Examining the Pathologic Adaptation Model of Community Violence Exposure in Male Adolescents of Color

Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 125-135

  Gaylord Harden, Noni K ^a   So, Suzanna ^a   Bai, Grace J ^a   Henry, David B ^b   Tolan, Patrick H ^c  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGGRESSION; CONTROL; DEPRESSION; EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE; FEMALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGGRESSION; DEPRESSION; EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE; FEMALE; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84988422029     PISSN: 15374416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1204925     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Achenbach, T. M., (1991). Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington:University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Aisenberg, E., Trickett, P. K., Mennen, F. E., Saltzman, W., & Zayas, L. H., (2007). Maternal depression and adolescent behavior problems:An examination of mediation among immigrant Latino mothers and their adolescent children exposed to community violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(10), 1227–1249. doi:10.1177/0886260507304292
3. Allwood, M. A., Bell, D. J., & Horan, J., (2011). Posttrauma numbing of fear, detachment, and arousal predict delinquent behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 659–667. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597081
4. Anderson, E., (1999). Code of the street (pp. 107–141). New York, NY:Norton.
5. Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A., (2006). Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization:Behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532–539. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.006
6. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K., (1996). Beck depression inventory manual. San Antonio, TX:The Psychological Corporation.
7. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J., (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
8. Beck, J. S., (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy:Basics and beyond. New York, NY:Guilford Press.
9. Bell, C., & Jenkins, E. J., (1993). Community violence and children on Chicago’s southside. Psychiatry, 56, 46–54.
10. Boxer, P., Morris, A. S., Terranova, A. M., Kithakye, M., Savoy, S., & McFaul, A., (2008). Coping with exposure to violence:Relations to aggression and emotional symptoms in three urban samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 881–893. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9196-z
11. Brady, S. S., Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H., (2008). Adaptive coping reduces the impact of community violence exposure on violent behavior among African American and Latino male adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(1), 105–115. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9164-x
12. Cassidy, R. F., & Stevenson, H. C., (2005). They wear the mask:Hypervulnerability and hypermasculine aggression among African American males in an urban remedial disciplinary school. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 11, 53–74. doi:10.1300/J146v11n04_03
13. Cooley-Quille, M., Boyd, R. C., Frantz, E., & Walsh, J., (2001). Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 199–206. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_7
14. Cooley-Quille, M., & Lorion, R., (1999). Adolescents’ exposure to community violence:Sleep and psychophysiological functioning. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 367–375. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
15. Dempsey, M., Stacy, O., & Moely, B., (2000). “Approach” and “avoidance” coping and PTSD symptoms in inner-city youth. Current Psychology, 19(1), 28–45.
16. Elliott, D. S., Dunford, F. W., & Huizinga, D., (1987). The identification and prediction of career offenders utilizing self-reported and official data. In J. D., Burchard & S. N., Burchard (Eds.), Prevention and delinquent behavior:Vermont conference on the primary prevention of psychopathology (Vol. 10, pp. 90–121). Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
17. Elsaesser, C. M., & Voisin, D. R., (2014). Correlates of polyvictimization among African American youth:An exploratory study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 3022–42. doi:10.1177/0886260514554424
18. Farrell, A. D., & Bruce, S. E., (1997). Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 2–14. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2601_1
19. Fehon, D. C., Grilo, D. M., & Lipschitz, D. S., (2001). Gender differences in violence exposure and violence risk among adolescent inpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 8, 532–540. doi:10.1097/00005053-200108000-00006
20. Ferguson, C. J., (2014). Adolescents, crime, and the media. New York, NY:Springer.
21. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L., (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1411–1423. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0467
22. Finkelhor, S. D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A. M., Hamby, S. L., & Kracke, K., (2015). Children’s exposure to violence, crime, and abuse:An update. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 2015(Sept), 1–13.
23. Fitzpatrick, K. M., (1993). Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 528–531. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.528
24. Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Boldizar, J. M., (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to community violence among African American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 424–430. doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00026
25. Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C. J., Braciszewski, J. M., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., & Baltes, B. B., (2009). Community violence:A meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21(01), 227–259. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000145
26. Funk, J. B., Baldacci, H. B., Pasold, T., & Baumgardner, J., (2004). Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet:Is there desensitization? Journal of Adolescence, 27(1), 23–39. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.005
27. Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Cunningham, J. A., & Zelencik, B., (2011). Effects of exposure to community violence on internalizing symptoms:Does desensitization to violence occur in African American youth? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 711–719. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9510-x
28. Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H., (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration:The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 439–449. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_2
29. Gorman–Smith, D., & Tolan, P., (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10(1), 101–116. doi:10.1017/S0954579498001539
30. Grant, K. E., Katz, B. N., Thomas, K. J., O’Koon, J. H., Meza, C. M., DiPasquale, A. M., & Bergen, C., (2004). Psychological symptoms affecting low-income urban youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 613–634. doi:10.1177/0743558403260014
31. Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F., (1970). Habituation:A dual-process theory. Psychological Review, 77(5), 419–450. doi:10.1037/h0029810
32. Guerra, N. G., Rowell Huesmann, L., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74(5), 1561–1576.
33. Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J., (2006). The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents:A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 401–415. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.401
34. Jenkins, E. J., & Bell, C. C., (1994). Violence among inner city high school students and post-traumatic stress disorder. In S., Friedman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in African Americans (pp. 76–88). New York, NY, US:Springer.
35. Johnson, P. D., & Kliewer, W., (1999). Family and contextual predictors of depressive symptoms in urban minority youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8, 181–192. doi:10.1023/A:1022087801526
36. Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Escudero, P., Tu, W., … Fink, A., (2003). A school-based mental health program for traumatized Latino immigrant children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 311–318. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00011
37. Kazdin, A. E., (1990). Childhood depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 121–160. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1990.31.issue-1
38. Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C., Thompson, M., & Becker, S. P., (2012). “Nothing really matters”:Emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 272–279. doi:10.1002/jts.21700
39. Kirmayer, L., & Young, A., (1998). Culture and somatization:Clinical, epidemiological, and ethnographic perspectives. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 420–430. doi:10.1097/00006842-199807000-00006
40. Kovacs, M., (1992). Children Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto, Canada:Multi-Health Systems Inc.
41. Kuther, T. L., & Wallace, S. A., (2003). Community violence and sociomoral development:An African American cultural perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 177–189. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.73.2.177
42. Lambert, S. F., Boyd, R. C., Cammack, N. L., & Ialongo, N. S., (2012). Relationship proximity to victims of witnessed community violence:Associations with adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1), 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01135.x
43. Limbos, M. A., Chan, L. S., Warf, C., Schneir, A., Iverson, E., Shekelle, P., & Kipke, M. D., (2007). Effectiveness of interventions to prevent youth violence:A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.045
44. Martin, L. A., Neighbors, H. W., & Griffith, D. M., (2013). The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs. women:Analysis of the National comorbidity survey replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(10), 1100–1106. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985
45. McCart, M. R., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Ruggiero, K. J., (2007). Do urban adolescents become desensitized to community violence? Data from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 434–442. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.3.434
46. McDonald, C., & Richmond, T. S., (2008). The relationship between community violence exposure and mental health symptoms in urban adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing., 15, 833–849. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01321.x
47. Miller, L. S., Wasserman, G. A., Neugebauer, R., Gorman-Smith, D., & Kamboukos, D., (1999). Witnessed community violence and antisocial behavior in high-risk, urban boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 2–11. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2801_1
48. Moses, A., (1999). Exposure to violence, depression, and hostility in a sample of inner city high school youth. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 21–32. doi:10.1006/jado.1998.0198
49. Mrug, S., Loosier, P., & Windle, M., (2008). Violence exposure across multiple contexts:Individual and joint effects on adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 70–84. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.78.1.70
50. Mrug, S., Madan, A., & Windle, M., (2016). Emotional desensitization to violence contributes to adolescents’ violent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 75–86.
51. Mrug, S., & Windle, M., (2010). Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(8), 953–961. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2010.51.issue-8
52. Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Stueve, A. C., (2002). Normalization of violence among inner-city youth:A formulation of research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 92–101. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.92
53. Ng-Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Stueve, C. A., (2004). Pathologic adaptation to community violence among inner-city youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 196–208. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.2.196
54. Paxton, K., Robinson, W. L., Shah, S., & Schoeny, M., (2004). Psychological distress for African-American adolescent males:Exposure to community violence and social support as factors. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34, 281–295. doi:10.1023/B:CHUD.0000020680.67029.4f
55. Politano, P. M., Nelson, III, W. M., Evans, H. E., Sorenson, S. B., & Zeman, D. J., (1986). Factor analytic evaluation of differences between Black and Caucasian emotionally disturbed children on the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 8(1), 1–7. doi:10.1007/BF00960867
56. Porter, S., (1996). Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(2), 179–189. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00010-0
57. Rasmussen, A., Aber, M. S., & Bhana, A. (2004). Adolescent coping and neighborhood violence:perceptions, exposure, and urban youths’ efforts to deal with danger. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(1–2), 61–75.
58. Reese, L. R. E., Vera, E. M., Thompson, K., & Reyes, R., (2001). A qualitative investigation of perceptions of violence risk factors in low-income African American children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 161–171. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_4
59. Reynolds, L. K., O’Koon, J. H., Papademetriou, E., Szczygiel, S., & Grant, K. E., (2001). Stress and somatic complaints in low-income urban adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(4), 499–514. doi:10.1023/A:1010401417828
60. Roberts, R. E., (1992). Manifestation of depressive symptoms among adolescents:A comparison of Mexican Americans with the majority and other minority populations. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(10), 627–633. doi:10.1097/00005053-199210000-00003
61. Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Stockhammer, T., & Hood, J., (2002). An ecological framework for understanding risk for exposure to community violence and the effects of exposure on children and adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(5), 423–451. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00078-7
62. Schwab-Stone, M. E., Ayers, T. S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., & Weissberg, R. P., (1995). No safe haven:A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1343–1352. doi:10.1097/00004583-199510000-00020
63. Sharkey, P., (2010). The acute effect of local homicides on children’s cognitive performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(26), 11733–11738. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000690107
64. Spano, R., Rivera, C., & Bolland, J. M. (2010). Are chronic exposure to violence and chronic violent behavior closely related developmental processes during adolescence?. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(10), 1160–1179.
65. Springer, C., & Padgett, D., (2000). Gender differences in young adolescents’ exposure to violence and rates of PTSD symptomatology. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 370–379. doi:10.1037/h0087637
66. Stewart, E. A., Schreck, C. J., & Simons, R. L., (2006). “I Ain’t Gonna Let No One Disrespect Me” Does the code of the street reduce or increase violent victimization among African American adolescents? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 427–458. doi:10.1177/0022427806292338
67. Stewart, E. A., & Simons, R. L., (2010). Race, code of the street, and violent delinquency:A multilevel investigation of neighborhood street culture and individual norms of violence. Criminology, 48(2), 569–605. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00196.x
68. Stice, E., Shaw, H., Bohon, C., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P., (2009). A meta-analytic review of depression prevention programs for children and adolescents:Factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 486–503. doi:10.1037/a0015168
69. Tolan, P., (2014). Forward thinking:Preparing our youth for the coming world. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 411–416. doi:10.1111/jora.12155
70. Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D., (1991). Chicago Stress and Coping Interview manual. Chicago, IL:Institute of Juvenile Research.
71. Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Henry, D. B., (2003). Developmental ecology of urban males’ youth violence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 274–291. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.274
72. U.S. Surgeon General. (2001). Youth violence:A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
73. VanVoorhis, C. R. W., & Blumentritt, T. L., (2007). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a clinically-identified sample of Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(6), 789–798. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9125-y
74. Watson, M., & Greer, S., (1983). Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27(4), 299–305. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(83)90052-1
75. White, K. S., & Farrell, A. D., (2006). Anxiety and psychosocial stress as predictors of headache and abdominal pain in urban early adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(6), 582–596. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj050