Psychosocial correlates of adolescent drug dealing in the Inner City: Potential roles of opportunity, conventional commitments, and maturity

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 357-386

  Little, Michelle ^a   Steinberg, Laurence ^b,c  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MacArthur Foundation's Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice

Author keywords

Adolescent development; Drug dealing; Juvenile offenders; Maturity

Indexed keywords

ABSTINENCE; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CITY; DRUG TRAFFIC; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; INDEPENDENCE; JOB FINDING; JUVENILE DELINQUENCY; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MATURITY; MONITORING; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PEER GROUP; PEER PRESSURE; PREDICTION; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA;

EID: 33750046028     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: 1552731X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427806291260     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Altschuler, David M. and Paul J. Brounstein. 1991. "Patterns of Drug Use, Drug Trafficking, and Other Delinquency among Inner-City Adolescent Males in Washington, DC." Criminology 29:589-621.
2. Black, Maureen M. and Izabel B. Ricardo. 1994. "Drug Use, Drug Trafficking, and Weapon Carrying among Low-Income African-American, Early Adolescent Boys." Pediatrics 93:1065-72.
3. Brody, Gene H., Xiaojia Ge, Rand D. Conger, Frederick X. Gibbons, Velma McBride Murry, Meg Gerrard, and Ronald L. Simons. 2001. "The Influence of Neighborhood Disadvantage, Collective Socialization, and Parenting on African American Children's Affiliation with Deviant Peers." Child Development 72:1231-46.
4. Browne, Michael W. and Robert Cudeck. 1993. "Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit." Pp. 136-62 in Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
5. Bush, P. and R. J. Ianotti. 1993. "Involvement in Drug Sales in Early Adolescence." Paper presented at Securing Our Future: Towards a Comprehensive Strategy to Protect Youth from Drug Trafficking, Baltimore, MD, November.
6. Cauffman, Elizabeth and Laurence Steinberg. 2000. "(Im)maturity and Judgment in Adolescence: Why Adolescents May Be Less Culpable Than Adults." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 18:741.
7. Cernkovich, Stephen A. and Peggy C. Giordano. 1987. "Family Relationships and Delinquency." Criminology 24:295-321.
8. Chaiken, Marcia. 2000. "Violent Neighborhoods, Violent Kids." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. Available at http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/2000_03_4/contents.html
9. Cloward, Richard and Lloyd E. Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
10. Collision, M. 1996. "In Search of the High Life: Drugs, Crimes, Masculinities and Consumption." British Journal of Criminology 36:428-44.
11. Cornish, D. and R. Clarke. 1986. The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives in Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. Dunlap, Eloise. 1992. "Impact of Drugs on Family Life and Kin Networks in the Inner-City African-American Single Parent Household." Pp. 181-203 in Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Community, edited by A. V. Harrell and G. E. Peterson. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
13. Fagan, Jeffrey. 1992. "Drug Selling and Licit Income in Distressed Neighborhoods: The Economic Lives of Street-Level Drug Users and Dealers." Pp. 99-141 in Drugs, Crime, and Social Isolation: Barriers to Urban Community, edited by A. V. Harrell and G. E. Peterson. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
14. _. 2000. "Contexts of Choice by Adolescents in Criminal Events." Pp. 371-402 in Youth on Trial, edited by T. Grisso and R. G. Schwartz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Fagan, Jeffrey and R. B. Freeman. 1999. "Crime and Work." Pp. 225-90 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 25, edited by M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16. Freeman, R. B. 1992. "Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youth." Pp. 201-37 in Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunities, edited by G. E. Peterson and W. Vroman. Washington DC: Urban Institute.
17. Freeman, Richard B. 1996. "Why Do So Many Young Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 10:25-42.
18. Greenberger, Ellen, Ruthellen Josselson, Claramae Knerr, and Bruce Knerr. 1974. "The Measurement and Structure of Psychosocial Maturity." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 4:127-43.
19. Hagan, J. 1993. "The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment." Criminology 31:465-91.
20. Huff, C. R. 1996. "The Criminal Behavior of Gang Members and Non-Gang At-Risk Youth." Pp. 75-102 in Gangs in America, edited by C. R. Huff. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Huizinga, David, F. Esbensen, and A. W. Weiher. 1991. "Are There Multiple Paths to Delinquency?" Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 82:83-118.
22. Johnson, Bruce D., Eric D. Wish, James Schmeidler, and David Huizinga. 1993. "Concentration of Delinquent Offending: Serious Drug Involvement and High Delinquency Rates." Pp. 1-25 in Drugs and Crime, edited by R. Dembo. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
23. Leviton, S., M. A. Schindler, and R. S. Orleans. 1994. "African-American Youth: Drug Trafficking and the Justice System." Pediatrics 93:1078-84.
24. Li, X. and Susan Feigelman. 1994. "Recent and Intended Drug Trafficking among Male and Female Urban African-American Early Adolescents." Pediatrics 93:1044-99.
25. Li, X., B. Stanton, Susan Feigelman, and Maureen M. Black. 1996. "Persistence of Drug Trafficking Behaviors and Intentions among Urban African-American Early Adolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 16:491-508.
26. Li, X., Bonita Stanton, and Susan Feigelman. 2000. "Impact of Perceived Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Risk Behavior over Four Years." Journal of Adolescent Health 27:49-56.
27. Lipsey, Mark W. and David B. Wilson. 1998. "Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Synthesis of Research." Pp. 313-45 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, edited by R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. MacCoun, R. and P. Reuter. 1992. "Are the Wages of Sin $30 per Hour? Economic Aspects of Street Level Dealing." Crime and Delinquency 38:477-91.
29. MacKinnon, D. P., Jennifer L. Krull, and Chondra M. Lockwood. 2000. "Equivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect." Prevention Science 1:173-81.
30. MacKinnon, David P., Chondra M. Lockwood, Jeanne M. Hoffman, Stephen G. West, and Virgil Sheets. 2002. "A Comparison of Methods to Test Mediation and Other Intervening Variable Effects." Psychological Methods 7:83-104.
31. Menard, Scott and Delbert S. Elliot. 1996. "Prediction of Adult Success Using Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis." Report submitted to the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
32. Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. 1993. "Enduring Individual Differences and Rational Choice Theories of Crime." Law and Society Review 27 (3): 467-96.
33. _. 1994. "Personal Capital and Social Control: The Deterrence Implications of a Theory of Individual Differences in Criminal Offending." Criminology 32:518-606.
34. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. "Race, Crime and Juvenile Justice: The Issue of Racial Disparity." Pp. 228-60 in Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice, edited by C.S.W.J. McCord and N. A. Crowell. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
35. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2003. "OJJDP Fact Sheet, No. 08." Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
36. Paschall, M. J. and M. L. Hubbard. 1998. "Effects of Neighborhood and Family Stressors on African-American Male Adolescents' Self-Worth and Propensity for Violent Behavior." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66:825-31.
37. Reuter, P., R. MacCoun, and P. Murphy. 1990. Money from Crime: A Study of the Economics of Drug Dealing in Washington, DC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
38. Ricardo, Izabel B. 1994. "Life Choices of African-American Youth Living in Public Housing: Perspectives on Drug Trafficking." Pediatrics 93:1055-59.
39. Sampson, Robert J. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1999. "Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods." American Journal of Sociology 105:603-51.
40. Schubert, C. A., E. P. Mulvey, L. Steinberg, Elizabeth Cauffman, S. Losoya, T. Hecker, L. Chassin, and G. Knight. 2004. "Operational Lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Project." Journal of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2:237-55.
41. Stanton, B. and J. Galbraith. 1994. "Drug Trafficking among African-American Early Adolescents: Prevalence, Consequences, and Associated Behaviors and Beliefs." Pediatrics 93:1039-43.
42. Steinberg, L. 2002. "Resistance to Peer Influence." Philadelphia: Temple University, Department of Psychology.
43. Steinberg, L. and Elizabeth Cauffman. 1996. "Maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent Decision-Making." Law and Human Behavior 20:249-72.
44. Steinberg, L., Susie D. Lamborn, Sanford M. Dornbusch, and Nancy Darling. 1992. "Impact of Parenting Practices on Adolescent Achievement: Authoritative Parenting, School Involvement, and Encouragement to Succeed." Child Development 63:1266-81.
45. Steinberg, Laurence. 2003. "Is Decision-Making the Right Framework for the Study of Adolescent Risk-Taking?" Pp. 18-24 in Reducing Adolescent Risk: Toward an Integrated Approach, edited by D. Romer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Steinberg, Laurence, Ronald Dahl, Daniel Keating, David Kupfer, Ann S. Masten, and Daniel Pine. 2005. "The Study of Developmental Psychopathology in Adolescence: Integrating Affective Neuroscience with the Study of Context." Pp. 710-41 in Developmental Psychopathology, edited by D. Cicchetti and D. J. Cohen. New York: John Wiley.
47. Thornberry, T. P., A. J. Lizotte, M. D. Krohn, M. Farnworth, and S. J. Jang. 1994. "Delinquent Peers, Beliefs, and Delinquent Behavior: A Longitudinal Test of Interactional Theory." Criminology 32:47-83.
48. Tyler, T. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
49. Uribe, Victor M. and Eric Ostrov. 1989. "Correlations of Substance Abuse and Self-Image among Socially Diverse Groups of Adolescents and Clinical Implications." Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11(1): 25-34.
50. Van Kammen, W. and R. Loeber. 1994. "Are Fluctuations in Delinquent Activities Related to the Onset and Offset of Juvenile Drug Use and Drug Dealing?" Journal of Drug Issues 24:9-24.
51. Weinberger, Daniel A. and Gary E. Schwartz. 1990. "Distress and Restraint as Superordinate Dimensions of Self-Reported Adjustment: A Typological Perspective." Journal of Personality 58 (2): 381-417.
52. Weinfurt, K. P. and P. Bush. 1995. "Peer Assessment of Early Adolescents Solicited to Participate in Drug Trafficking: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Applied and Social Psychology 25:2141-57.
53. Whitehead, Tony Larry, James Peterson, and Linda Kaljee. 1994. "The 'Hustle': Socioeconomic Deprivation, Urban Drug Trafficking, and Low-Income, African-American Male Gender Identity." Pediatrics 93:1050-54.
54. Williams, T. R. 1989. The Cocaine Kids: The Inside Story of a Teenage Drug Ring. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
55. Wilson, W. J. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred Knopf.