Condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines

Condition Monitoring of Rotating Electrical Machines

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-250

  Tavner, Peter ^a   Ran, Li ^a   Penman, Jim ^c   Sedding, Howard ^b  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Transmission and Distribution Technologies Group   (Canada)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSPACE INDUSTRY; DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS; ELECTRIC MACHINERY; ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM CONTROL; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; LIFE CYCLE; MACHINERY; PLANT SHUTDOWNS; PRIVATIZATION; SIGNAL PROCESSING;

ADVANCED ELECTRONICS; DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS (DSP); ELECTRICAL INSULATION SYSTEMS; ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING; ENGINEERING PROCESS; FAULT TOLERANT DRIVE; PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER; ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES;

CONDITION MONITORING;

EID: 84988939032     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1049/PBPO056E     Document Type: Book

References (257)

1. Electrical Training Association. Power System Protection, Vol. 1: Principles and Components. Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus; 1981.
2. Neale N. and Associates. A Guide to the Condition Monitoring of Machinery. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office; 1979.
3. Walker M. The Diagnosing of Trouble in Electrical Machines. London: Library Press; 1924.
4. Tavner P.J. and Penman J. Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines. Letchworth: Research Studies Press and John Wiley & Sons; 1987.
5. Vas P. Parameter Estimation, Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1996.
6. Stone G.C., Boulter E.A., Culbert I. and Dhirani H. Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines, Design, Evaluation, Aging, Testing, and Repair. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press; 2004.
7. Finley W.R. and Burke R.R. Troubleshooting motor problems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1994, 30(5): 1383-97.
8. Singh G.K. and Al Kazzaz S.A.S. Induction machine drive condition monitoring and diagnostic research-a survey. Electric Power Systems Research 2003,64(2): 145-58.
9. Han Y. and Song Y.H. Condition monitoring techniques for electrical equipment - a literature survey. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2003 18(1): 4-13.
10. Nandi S., Toliyat H.A. and Li X. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors - a review. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2005, 20(4): 719-29.
11. Rao B.K.N. Handbook of Condition Monitoring. Oxford: Elsevier; 1996.
12. Barron R. Engineering Condition Monitoring: Practice, Methods and Applications. Harlow: Longman; 1996.
13. IEC 60085. Method for determining the thermal classification of electrical insulation. BS 2757:1986. British Standards Institute, London, 1984.
14. Tavner P. J. and Anderson A.F. Core faults in large generators. IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications 2005; 152: 1427-39.
15. Bone J.C.H. and Schwarz K.K., Large AC motors. IEE Proceedings 1973; 120: 1111-32.
16. Dickinson W.H. IEEE Reliability Working Group. Report on reliability of electric plant, parts I, II and III. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1974; IA-10: 201-52.
17. Barker B. and Hodge J.M. A Decade of Experience with Generator and Large Motor Reliability. Paris: CIGRE; 1982.
18. O’donnell P. IEEE Reliability Working Group. Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, parts I, II and III. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1985; IA-21: 853-72.
19. Tavner P.J., Gaydon B.G. and Ward D.M. Monitoring generators and large motors. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1986; 133: 169-80.
20. Thorsen O.V. and Dalva M. A survey of faults on induction motors in offshore oil industry, petrochemical industry, gas terminals, and oil refineries. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1995; IA-31: 1186-96.
21. Albrecht P.F., Appiarus J.C., McCoy R.M., Owen E.L. and Sharma D.K. Assessment of the reliability of motors in utility applications - updated. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1986; EC-1: 39-46.
22. Pedersen A., Crichton G.C. and Mc Allister I.W. The theory and measurement of partial discharge transients. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 1991; EI-26: 487-97.
23. Lyles J.F., Goodeve T.E. and Sedding H. Parameters required to maximize a thermoset hydro-generator stator winding life. Part I - design, manufacture, installation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1994; EC-9: 620-27.
24. Lyles J.F., Goodeve T.E. and Sedding H. Parameters required to maximize a thermoset hydro-generator stator winding life. Part II - monitoring, maintenance. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1994; EC-9: 628-35.
25. Evans D.L. IEEE Reliability Working Group. Report on problems with hydrogenerator thermoset stator windings, Part I, II and III. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1981; PAS-100: 3284-303.
26. Jackson R.J. and Wilson A. Slot-discharge activity in air-cooled motors and generators. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1982; 129: 159-67.
27. Wilson A. Slotdischarge damage inaircooledstatorwindings. IEE Proceedings, Part A, Science Measurement and Technology 1991; 138: 153-60.
28. Penman J., Sedding H.G., Lloyd B.A. and Fink W.T. Detection and location of interturn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1994; EC-9: 652-58.
29. Penman J., Hadwick G. and Stronach A.F. Protection strategy against faults in electrical machines. Presented at the International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, London, 1980.
30. Walker M. The Diagnosing of Trouble in Electrical Machines. London: Library Press; 1924.
31. Stone G.C., Boulter E.A., Culbert I. and Dhirani H. Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines, Design, Evaluation, Aging, Testing, and Repair. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press; 2004.
32. Thomson W.T. and Fenger M. Current signature analysis to detect induction motor faults. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 2001; 7: 26-34.
33. Neale M.J. Tribology Handbook. London: Butterworth; 1973.
34. Tavner P J. Permeabilitatsschwankungen auf Grund von Walzeffekten in Kernplatten ohne Valenzrichtung. Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau 1980; 97: 383-86.
35. US Department of Defense. MIL-STD-712C Military Standard Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis. Washington DC: US Government; 1980.
36. IEEE Gold Book. Recommended Practice For Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. Piscataway: IEEE Press; 1990.
37. Thorsen O.V. and Dalva M. Failure identification and analysis for high-voltage induction motors in the petrochemical industry. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1999; IA-35: 810-18.
38. Bonnett A.H. and Soukup G.C. Cause and analysis of stator and rotor failures in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1992; IA-28: 921-37.
39. Billinton R. and Allan R.N. Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems -Concepts and Systems. 2nd edn. New York: Plenum; 1992.
40. Caplen R.H. A Practical Approach to Reliability. London: Business Books; 1972.
41. Tavner PJ. and Hasson J.P. Predicting the design life of high integrity rotating electrical machines. Presented at the 9th IEE International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives (EMD), Canterbury, 1999.
42. Tavner P.J., vanBussel G.J.W. and Spinato, F. Machine and converter reliabilities in wind turbines. Presented at the 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics Machines & Drives (PEMD), Dublin, 2006.
43. Dickinson W.H. IEEE Reliability Working Group. Report on reliability of electric plant, part I, II and III. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1974; IA-10: 201-52.
44. O’Donnell P. IEEE Reliability Working Group. Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, part I, II & III. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1985; IA-21: 853-72.
45. Albrecht P.F., Appiarius J.C. and Sharma D.K. Assessment of the reliability of motors in utility applications - updated. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1986; EC-1: 39-46.
46. Thorsen, O.V and Dalva M. A survey of faults on induction motors in offshore oil industry, petrochemical industry, gas terminals, and oil refineries. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1995; IA-31: 1186-96.
47. Morris A.S. Measurement & Instrumentation Principles. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann; 2001.
48. Horowitz P. and Hill W. The Art of Electronics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989.
49. Boiarski A.A., Pilate, G., Fink T. and Nilsson N. Temperature measurements in power plant equipment using distributed fiber-optic sensing. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1995; PD-10: 1771-78.
50. Miyazaki A., Takinami N., Kobayashi S., Nishima H. and Nakura Y. Longdistance 275 kV GIL monitoring system using fiber-optic technology. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2003; PD-18: 1545-53.
51. Rogers A.J. Distributed optical-fibre sensors. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 1986; 19: 2237-66.
52. Kher S., Gurram S., Saxena M.K. and Nathan T.P.S. Development of distributed fibre optic sensor with sub-metre resolution. Current Science 2004; 86: 1202-204.
53. Nandi S., Toliyat H.A. and Xiaodong L. Condition monitoring andfaultdiagnosis of electrical motors - a review. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2005; EC-20: 719-29.
54. Iwaki, H., Yamakawa H. and Mita A. FBG-based displacement and strain sensors for health monitoring of smart structures. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control, Sydney, Australia; 2000.
55. Bruel B. & Kjaer K. Machine Health Vibration. Naerum: Bruel & Kjaer; 1984.
56. Bogart Jr. T.F., Beasley J.S. and Rico G. Electronic Devices and Circuits. New Jersey: Pearson Educational; 2004.
57. Sihler C. and Miri A.M. A stabilizer for oscillating torques in synchronous machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2005; 41: 748-55.
58. Beihoff B. A survey of torque transduction methodologies for industrial applications. Presented at the IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, Birmingham, AL; 1999.
59. Gao G., Steinhäuser M., Kavanaugh R. and Chen W. Using fiber-optic sensors to measure strain in motor stator end windings during operation. Presented at the Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, Cincinnati; 1999.
60. Garside R. Intrinsically Safe Instrumentation Safety Technology. London: Feltham; 1982.
61. Xiao C., Zhao L., Asada T., Odendaal W.G. and van Wyk J.D. An overview of integratable current sensor technologies. Proceedings of the 38th IEEE IAS Annual Meeting; Salt Lake City, 12-16 Oct 2003; 2: pp. 1251-8.
62. Durocher D.B. and Feldmeier G.R. Predictive versus preventive maintenance. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 2004; September/October: 12-21.
63. Whittington H.W., Flynn B.W. and Mills G.H. (1992). An on-line wear debris monitor. Measurement Science Technology 1992; 3: 656-61.
64. Williams T EMC for Product Designers. Oxford: Newnes; 1996.
65. Madisetti V.K. and Williams D.B. (eds.) The Digital Signal Processing Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1998. pp. 121-123.
66. Durocher D.B. and Feldmeier G.R. (2004). Predictive versus preventive maintenance. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 2004; (September/October): 12-21.
67. Flankin G.F., Powell J.D. and Workman M. Digital Control of Dynamic Systems. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley Longman; 1998. pp. 160-66.
68. Mohan N., Undeland T.M. and Robbins W.P. Power Electronics - Converters, Applications and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003. pp. 225-30.
69. Jintakosonwit P., Fijita H. and Akagi H. Control and performance of a fully-digital-controlled shunt active filter for installation on a power distribution system. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2002; PE-17: 132-40.
70. Arthur N. and Penman J. Induction machine condition monitoring with higher order spectra. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2000; IE-47: 1031-41.
71. Onadera S. and Yamasawa K. Electromagnetic vibration analysis of a squirrel-cage induction motor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetism 1993; M-29; 2410-12.
72. Yazici B. Statistical pattern analysis of partial discharge measurements for quality assessment of insulation systems in high-voltage electrical machinery. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2004; IA-40: 1579-94.
73. Kang P. and Birtwhistle D. Condition monitoring of power transformer onload tap-changers, part 1: automatic condition diagnostics. IEE Proceedings Generation Transmission Distribution 2001; 148, 301-306.
74. Wismer N.J. Gearbox Analysis using Cepstrum Analysis and Comb Liftering. Bruel & Kjaer Application Note. Naerum: Bruel & Kjaer; 2002.
75. Morris, A.S. Measurement & Instrumentation Principles. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann; 2001.
76. Stack J.R., Habetler T.G. and Harley R.G. Bearing fault detection via autoregressive stator current modeling. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2004; IA-40: 740-47.
77. Tavner P.J., Gaydon B.G. and Ward D.M. Monitoring generators and large motors. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1986; 133: 169-80.
78. Flordin P. Time-Frequency Time Scale Analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1999.
79. Lin J. and Zuo M.J. Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive wavelet filter. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2003; 17: 1259-69.
80. Zhang Z., Ren Z. and Huang W. A novel detection method of motor broken rotor bars based on wavelet ridge. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2003; EC-18: 417-23.
81. Douglas H., Pillay P. and Ziarani A.K. A new algorithm for transient motor current signature analysis using wavelets. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2004; IA-40: 1361-8.
82. Yacamini R., Smith K.S. and Ran L. Monitoring torsional vibrations of electromechanical systems using stator currents. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 1998; 120; 72-9.
83. Ran, L., Yacamini R. and Smith K.S. Torsional vibrations in electrical induction motor drives during start up. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 1996; 118: 242-51.
84. Chalmers B.J. Electrical Motor Handbook. 1st ed. London: Butterworths; 1988.
85. Rogers A.J. Optical temperature sensor for high voltage applications. Applied Optics 1982; 21: 882-85.
86. Rogers, A.J. Distributed optical-fibre sensing. Measurement Science & Technology 1999; 10: R75-R99.
87. Siyambalapitiya D.J.T., McLaren P.G. and Tavner P.J. Transient thermal characteristics of induction machine rotor cage. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1988; EC-3: 849-54.
88. Zocholl S.E. Motor analysis and thermal protection. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1990; PD-5: 1275-80.
89. Milanfar P. and Lang J.H. Monitoring the thermal condition of permanentmagnet synchronous motors. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 1996; AES-32: 1421-29.
90. Mellor P.H., Roberts D. and Turner D.R. Lumped parameter thermal model for electrical machines of TEFC design. IEE Proceedings Part B, Electric Power Applications, 1991; 138: 205-218.
91. Brandt G.B. and Gottlieb M. Fiber-optic temperature sensors using optical fibers. Abstracts of Papers - American Chemical Society 1982; 184: 64-ANYL.
92. Chen S.E., Zhong E. and Lipo T.A. A new approach to motor condition monitoring in induction motor drives. IEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1A-30(4): 905-911.
93. Skala G.F. (1966). The ion chamber detector as a monitor of thermally produced particulates. Journal de Research Atmospherique 1966; April/Sept.
94. Carson C.C., Barton S.C. and Echeverria F. S. Immediate warning of local overheating in electrical machines by the detection of pyrolysis products. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1973; PAS-92: 533-42.
95. Tavner, P.J. and Anderson A.F. Core faults in large generators. IEE Proceedings, Electric Power Applications 2005; 152: 1427-39.
96. Tavner, P.J., Gaydon B.G. and Ward D.M. Monitoring generators and large motors. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1986; 133: 169-80.
97. Carson C.C., Barton S.C. and Gill R.S. The occurrence and control of interference from oil-mist in the detection of overheating in a generator. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1978; PAS-57: 1590-614.
98. Ryder D.M., Wood J.W. and Gallagher P.L. The detection and identification of overheated insulation in turbo-generators. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1979; PAS-98: 333-36.
99. Braun J.M. and Brown G. Operational performance of generator condition monitors: comparison of heated and unheated ion chambers. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1990; EC-5: 344-49.
100. Dear D.J.A., Dillon A.F. and Freedman A.N. Determination of organic compounds in the hydrogen used for cooling large electricity generators. Journal of Chromatography 1977; 137: 315-22.
101. Kelley J.K., Auld J.W., Herter VJ., Hutchinson, K.A. and Rugenstein, W.A. Early detection and diagnosis of overheating problems in turbine generators by instrumental chemical analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1976; PAS-95: 879-86.
102. Sorita T., Minami S., Adachi H., Takashima N. and Numata S. The detection of degraded materials in turbine generators by chemical analysis. Proceedings of International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, Toyohashi, Sep 1998. Piscataway: IEEE; 1998. pp. 751-754.
103. Sorita T., Enmanji K., Kato K., Takashima M. and Nakamura K. On-line detection of overheating material in turbine generators using chemical analysis. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Austin, Oct 1999. Piscataway: IEEE; 1999. 2: pp. 533-6.
104. Sorita T, Enmanji K., Kato K., Takashima M. and Nakamura K. A novel on-line method and equipment to detect local problems in turbine generators. Proceedings of the Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Victoria, Oct 2000. Piscataway: IEEE; 2000. pp. 552-5.
105. Evans C. Wear debris analysis and condition monitoring. NDT International 1978; 11: 132-34.
106. Bowen R., Scott D, Seifert WW and Westcott VC. Ferrography. Tribology International 1976; 9: 109-15.
107. Verma S.P. and Girgis R.S. Shaft Potentials and Currents in Large Turbogenerators. Report for the Canadian Electrical Association, 078 G 69 1981.
108. Rogers R. Concepts used in the development of the IEEE and IEC codes for the interpretation of incipient faults in power transformers by dissolved gas in oil analysis. Presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Power Meeting, New York, 1978.
109. Neale N. and Associates. A Guide to the Condition Monitoring of Machinery. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office; 1979.
110. Whittington H.W., Flynn B.W. and Mills G.H. An on-line wear debris monitor. Measurement Science Technology 1992; 3: 656-61.
111. Lloyd O. and Cox A.F. Monitoring debris in turbine generator oil. Wear 1981; 71: 79-91.
112. Alger P.L. The Nature of Induction Machines. New York: Gordon and Beach; 1965.
113. Jordan H. The Low Noise Electric Motor. Essen: Springer Verlag; 1950.
114. Erdelyi E. and Erie P.A. Vibration modes of states of induction motors. ASME Transactions 1956; A-28: 39-45.
115. Yang S. Low Noise Electric Motors. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1981.
116. Timoshenko S. Vibration Problems in Engineering. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Van Nostrand Inc.; 1974.
117. Penman J., Chalmers B.J. et al (1981). The performance of solid steel secondary linear induction machines. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1981; PAS-100: 2927-35.
118. Hague B. Principles ofElectromagnetism Applied to Electrical Machines. New York: Dover; 1962.
119. Stafl M. Electrodynamics of Electrical Machines. Prague: Academia; 1967.
120. Binns K.J. and Dye M. Identification of principal factors affecting unbalanced magnetic pull in cage induction motors. IEE Proceedings, Part B 1973; 120: 349-54.
121. Swann S.A. Effect of rotor eccentricity on the magnetic field of a non-salient pole machine. IEE Proceedings 1963; 110: 903-15.
122. Rai R.B. Airgap Eccentricity in Induction Motors. ERAReport, 1974: 1174-88.
123. Binns K.J. Cogging torques in induction machines. IEE Proceedings 1968; 115: 1783-90.
124. Lim C.Y. Characteristics of reluctance motors. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1951; PAS-70: 1971-8.
125. Williamson S. and Smith A.C. Field analysis for rotating induction machines and its relationship to the equivalent circuit method. IEE Proceedings, Part B 1980; 127: 83-90.
126. Vas P. Parameter Estimation, Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1996.
127. Carpenter C.J. Surface Integral Methods of Calculating Force on Magnetized Iron Parts. IEE Monograph No. 342, 1959.
128. Brandl P. Forces on the end windings of AC machines. Brown Boveri Review 1980; 2: 128-34.
129. Ohtaguro M., Yagiuchi K. and Yamaguchi H. Mechanical behaviour of stator endwindings. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1980; PAS-99: 1181-5.
130. Williamson S. and Ellis M.R.E. Influence ofrotor currents on end-winding forces in cage motor. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1988; 135: 371-9.
131. Campbell J.J., Clark P.E., McShane I. E. and Wakeley K. Strains on motor endwindings. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1984; IA-20: 37-44.
132. Wort J.F.G. The fundamentals of industrial balancing machines and their applications. Bruel and Kjaer Review 1981; 1: 3-31.
133. International Organization for Standardization. Mechanical vibration-balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state. Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances. ISO 1940-1. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2003.
134. Smart M.G., Friswell M.I. and Lees A.W. Estimating turbogenerator foundation parameters: model selection and regularization. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2000; 456: 1583-607.
135. Dimentberg F.M. Flexural Vibrations of Rotating Shafts. London: Butterworths; 1961.
136. Walker D.N., Bowler C.E.J., Jackson R.L. and Hodges D.A. Results of subsynchronous resonance test at Mohave. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1975; PAS-94: 1878-89.
137. Walker D.N., Adams S.L. and Placek R.J. Torsional vibration and fatigue of turbine-generator shafts. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1981; PAS-100: 4373-80.
138. Joyce J. S. and Lambrecht D. Status of evaluating the fatigue of large steam turbine generation caused by electrical disturbances. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1980; PAS-99: 111-19.
139. Cudworth C.J., Smith J.R. and Mykura F. Mechanical damping of torsional vibrations in turbogenerators due to network disturbances. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1984: 139-145.
140. Collacott R.A. Vibration Monitoring and Diagnostics. London: G. Godwin; 1979.
141. Stack J.R., Habetler T.G. and Harley, R.G. Fault classification and fault signature production for rolling element bearings in electric machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2004; IA-40: 735-9.
142. Ehrich F. and Childs D. Self-excited vibration in high-performance turbomachinery. Mechanical Engineering 1984; 106: 66-79.
143. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. Beurteilungsmaßstäbe für mechanische Schwingungen von Maschinen. VDI 2056. VDI Dusseldorf, Germany: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1964.
144. International Organization for Standardization. Mechanical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts - Part 1: General guidelines. ISO 10816-1:1995. ISO, Geneva, 1995.
145. Canadian Government. Vibration Limits for Maintenance. Specification CDA/MS/NVSH/107. Ohawa, Canada, Canadian Government.
146. Neale N. and Associates. A Guide to the Condition Monitoring of Machinery. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office; 1979.
147. Mayes I.W. Use of neutral networks for online vibration monitoring. Proceedings ofthe Institution ofMechanical Engineers Part A, Journal of Power and Energy 1994; 208: 267-74.
148. Herbert R.G. Computer techniques applied to the routine analysis of rundown vibration data for condition monitoring of turbine-alternators. British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing 1986; 28: 371-5.
149. Smart M.G., Friswell M.I. and Lees A.W. Estimating turbogenerator foundation parameters: model selectionand regularization. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2000; 456: 1583-607.
150. Dorrell, D. G., W. T. Thomson and Roach S. Analysis of airgap flux, current, and vibration signals as a function of the combination of static and dynamic airgap eccentricity in 3-phase induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1997; IA-33: 24-34.
151. Hargis C. Steady-state analysis of 3-phase cage motors with rotor-bar and endring faults. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1983; 130: 225.
152. Nandi S., Bharadwaj R.M., Toliyat H.A. and Parlos A.G. Performance analysis of a three-phase induction motor under mixed eccentricity condition. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2002; EC-17: 392-9.
153. Trutt F.C., Sottile J. and Kohler J.L. Detection of AC machine winding deterioration using electrically excited vibrations. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2001; IA-37: 10-14.
154. Tavner P.J., Gaydon B.G. and Ward D.M. (1986). Monitoring generators and large motors. IEE Proceedings, PartB, Electric Power Applications 1986; 133: 169-80.
155. Ben Sasi A.Y., Gu F., Li Y. and Ball A.D. A validated model for the prediction of rotor bar failure in squirrel-cage motors using instantaneous angular speed. Journal of Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2006; 20: 1572-89.
156. Ben Sasi A.Y., Gu F., Payne, B.S. and Ball A.D. Instantaneous angular speed monitoring of electric motors. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 2004; 10: 123-35.
157. Tandon N. and Nakra B.C. Comparison of vibration and acoustic measurement techniques for the condition monitoring of rolling element bearings. Tribology International 1992; 25: 205-12.
158. Tandon N., Yadava G.S. and Ramakrishna K.M. A comparison of some condition monitoring techniques for the detection of defect in induction motor ball bearings. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2007; 21: 244-56.
159. Rai R.B. Airgap Eccentricity in Induction Motors. ERA Report, 1974: 1174-88.
160. Dorrell D.G., Thomson W.T. and Roach S. Analysis of airgap flux, current, and vibration signals as a function of the combination of static and dynamic airgap eccentricity in 3-phase induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1997; IA-33: 24-34.
161. Hargis C. Steady-state analysis of 3-phase cage motors with rotor-bar and end-ring faults. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1983; 130: 225.
162. Nandi S., Bharadwaj R.M., Toliyat H.A. and Parlos A.G. Performance analysis of a three-phase induction motor under mixed eccentricity condition. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2002; EC-17: 392-9.
163. Penman J., Sedding H.G., Lloyd B.A. and Fin W.T. Detection and location of interturn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1994; EC-9: 652-8.
164. Penman J. and Stavrou A. Broken rotor bars: their effect on the transient performance of induction machines. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1996; 143: 449-57.
165. Thomson W.T. and Fenger M. Current signature analysis to detect induction motor faults. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 2001; 7: 26-34.
166. Thomson W.T. and Barbour A. On-line current monitoring and application of a finite element method to predict the level of static airgap eccentricity in three-phase induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1998; EC-13: 347-57.
167. Thomson W. T., Rankin D. and Dorrell D.G. On-line current monitoring to diagnose airgap eccentricity in large three-phase induction motors-industrial case histories verify the predictions. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1999; EC-14: 1372-8.
168. Michiguchi Y., Tonisaka S., Izumi S., Watanabe T. and Miyashita I. Development of a collector ring monitor for sparking detection on generators. IEEE Transactions of Power Apparatus and Systems 1983; PAS-102: 928-33.
169. Warrington A.W.V.C. Protective Relays, their Theory and Practice, Vol. 1. London: Chapman and Hall; 1982.
170. Khudabashev, K.A. Effect of turn short-circuits in a turbo generator rotor on its state of vibration. Elekt Stantsii USSR 1961; 7: 40-5.
171. Albright D.R. Inter-turn short circuit detector for turbine generator rotor windings. IEEE Transactions Power Apparatus and Systems 1971; PAS-50: 478-83.
172. Kryukhin S.S. A new principle for synchronous machine protection from rotor winding inter-turn and double earthfaults. Elect. Technol. USSR 1972; 2: 47-59.
173. Poyhonen S., Negrea M., Jover P., Arkkio A. and Hyotyniemi H. Numerical magnetic field analysis and signal processing for fault diagnostics of electrical machines. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2003; 22: 969-81.
174. Ramirez-Nino J. and Pascacio A. (2001). Detecting interturn short circuits in rotor windings. IEEE Transactions on Computer Applications in Power 2001; CAP-14: 39-42.
175. Streifel R.J., Marks R.J. II, El-Sharkawi M.A. and Kerszenbaum I. Detection of shorted-turns in the field winding of turbine-generator rotors using novelty detectors - development and field test. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1996; EC-11: 312-17.
176. Tavner P.J., Gaydon B.G. and Ward D.M. Monitoring generators and large motors. IEE Proceedings, Part B, Electric Power Applications 1986; 133: 169-80.
177. Kamerbeek E.M.H. Torque measurements on induction motors using Hall generators or measuring windings. Philips Technical Review 1974; 34: 152-62.
178. Seinsch H.O. Detection and diagnosis of abnormal operating conditions and/or faults in rotating electrical machines. Schorch Berichte 1986.
179. Jufer M. and Abdulaziz M. Influence d’une rupture de barre ou d’un anneau sur les characteristiques externes d’un moteur asynchrone a cage. Bulletin SEV/VSE, Switzerland, 1978; 69.
180. Menacer A., Nat-Said M.S., Benakcha A.H. and Drid S. Stator current analysis of incipient fault into induction machine rotor bars. Journal of Electrical Engineering 2004; 55: 122-30.
181. Li W.D. and Mechefske C.K. Detection of induction motor faults: A comparison of stator current, vibration and acoustic methods. Journal of Vibration and Control 2006; 12: 165-88.
182. Rickson C.D. Protecting motors from overload due to asymmetrical fault conditions. Electrical Review 1983: 778-80.
183. Trutt F.C., Sottile J. and Kohler J.L. Online condition monitoring of induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2002; IA-38: 1627-32.
184. Kohler J.L., Sottile J. and Trutt F.C. Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors. I. Experimental investigation of the effective negative-sequence impedance detector. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2002; IA-38: 1447-53.
185. Sottile J., Trutt F.C. and Kohler J.L. Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors. II. Experimental investigation of voltage mismatch detectors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2002; IA-38: 1454-59.
186. Sottile J., Trutt F.C. and Leedy A.W. Condition monitoring of brushless three-phase synchronous generators with stator winding or rotor circuit deterioration. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2006; IA-42: 1209-15.
187. Tavner PJ. Permeabilitatsschwankungen auf Grund von Walzeffekten in Kernplatten ohne Valenzrichtung. Elektrotechnik undMaschinenbau 1980; 97: 383-6.
188. Jordan H. and Tagen F. Wellenflusse infolge con schwankungen des luftapal-teitwertes. Elektrotechnik und Zeitschrift 1964; 85: 865-7.
189. Jordan H., Kovacs K. and Roder P. Messungen des schlupfes von asynchronmaschinen mit einer spule. Elektrotechnik und Zeitschrift 1965; 86: 294-6.
190. Erlicki M.S., Porat Y. and Alexandrovitz A. (1971). Leakage field changes of an induction motor as indication of non-symmetric supply. IEEE Transactions on General Applications 1971; GA-7: 713-7.
191. Penman J., Hadwick G. and Stronach A.F. Protection strategy against faults in electrical machines. Presented at the International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, London, 1980.
192. Yacamini R., Smith K.S. and Ran L. Monitoring torsional vibrations of electromechanical systems using stator currents. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 1998; 120: 72-9.
193. Ran L., Yacamini R. and Smith K.S. Torsional vibrations in electrical induction motor drives during start up. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 1996; 118: 242-51.
194. Joksimovic G.M. and Penman J. The detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2000; IA-47: 1078-84.
195. Stavrou A., Sedding H.G. and Penman H. Current monitoring for detecting interturn short circuits in induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2001; EC-16: 32-7.
196. Bellini A., Filippetti F. et al. Quantitative evaluation of induction motor broken bars by means of electrical signature analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2001; IA-37: 1248-55.
197. Bellini A., Filippetti F., Franceschini G., Tassoni C. and Kliman G.B. On-field experience with online diagnosis of large induction motors cage failures using MCSA. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2001; IA-38: 1045-53.
198. Henao H., Demian C. and Capolino G.A. A frequency-domain detection of stator winding faults in induction machines using an external flux sensor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2003; IA-39: 1272-9.
199. Henao H., Razik H. and Capolino G.A. Analytical approach of the stator current frequency harmonics computation for detection of induction machine rotor faults. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2005; IA-41: 801-7.
200. Trzynadlowski A.M., Ghassemzadeh M. and Legowski S.F. Diagnostics of mechanical abnormalities in induction motors using instantaneous electric power. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1999; EC-14: 1417-23.
201. Hunter D.J., Tavner P.J., Ward D.M. and Benaragma D. Measurements of the harmonic components of the instantaneous electrical power delivered at the terminals of a 500 MW turbogenerator. Presented at the 3rd International Conference on Sources and Effects of Power System Disturbances, London, 1982.
202. Verma S.P. and Girgis R.S. Shaft Potentials and Currents in Large Turbogenerators. Report for the Canadian Electrical Association, 1981.
203. Nippes P.I. Early warning of developing problems in rotating machinery as provided by monitoring shaft voltages and grounding currents. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2004; EC-19: 340-45.
204. Bellini A., Filippetti F., Franceschini G. and Tassoni C. Closed-loop control impact on the diagnosis of induction motors faults. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2000; IA-36: 1318-29.
205. Chen S., Zhong E. and Lipo T.I. A new approach to motor condition monitoring in induction motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1994; IA-30: 905-11.
206. Vas P. Parameter Estimation Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1996.
207. Wilson A., Nye A.E.T. and Hopgood D. On line detection of partial discharges in HV plant. Presented at the 4th BEAMA International Electrical Insulation Conference, Brighton 1982.
208. Tavner P.J. and Jackson R.J. Coupling of discharge currents between conductors of electrical machines owing to laminated steel core. IEE Proceedings Part B, Electric Power Applications 1988; 135: 295-307.
209. Harrold R.T., Emery F.T., Murphy F. J. and Drinkut S.A. Radio frequency sensing of incipient arcing faults within large turbine generators. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1979; PAS-98: 1167-73.
210. Emery F.T., Lenderking B.N. and Couch R.D. Turbine-generator on-line diagnostics using RF monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1981; PAS-100: 4974-82.
211. Harrold R.T. and Emery F.T. Radio frequency diagnostic monitoring of electrical machines. IEEEElectricalInsulationMagazine 1986; 2: 18-24.
212. Timperley J.E. Incipient fault detection through neutral RF monitoring of large rotating machines. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1983; PAS-102: 693-8.
213. Ward D.A. and Exon J.L.T. Using Rogowski coils for transient current measurements. Engineering Science and Education Journal 1993; 2: 105-13.
214. Geary R., Kemp I.J., Wilson A. and Wood J.W. Towards improved calibration in the measurement of partial discharges in rotating machinery. IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation, Toronto, 1990.
215. Kurtz M. and Stone G.C. In-service partial discharge testing of generator insulation. IEEE Transactions of Electrical Insulation 1979; EI-14: 94-100.
216. Kurtz M., Stone G.C., Freeman D., Mulhall V.R. and Lonseth P. Diagnostic testing of generator insulation without service interruption. CIGRE, Paris, 1980.
217. Malik A.K., Cook R.F. and Tavner P J. The detection of discharges in alternators using wideband radio frequency techniques. Presented at the IEE International Conference on Electrical Machines Design & Applications, London, 1985.
218. Michiguchi Y., Tonisaka S., Izumi S., Watanabe T. and Miyashita I. Development of a collector ring monitor for sparking detection on generators. IEEE Transactions of Power Apparatus and Systems 1983; PAS-102: 928-33.
219. Stone G.C., Boulter E.A., Culbert I. and Dhirani H. Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines, Design, Evaluation, Aging, Testing, and Repair. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2004.
220. Stone G.C., Sedding H.G., Lloyd B.A. and Gupta B.K. The ability of diagnostic tests to estimate the remaining life of stator insulation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1988; EC-3: 833-41.
221. Sedding H.G. and Stone G.C. A discharge locating probe for rotating machines. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 1989; 5: 14-17.
222. Sedding H.G., Campbell S.R., Stone G.C. and Klempner G.S. A new sensor for detecting partial discharges in operating turbine generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1991; EC-6: 700-6.
223. Stone G.C., Sedding H.G., Fujimoto, N. and Braun J.M. Practical implementation of ultrawideband partial discharge detectors. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 1992; EI-27: 70-81.
224. Wood J. W., Sedding H. G., Hogg W.K., Kemp I.J. and Zhu H. Partial discharges in HV machines; initial considerations for a PD specification. IEE Proceedings, Part A, Science, Measurement and Technology 1993; 140: 409-16.
225. Campbell S.R., Stone G.C., Sedding H.G., Klempner G.S., McDermid W. and Bussey R.G. Practical on-line partial discharge tests for turbine generators and motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 1994; EC-9: 281-7.
226. Stone G.C. and Sedding H.G. In-service evaluation of motor and generator stator windings using partial discharge tests. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1995; IA-31: 299-303.
227. Kemp I. J., Zhu H., Sedding H.G., Wood J.W. and Hogg W.K. Towards a new partial discharge calibration strategy based on the transfer function of machine stator windings. IEE Proceedings, Part A, Science, Measurement and Technology 1996; 143: 57-62.
228. Stone G.C., Boulter E.A., Culbert I. and Dhirani H. Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines, Design, Evaluation, Aging, Testing, and Repair. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press; 2004.
229. Lyles J.F. and Goodeve T.E. Using diagnostic technology for identifying generator winding needs. Hydro Review 1993; June: 58-67.
230. Stone G.C., Sedding H.G. and Costello M. Application of partial discharge testing to motor and generator stator winding maintenance. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1996; IA-32: 459-64.
231. IEEE Standard. Trial use guide to the measurements of partial discharges in rotating machines. IEEE 1434. IEEE, 2000.
232. Tetrault S.M., Stone G.C. and Stedding H.G. Monitoring partial discharges on 4-kV motorwindings. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1999; IA-35: 682-8.
233. Kheirmand A., Leijon M. and Gubanski S.M. Advances in online monitoring and localization of partial discharges in large rotating machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2004; EC-19: 53-9.
234. Lee S.B., Younsi K. and Kilman G.B. An online technique for monitoring the insulation condition of AC machine stator windings. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2005; EC-20: 737-45.
235. Stone G.C. and Kapler J. Conditionbased maintenance for the electrical windings of large motor and generators. Proceedings ofthe IEEE Pulp and Paper Industry Conference, Cincinnati, Jun 1997. Piscataway: IEEE; pp. 57-63.
236. Stephan C.E. and Laird T. Condition based maintenance of turbine generators: what makes it real? Proceedings of the IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, Jun 2003. Piscataway: IEEE. 2: pp. 895-9.
237. Filippetti F., Franceschini G., Tassoni C. and Vas P. Recent developments of induction motor drives fault diagnosis using AI techniques. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2000; IE-47: 994-1004.
238. Birmingham W., Joobbani R. and Kim J. Knowledge-based expert systems and their applications. Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 23rd Conference on Design Automation, Las Vegas, Jun 1986. Piscataway: IEEE. pp. 531-539.
239. Cawsey A. Essence of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Prentice-Hall; 1997.
240. Benbouzid M.E.H. and Nejjari H. A simple fuzzy logic approach for induction motors stator condition monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE Electric Machines and Drives Conference, Cambridge, MA, Jun 2001. Piscataway: IEEE. pp. 634-9.
241. Caldara S., Nuccio S., Ricco Galluzzo G. and Trapanese M. A fuzzy diagnostic system: application to linear induction motor drives. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Ottawa, May 1997. Piscataway: IEEE. 1: 257-62.
242. Murray A. and Penman J. Extracting useful higher order features for condition monitoring using artificial neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 1997; SP-45: 2821-28.
243. Penman J. and Yin C.M. Feasibility of using unsupervised learning, artificial neural networks for the condition monitoring of electrical machines. IEE Proceedings Part B, Electric Power Applications 1994; 141: 317-22.
244. Filippetti F., Franceschini G. and Tassoni C. Neural networks aided on-line diagnostics of induction motor rotor faults. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1995; 31: 892-9.
245. Halpin S.M. and Burch R.F. Applicability of neural networks to industrial and commercial power systems: a tutorial overview. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1997; 33: 1355-61.
246. Wu S. and Chow T.W.S. Induction machine fault detection using SOM-based RBF neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2004; 51: 183-94.
247. Rao B.K.N. Handbook of Condition Monitoring. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 1996.
248. International Electrotechnical Commission. Dependability management. Part 3-3: Application guide - life cycle costing. IEC 60300-3-3. IEC, 2005.
249. Hodges N.W. The Economic Management of Physical Assets. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications; 1996.
250. Brown R.E. and Humphrey B.G. Asset management for transmission and distribution. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 2005; 3: 39-45.
251. Morton K. Asset management in the electricity supply industry. Power Engineering Journal 1999; 13: 233-40.
252. Dominelli N., Rao A. and Kundur P. Life extension and condition assessment: techniques for an aging utility infrastructure. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 2006; 4: 24-35.
253. Judd M.D., McArthur S.D.J., McDonald J.R. and Farish O. Intelligent condition monitoring and asset management. Partial discharge monitoring for power transformers. IEE Power Engineering Journal 2002; 16: 297-304.
254. Beehler M.E. Reliability centered maintenance for transmission systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1997; PD-12: 1023-28.
255. Fangxing L. and Brown R.E. A cost-effective approach of prioritizing distribution maintenance based on system reliability. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2004; 19: 439-41.
256. Sonderegger R.C., Henderson D., Bubb S. and Steury J. Distributed asset insight. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2004; 2: 32-9.
257. Kohler J.L., Sottile J. and Trutt F.C. Condition based maintenance of electrical machines. Proceedings of the IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 34th IAS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, 1999. Piscataway: IEEE. pp. 205-211.