Gender differences in young adolescents' exposure to violence and rates of PTSD symptomatology

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 370-379

  Springer, Cheryl ^a   Padgett, Deborah K ^b  

^a School of Social Work   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; FEAR; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONALITY TEST; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; VIOLENCE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; FEAR; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0034230895     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/h0087637     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Applebome, P. (1996, January 12). For youths, fear of crime is pervasive and powerful. New York Times, p. A12.
2. Belle, D. (1987). Gender differences in the social moderators of stress. In R.C. Barnett, L. Biener, & G.K. Baruch (Eds.), Gender and stress (pp. 257-277). New York: Free Press.
3. Berman, S.L., Kurtines, W.M., Silverman, W.K., & Serafina, L.T. (1996). The impact of exposure to crime and violence on urban youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 329-336.
4. Breslau, N., Davis, G., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 216-222.
5. Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development. Psychiatry, 50, 96-118.
6. Citizens' Committee for Children of New York. (1995). Keeping track of New York City's children. New York: Author.
7. Cloud, J. (1999, May 31). Just a routine school shooting. Time, 34-43.
8. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Cooley-Quille, M.R., Turner, S.M., & Beidel, D.C. (1995). Emotional impact of children's exposure to community violence: A preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1362-1368.
10. Dahlberg, L.L., Toal, S.B., & Behrens, C.B. (1996). The measurement of violence-related attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and behavior among youth: A compendium of instruments. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, National Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
11. Feindler, E.L. (1991). Cognitive strategies in anger control interventions for children and adolescents. In P.C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (pp. 66-97). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Fitzpatrick, K.M., & Boldizar, J.P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 424-430.
13. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
14. Giaconia, R.M., Reinherz, H.Z., Silverman, A.B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A.K., & Cohen, E. (1995). Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1369-1380.
15. Glassner, B. (1999, August 13). School violence: The fears, the facts. New York Times, p. A19.
16. Guerra, N.G., & Slaby, R.G. (1990). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 2. Intervention. Developmental Psychologist, 26, 269-277.
17. Harmon, A. (1998, May 8). Underreporting found on male teen-ager sex. New York Times, p. A20.
18. Hausman, A.J., Spivak, H., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1994). Adolescents' knowledge and attitudes about an experience with violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 400-406.
19. Herman, J.L. (1992a). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391.
20. Herman, J.L. (1992b). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
21. Horowitz, K., Weine, S., & Jekel, J. (1995). PTSD Symptoms in urban adolescent girls: Compounded community trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1353-1361.
22. Horowitz, M. (1984). A cross validation of the Impact of Events Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 188-194.
23. Huesmann, L.R., Guerra, N.G., Miller, L., & Zelli, A. (1989). The normative beliefs abut aggression scale. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
24. Huesmann, L.R., Guerra, N.G., Zelli, A., & Miller, L. (1992). Differing normative beliefs about aggression for boys and girls. In K. Bjorkquist & P. Neimela (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 77-87). San Diego: Academic Press.
25. Jenkins, E.J., & Bell, C.C. (1994). Violence among inner city high school students and post-traumatic stress disorder. In S. Friedman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in African Americans (pp. 76-88). New York: Springer Publishing.
26. Levine, I.S. (1996). Preventing violence among youth: Introduction. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6, 320-322.
27. Madriz, E. (1997). Latina teenagers: Victimization, identity, and fear of crime. Social Justice, 24(4), 39-55.
28. Nadel, H., Spellman, M., Alvarez-Canino, T., Lausell-Bryant, L., & Landsberg, G. (1996). The cycle of violence and victimization: A study of the school-based intervention of a multidisciplinary youth violence-prevention program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(Suppl. 5), 109-119.
29. Ozer, E.M., Brindis, C.D., Millstein, S.G., Knopf, D.K., & Irwin, C.E. (1997). America's adolescents: Are they healthy? San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, National Adolescent Health Information Center.
30. Padgett, D. (1997). Women's mental health: Some directions for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 522-534.
31. Powell, K.E., & Hawkins, D.F. (Eds.). (1996). Youth violence prevention: Descriptions and baseline data from 13 evaluation projects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(Suppl. 5).
32. Pynoos, R.S., Steinberg, A.M., & Goenjian, A. (1996). Traumatic stress in childhood and adolescence: Recent developments and current controversies. In B.A. van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane, & L. Weisseth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 331-358). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Reinherz, H.Z., Giaconia, R.M., Lefkowitz, E.S., Pakiz, B., & Frost, A.K. (1993). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 369-377.
34. Report cards: How the middle and high schools rank. (1998, March 15). New York Times, p. 14.
35. Root, M.P.P. (1992). Reconstructing the impact of trauma on personality. In L.S. Brown & M. Ballou (Eds.), Personality and psychopathology: Feminist reappraisals (pp. 229-265). New York: Guilford Press.
36. Schwab-Stone, M.E., Ayers, T.S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., & Weissberg, R.P. (1995). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1343-1352.
37. Singer, M.I., Anglin, T.M., Song, L.Y., & Lunghofer, L. (1995). Adolescents' exposure to violence and associated symptoms of psychological trauma. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 477-482.
38. Slaby, R.G. (1998). Preventing youth violence through research-guided intervention. In P.K. Trickett & C.J. Schellenback (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community (pp. 371-399). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Spellman, M. (1995). Exposure to violence checklist. New York: New York University Shirley M. Ehrenkranz School of Social Work.
40. Terr, L.C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10-20.
41. Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: Theory, research and intervention. New York: Praeger.
42. Williams, J.H., Stiffman, A.R., & O'Neal, J.L. (1998). Violence among urban African American youths: An analysis of environmental and behavioral risk factors. Social Work Research, 22(1), 3-13.