
65. Werb, D., Kerr, T., Li, K., Montaner, J., Wood, E., Risks surrounding drug trade involvement among street-involved youth. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 34:6 (2008), 810–820.
66. World Bank, GDP per capita. 2013 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.
67. World Bank, Population, total. 2015 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.
68. World Justice Project, Rule of law index. 2013 http://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index.
69. World Justice Project, Who we are. 2015 http://worldjusticeproject.org/who-we-are-0.
70. Yang, Z., Peterson, R.T., Huang, L., Taking the pulse of Internet pharmacies. Marketing Health Services 21:2 (2001), 5–10.