Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-180

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84988305158     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/13209     Document Type: Book

References (276)

1. AFIOH (U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health). Undated. Open pit burning general facts and information. Brooks City-Base, TX: U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health.
2. CHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine) and AFIOH. 2009. Addendum 2. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008. USACHPPM Report No. 47-MA-08PV-08/AFIOH Report No. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. August.
3. CHPPM. Undated. Just the facts: Balad burn pit. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
4. Faulkner, W. M. 2011. Exposure to toxins produced by burn pits: Congressional data request and studies. Memorandum for the assistant secretary of defense for health affairs. Washington, DC: Joint Staff. March 28, 2011. Enclosure: ASD(HA) Memorandum, 17 Feb 11. Response to ASD(HA) Request for Information.
5. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Deck, and J. A. Vietas. 2008. Screening Health Risk Assessment Burn Pit Exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq and Addendum Report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. May.
6. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Veterans' Affairs. 2009a. Airway injury in U.S. soldiers following service in Iraq and Afghanistan. 111th Cong., 1st Sess. October 8.
7. U.S. Congress, Senate, Democratic Policy Committee. 2009b. Are burn pits in Iraq and Afghanistan making our soldiers sick? 111th Cong., 1st Sess. November 6.
8. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Public Health Command. July.
9. CENTCOM (U.S. Central Command). 2009. Environmental quality CENTCOM contingency environmental guidance. Document number R 200-2. MacDill Air Force Base, FL: Headquarters, U.S. Central Command.
10. CHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine). 2001. Environmental surveillance health risk assessment no. 47-EM-2638-01D. Environmental surveillance of Camp Bondsteel incinerators 18-28 January 2001. With redaction of author information. Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
11. CHPPM. 2004. Ambient air assessment for Camp Lemonier, Djibouti, 4-10 Jun 2004. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
12. CHPPM. 2005. Transmittal of results for deployment occupational and environmental health (OEH) risk characterization. With redaction of author information. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
13. CHPPM. Undated. Just the facts: Balad burn pit. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
14. CHPPM and AFIOH (U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health). 2009. Addendum 2. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008. USACHPPM Report No. 47-MA-08PV-08/AFIOH Report No. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. August.
15. DHB (Defense Health Board). 2008. Defense Health Board findings pertaining to health risk assessment, burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq. June 26. Falls Church, VA: Defense Health Board.
16. DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2007. Overseas environmental baseline guidance document. DoD 4715.05-G. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisitions, Technology, and Logistics.
17. DoD. 2011. Exposure to toxins produced by burn pits: congressional data request and studies. In Memorandum for the assistant secretary of defense for health affairs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.
18. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Science Policy Council handbook: risk characterization. EPA-100-B-00-002. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Developoment.
19. EPA. 2011. Backyard burning. http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/backyard/index.htm (accessed March 2, 2011).
20. GAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2010. Afghanistan and Iraq: DOD should improve adherence to its guidance on open burning and solid waste management. GAO-11-63. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Accountability Office.
21. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Gulf War and health: Volume 3. Fuels, combustion products, and propellants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
22. Melosi, M. V. 2005. Garbage in the cities: Refuse, reform, and the environment. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
23. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Review of the U.S. Navy's human health risk assessment of the Naval Air facility at Atsugi, Japan. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
24. RAND. 2008. Green warriors: Army environmental considerations for contingency operations from planning through postconflict. Arlington, VA: RAND Corporation.
25. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Deck, and J. A. Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq, and addendum report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force. Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine.
26. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2003. Analysis of the waste management practices at Bosnia and Kosovo base camps. ERDC/ CRREL TR-03-6. Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
27. U.S. Congress, Senate, Democratic Policy Committee. 2009a. Are burn pits in Iraq and Afghanistan making our soldiers sick?111th Cong., 1st Sess. November 6.
28. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Veterans' Affairs. 2009b. VA/DOD response to certain military exposures. 111th Cong., 1st Sess. October 8.
29. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. With redaction of author information. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Public Health Command. July.
30. VA (Department of Veterans Affairs). 2010. VA environmental hazards memo. 211A training letter 10-03. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
31. Weese, C. B., and J. H. Abraham. 2009. Potential health implications associated with particulate matter exposure in deployed settings in southwest Asia. Inhalation Toxicology 21(4):291-296.
32. CHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine) and AFIOH (U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health). 2009. Addendum 2. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008. USACHPPM Report No. 47-MA-08PV-08/AFIOH Report No. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. August.
33. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guidelines for ecological risk assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum.
34. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Gulf War and health: Volume 3. Fuels, combustion products, and propellants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
35. IOM. 2006. Gulf War and health: Volume 4. Health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
36. IOM. 2008. Epidemiological studies of veterans exposed to depleted uranium: Feasability and design issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
37. IOM. 2010. Gulf War and health: Volume 8. Update of health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
38. NRC (National Research Council). 1983. Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
39. NRC. 1994. Science and judgment in risk assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
40. NRC. 2009. Science and decisions: Advancing risk assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
41. NRC. 2010. Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
42. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Deck, and J. A. Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq, and addendum report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force. Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine.
43. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2009. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. With author information redacted. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Public Health Command. July.
44. Barletta, B., S. Meinardi, I. J. Simpson, H. A. Khwaja, D. R. Blake, and F. S. Rowland. 2002. Mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere of Karachi, Pakistan. Atmospheric Environment 36(21):3429-3443.
45. Brown, K. W., W. Bouhamra, D. P. Lamoureux, J. S. Evans, and P. Koutrakis. 2008. Characterization of particulate matter for three sites in Kuwait. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 58(8):994-1003.
46. CARB (California Air Resources Board). 2009. Annual toxics summary by monitoring site for Los Angeles-North Main Street 2009. http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/toxics/sitesubstance.html (accessed August 16, 2011).
47. Cavallo, D., C. L. Ursini, G. Carelli, I. Iavicoli, A. Ciervo, B. Perniconi, B. Rondinone, M. Gismondi, and S. Iavicoli. 2006. Occupational exposure in airport personnel: Characterization and evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects. Toxicology 223(1-2):26-35.
48. CHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine) and AFIOH (U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health). 2009. Addendum 2. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008. USACHPPM Report No. 47-MA-08PV-08/AFIOH Report No. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. August.
49. Engelbrecht, J. P. 2008. Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program. Reno, NV: Desert Research Institute.
50. Engelbrecht, J. P., E. V. McDonald, J. A. Gillies, R. K. M. Jayanty, G. Casuccio, and A. W. Gertler. 2009. Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East-Part 1: Ambient sampling. Inhalation Toxicology 21(4):297-326.
51. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 update. EPA/625/3-89/016. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March.
52. EPA. 1997. Evaluation of emissions from the open burning of household waste in barrels. Vol 1. EPA/600/R-97-134a. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
53. EPA. 2001. Dioxin emission database. EPA/600/C-01/012. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=20797 (accessed September 23, 2010).
54. Godoi, A. F., K. Ravindra, R. H. Godoi, S. J. Andrade, M. Santiago-Silva, L. Van Vaeck, and R. Van Grieken. 2004. Fast chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol samples from sugar cane burning. Journal of Chromatography A 1027(1-2):49-53.
55. Guo, H., S. C. Lee, K. F. Ho, X. M. Wang, and S. C. Zou. 2003. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 37(38):5307-5317.
56. Gullett, B. K., B. Wyrzykowska, E. Grandesso, A. Touati, D. G. Tabor, and G. S. Ochoa. 2010. PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump, Table S-1. Environmental Science and Technology 44(1):394-399.
57. Halek, F., M. Kianpour-Rad, and A. Kavousirahim. 2010. Seasonal variation in ambient PM mass and number concentrations (case study: Tehran, Iran). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 169(1-4):501-507.
58. Hsieh, C. C., and J. H. Tsai. 2003. VOC concentration characteristics in Southern Taiwan. Chemosphere 50(4):545-556.
59. Krauthacker, B., S. H. Romanic, M. Wilken, and Z. Milanovic. 2006. PCDD/Fs in ambient air collected in Zagreb, Croatia. Chemosphere 62(11):1829-1837.
60. Kungskulniti, N., and S. A. Edgerton. 1990. Ambient volatile organic-compounds at selected sites in Bangkok-City, Thailand. Chemosphere 20(6):673-679.
61. Lemieux, P. M., B. K. Gullett, C. C. Lutes, C. K. Winterrowd, and D. L. Winters. 2003. Variables affecting emissions of PCDD/ Fs from uncontrolled combustion of household waste in barrels. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 53(5):523-531.
62. Lemieux, P. M., C. C. Lutes, and D. A. Santoianni. 2004. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: A comprehensive review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30(1):1-32.
63. Li, Y. M., G. B. Jiang, Y. W. Wang, Z. W. Cai, and Q. H. Zhang. 2008. Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment 42(9):2037-2047.
64. Moschonas, N., and S. Glavas. 1996. C3-C10 hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Environment 30(15):2769-2772.
65. NRC (National Research Council). 2003. Toxicologic assessment of jet-propulsion fuel 8. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
66. NRC. 2010. Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
67. Srimuruganandam, B., and S. M. S. Nagendra. 2011. Characteristics of particulate matter and heterogeneous traffic in the urban area of India. Atmospheric Environment 45(18):3091-3102.
68. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Deck, and J.A. Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, Balad Air Base, Iraq and Addendum Report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/U.S.ACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. May.
69. USAF (U.S. Air Force). 2009. Surface weather observations. Air Force Manual 15-111. Arlington, VA: U.S. Air Force. March 10.
70. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. July.
71. AFHSC (U.S. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center), Naval Health Research Center, and U.S. Army Public Health Command. 2010. Epidemiological studies of health outcomes among troops deployed to burn pit sites. Silver Spring, MD: Defense Technical Information Center.
72. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1998. Toxicological profile for jet fuels JP-5 and JP-8. ToxProfiles. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/TP.asp?id=773&tid=150 (accessed July 9, 2010).
73. ATSDR. 2005. Toxicological profile for zinc. ToxProfiles. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp60-c3.pdf (accessed July 9, 2010).
74. ATSDR. 2007. Toxicological profile for xylenes. ToxProfiles. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp71-c3.pdf (accessed July 9, 2010).
75. Becher, H., D. Flesch-Janys, T. Kauppinen, M. Kogevinas, K. Steindorf, A. Manz, and J. Wahrendorf. 1996. Cancer mortality in German male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins. Cancer Causes & Control 7(3):312-321.
76. Becher, H., K. Steindorf, and D. Flesch-Janys. 1998. Quantitative cancer risk assessment for dioxins using an occupational cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 106(Suppl 2):663-670.
77. Boman, B. C., A. B. Forsberg, and B. G. Jarvholm. 2003. Adverse health effects from ambient air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 29(4):251-260.
78. Boman, B. C., A. B. Forsberg, and T. Sandstrom. 2006. Shedding new light on wood smoke: A risk factor for respiratory health. European Respiratory Journal 27(3):446-447.
79. Brook, R. D., and S. Rajagopalan. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and atherosclerosis. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12(5):291-300.
80. Brook, R. D., B. Franklin, W. Cascio, Y. Hong, G. Howard, M. Lipsett, R. Luepker, M. Mittleman, J. Samet, S. C. Smith, Jr., I. Tager. 2004. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109(21):2655-2671.
81. Cahill, C. F. 2011. UAF's unique applied research capabilities: Unmanned aircraft and airborne contaminants. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Fairbanks.
82. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2010. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. November 22, 2010. http:// www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ (accessed February 23, 2011).
83. Dockery, D. W. 2009. Health effects of particulate air pollution. Annals of Epidemiology 19(4):257-63.
84. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Risk assessment guidance for Superfund: Vol I. Human health evaluation manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.
85. EPA. 2000. Supplementary guidance for conducting health risk assessment of chemical mixtures: Risk Assessment Forum Technical Panel. EPA/630/R-00/002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
86. EPA. 2003a. Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds National Academy of Sciences (NAS) review draft. EPA/600/P-00/001Cb. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. December.
87. EPA. 2003b. Framework for cumulative risk assessment. EPA/630/P-02/001F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
88. EPA. 2005. Fact sheet: EPA's guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001F. http://epa.gov/cancerguidelines/ cancer-guidelines-factsheet.htm (accessed October 12, 2010).
89. EPA. 2009. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter (final report). EPA/600/R-08/139F. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
90. EPA. 2011. Integrated risk information system. http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/ (accessed March 8, 2011).
91. Fingerhut, M. A., W. E. Halperin, D. A. Marlow, L. A. Piacitelli, P. A. Honchar, M. H. Sweeney, A. L. Greife, P. A. Dill, K. Steenland, and A. J. Suruda. 1991. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. New England Journal of Medicine 324(4):212-218.
92. Hooiveld, M., D. Heederik, and H. B. de Mesquita. 1996. Preliminary results of the second follow-up of a Dutch cohort of workers occupationally exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols and contaminants. Organohalogen Compounds 20:185-189.
93. Humblet, O., L. Birnbaum, E. Rimm, M. A. Mittleman, and R. Hauser. 2008. Dioxins and cardiovascular disease mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives 116(11):1443-1448.
94. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1997. Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 69. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
95. IARC. 2002. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, napthalene and styrene. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 82. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
96. IARC. 2004. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 83. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
97. IARC. 2010. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 92. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
98. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2005. Gulf War and health: Volume 3. Fuels, combustion products, and propellants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
99. IOM. 2008. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2008. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
100. IOM. 2009. Combating tobacco use in military and veteran populations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
101. IOM. 2010. Secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
102. Kelly, F. J., and J. C. Fussell. 2011. Air pollution and airway disease. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 41(8):1059-1071.
103. Lemieux, P. M., B. K. Gullett, C. C. Lutes, C. K. Winterrowd, and D. L. Winters. 2003. Variables affecting emissions of PCDD/ Fs from uncontrolled combustion of household waste in barrels. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 53(5):523-531.
104. Lemieux, P. M., C. C. Lutes, and D. A. Santoianni. 2004. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: A comprehensive review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30(1):1-32.
105. Lyles, M. B., H. L. Fredrickson, A. J. Bednar, H. B. Fannin, D. W. Griffin, and T. M. Sobecki. 2011. Medical geology: Dust exposure and potential health risks in the Middle East. 34th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. Sydney, AU. April 10-15, 2011. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/2011/ISRSE-34/ (accessed May 3, 2011).
106. Mandal, P. K. 2005. Dioxin: A review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 175(4):221-230.
107. Naeher, L. P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J. T. Zelikoff, C. D. Simpson, J. Q. Koenig, and K. R. Smith. 2007. Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology 19(1):67-106.
108. NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1978. Bioassay of trichlorofluoromethane for possible carcinogenicity. CAS No. 75-69-4. NCI-CG-TR 106. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. NLM (U.S. National Library of Medicine). 2011. Hazardous substances data bank. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ htmlgen?HSDB (accessed March 9, 2011).
109. NRC (National Research Council). 1983. Risk assessment in the federal government, managing the process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
110. NRC. 2006. Health risks from dioxin and related compounds: Evaluation of the EPA reassessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
111. NRC. 2009. Science and decisions: Advancing risk assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
112. NRC. 2010. Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
113. NTP (National Toxciology Program). 1986. Toxicology and carcinogeneisis studies of xylenes (mixed) (60% m-xylene, 14% p-xylene, 9% 0-xylene, and 17% ethylbenzene) (CAS No. 1330-20-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). NTP TR 327. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institutes of Health.
114. Ott, M. G., and A. Zober. 1996. Cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence among employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after a 1953 reactor accident. Occupational & Environmental Medicine 53(9):606-612.
115. Pope, C. A., 3rd, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, and G. D. Thurston. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association 287(9):1132-1141.
116. Steenland, K., P. Bertazzi, A. Baccarelli, and M. Kogevinas. 2004. Dioxin revisited: Developments since the 1997 IARC classification of dioxin as a human carcinogen. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(13):1265-1268.
117. Steenland, K., J. Deddens, and L. Piacitelli. 2001. Risk assessment for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) based on an epidemiologic study. American Journal of Epidemiology 154(5):451-458.
118. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Peck, and J. A. Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq and addendum report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine.
119. U.S. Surgeon General. 2004. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
120. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine.
121. Van den Berg M., L. S. Birnbaum, M. Denison, M. De Vito, W. Farland, M. Feeley, H. Fiedler, H. Hakansson, A. Hanberg, L. Haws, M. Rose, S. Safe, D. Schrenk, C. Tohyama, A. Tritscher, J. Tuomisto, M. Tysklind, N. Walker, and R. E. Peterson. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicological Sciences 093(2):223-241.
122. White, S. S., and L. S. Birnbaum. 2009. An overview of the effects of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, as documented in human and ecological epidemiology. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C-Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews 27(4):197-211.
123. AFHSC (U.S. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center), the Naval Health Research Center, and the U.S. Army Public Health Command. 2010. Epidemiological Studies of Health Outcomes among Troops Deployed to Burn Pit Sites. Silver Spring, MD: Defense Technical Information Center. May.
124. Aronson, K. J., L. A. Dodds, L. Marrett, and C. Wall. 1996. Congenital anomalies among the offspring of fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30(1):83-86.
125. Aronson, K. J., G. A. Tomlinson, and L. Smith. 1994. Mortality among fire fighters in metropolitan Toronto. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 26(1):89-101.
126. Bandaranayke, D., D. Read, and Clare. Salmond. 1993. Health consequences of a chemical fire. Internatinal Journal of Environmental Health Research 3:104-114.
127. Baris, D., T. J. Garrity, J. L. Telles, E. F. Heineman, A. Olshan, and S. H. Zahm. 2001. Cohort mortality study of Philadelphia firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39(5):463-476.
128. Barth, Shannon K., Han K. Kang, Tim A. Bullman, and Mitchell T. Wallin. 2009. Neurological mortality among U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 13-year follow-up. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 52(9):663-670.
129. Bartoo, Carole. 2010. Soldiers' mysterious lung disease identified. The Reporter: Vanderbilt University Medical Center's Weekly Newspaper, February 12.
130. Bates, J. T. 1987. Coronary artery disease deaths in the Toronto Fire Department. Journal of Occupational Medicine 29(2):132-135.
131. Bates, M. N. 2007. Registry-based case-control study of cancer in California firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50(5):339-344.
132. Bates, M. N., J. Fawcett, N. Garrett, R. Arnold, N. Pearce, and A. Woodward. 2001. Is testicular cancer an occupational disease of fire fighters? American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40(3):263-270.
133. Beaumont, J. J., G. S. Chu, J. R. Jones, M. B. Schenker, J. A. Singleton, L. G. Piantanida, and M. Reiterman. 1991. An epidemiologic study of cancer and other causes of mortality in San Francisco firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 19(3):357-372.
134. Betchley, C., J. Q. Koenig, G. van Belle, H. Checkoway, and T. Reinhardt. 1997. Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in forest firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 31(5):503-509.
135. Biggeri, A., F. Barbone, C. Lagazio, M. Bovenzi, and G. Stanta. 1996. Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste, Italy: Spatial analysis of risk as a function of distance from sources. Environmental Health Perspectives 104(7):750-754.
136. Blair, A., P. Stewart, M. O'Berg, W. Gaffey, J. Walrath, J. Ward, R. Bales, S. Kaplan, and D. Cubit. 1986. Mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde. Journal of National Cancer Institute 76(6):1071-1084.
137. Bresnitz, E. A., J. Roseman, D. Becker, and E. Gracely. 1992. Morbidity among municipal waste incinerator workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 22(3):363-378.
138. Bullman, T. A., C. M. Mahan, H. K. Kang, and W. F. Page. 2005. Mortality in US Army Gulf War veterans exposed to 1991 Khamisiyah chemical munitions destruction. American Journal of Public Health 95(8):1382-1388.
139. Burnett, C. A., W. E. Halperin, N. R. Lalich, and J. P. Sestito. 1994. Mortality among fire fighters: A 27 state survey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 26(6):831-833.
140. Calvert, G. M., J. W. Merling, and C. A. Burnett. 1999. Ischemic heart disease mortality and occupation among 16- to 60-yearold males. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine 41(11):960-966
141. Carozza, S. E., M. Wrensch, R. Miike, B. Newman, A. F. Olshan, D. A. Savitz, M. Yost, and M. Lee. 2000. Occupation and adult gliomas. American Journal of Epidemiology 152(9):838-846.
142. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009. Heart Disease Risk Factors. CDC, October 29. http://www.cdc.gov/ heartdisease/risk_factors.htm (accessed January 13, 2011).
143. Charbotel, B., M. Hours, A. Perdrix, L. Anzivino-Viricel, and A. Bergeret. 2005. Respiratory function among waste incinerator workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 78(1):65-70.
144. Chia, S. E., and L. M. Shi. 2002. Review of recent epidemiologic studies on paternal occupations and birth defects. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59(3):149-155.
145. Choi, B. C. 2000. A technique to re-assess epidemiologic evidence in light of the healthy worker effect: The case of firefighting and heart disease. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 42(10):1021-1034.
146. Comba, P., V. Ascoli, S. Belli, M. Benedetti, L. Gatti, P. Ricci, and A. Tieghi. 2003. Risk of soft tissue sarcomas and residence in the neighbourhood of an incinerator of industrial wastes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60(9):680-683.
147. Cordier, S., C. Chevrier, E. Robert-Gnansia, C. Lorente, P. Brula, and M. Hours. 2004. Risk of congenital anomalies in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61(1):8-15.
148. Cowan, D. N., J. L. Lange, J. Heller, J. Kirkpatrick, and S. DeBakey. 2002. A case-control study of asthma among U.S. Army Gulf War veterans and modeled exposure to oil well fire smoke. Military Medicine 167(9):777-782.
149. Cresswell, P. A., J. E. Scott, S. Pattenden, and M. Vrijheid. 2003. Risk of congenital anomalies near the Byker waste combustion plant. Journal of Public Health Medicine 25(3):237-242.
150. Demers, P. A., H. Checkoway, T. L. Vaughan, N. S. Weiss, N. J. Heyer, and L. Rosenstock. 1994. Cancer incidence among firefighters in Seattle and Tacoma, Washington (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5(2):129-135.
151. Demers, P. A., N. J. Heyer, and L. Rosenstock. 1992a. Mortality among firefighters from three northwestern United States cities. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49(9):664-670.
152. Demers, P. A., T. L. Vaughan, et al. 1992b. Cancer identification using a tumor registry versus death certificates in occupational cohort studies in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 136(10):1232-1240.
153. Deschamps, S., I. Momas, and B. Festy. 1995. Mortality amongst Paris fire-fighters. European Journal of Epidemiology 11(6):643-646.
154. Dibbs, E., H. E. Thomas, S. T. Weiss, and D. Sparrow. 1982. Fire fighting and coronary heart disease. Circulation 65(5):943-946.
155. Douglas, D. B., R. B. Douglas, D. Oakes, and G. Scott. 1985. Pulmonary function of London firemen. British Journal of Industrial Med 42(1):55-58.
156. Elci, O. C., M. Akpinar-Elci, M. Alavanja, and M. Dosemeci. 2003. Occupation and the risk of lung cancer by histologic types and morphologic distribution: A case control study in Turkey. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 59(3):183-188.
157. Eliopulos, E., B. K. Armstrong, J. T. Spickett, and F. Heyworth. 1984. Mortality of fire fighters in Western Australia. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 41(2):183-187.
158. Elliott, P., G. Shaddick, I. Kleinschmidt, D. Jolley, P. Walls, J. Beresford, and C. Grundy. 1996. Cancer incidence near municipal solid waste incinerators in Great Britain. British Journal of Cancer 73(5):702-710.
159. Feuer, E., and K. Rosenman. 1986. Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 9(6):517-527.
160. Firth, H. M., K. R. Cooke, and G. P. Herbison. 1996. Male cancer incidence by occupation: New Zealand, 1972-1984. International Journal of Epidemiology 25(1):14-21.
161. Floret, N., F. Mauny, B. Challier, P. Arveux, J. Y. Cahn, and J. F. Viel. 2003. Dioxin emissions from a solid waste incinerator and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiology 14(4):392-398.
162. Fox, A. J., and P. F. Collier. 1976. Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine 30(4):225-230.
163. Glod, M. 2010. Alarms sound over trash fires in war zones of Afghanistan, Iraq. The Washington Post (August 6, 2010).
164. Glueck, C. J., W. Kelley, P. Wang, P. S. Gartside, D. Black, and T. Tracey. 1996. Risk ractors for coronary heart disease among firefighters in Cincinnati. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30:331-340.
165. Golden, A. L., S. B. Markowitz, and P. J. Landrigan. 1995. The risk of cancer in firefighters. Occupational Medicine 10(4):803-820.
166. Grimes, G., D. Hirsch, and D. Borgeson. 1991. Risk of death among Honolulu fire fighters. Hawaii Medical Journal 50(3):82-85.
167. Guidotti, T. L. 1993. Mortality of urban firefighters in Alberta, 1927-1987. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 23(6):921-940.
168. Guidotti, T. L. 1995. Occupational mortality among firefighters: assessing the association. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine 37(12):1348-1356.
169. Gustavsson, P. 1989. Mortality among workers at a municipal waste incinerator. American Journal of Industria Medicine 15(3):245-253.
170. Gustavsson, P., B. Evanoff, and C. Hogstedt. 1993. Increased risk of esophageal cancer among workers exposed to combustion products. Archives of Environmental Health 48(4):243-245.
171. Haas, N. S., M. Gochfeld, M. G. Robson, and D. Wartenberg. 2003. Latent health effects in firefighters. International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 9(2):95-103.
172. Hansen, E. S. 1990. A cohort study on the mortality of firefighters. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47(12):805-809.
173. Hazucha, M. J., V. Rhodes, B. A. Boehlecke, K. Southwick, D. Degnan, and C. M. Shy. 2002. Characterization of spirometric function in residents of three comparison communities and of three communities located near waste incinerators in North Carolina. Archives of Environmental Health 57(2):103-112.
174. Heyer, N., N. S. Weiss, P. Demers, and L. Rosenstock. 1990. Cohort mortality study of Seattle fire fighters: 1945-1983. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 17(4):493-504.
175. Horsfield, K., F. M. Cooper, M. P. Buckman, A. R. Guyatt, and G. Cumming. 1988a. Respiratory symptoms in West Sussex firemen. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 45(4):251-255.
176. Horsfield, K., A. R. Guyatt, F. M. Cooper, M. P. Buckman, and G. Cumming. 1988b. Lung function in West Sussex firemen: A four year study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 45(2):116-121.
177. Hours, M., L. Anzivino-Viricel, A. Maitre, A. Perdrix, Y. Perrodin, B. Charbotel, and A. Bergeret. 2003. Morbidity among municipal waste incinerator workers: A cross-sectional study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 76(6):467-472.
178. Howe, G. R., and J. D. Burch. 1990. Fire fighters and risk of cancer: An assessment and overview of the epidemiologic evidence. American Journal of Epidemiology 132(6):1039-1050.
179. Hu, S. W., and C. M. Shy. 2001. Health effects of waste incineration: a review of epidemiologic studies. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51(7):1100-1109.
180. Hu, S. W., M. Hazucha, and C. M. Shy. 2001. Waste incineration and pulmonary function: An epidemiologic study of six communities. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51(8):1185-1194.
181. IARC (International Agency on Research for Cancer). 2004. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 83. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
182. IARC. 2010. Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 98. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
183. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2000. Gulf War and health: Volume 1. Depleted uranium, pyridostigmine bromide, sarin, vaccines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
184. IOM. 2005. Gulf War and health: Volume 3. Fuels, combustion products, and propellants. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
185. IOM. 2006. Gulf War and health: Volume 4. Health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
186. IOM. 2009. Combating tobacco in military and veteran populations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
187. IOM. 2010. Gulf War and health: Volume 8. Update of health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
188. Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. 1997. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans: A population-based study. JAMAJournal of the American Medical Association 277(3):238-245.
189. Jansson, B., and L. Voog. 1989. Dioxin from Swedish municipal incinerators and the occurrence of cleft lip and palate malformations. International Journal of Environmental Studies 34:99-104.
190. Kang, D., L. K. Davis, P. Hunt, and D. Kriebel. 2008. Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 51(5):329-335.
191. Kang, H. K., C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, C. A. Magee, and F. M. Murphy. 2000. Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: A population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42(5):491-501.
192. Kilburn, K. H., R. H. Warsaw, and M. G. Shields. 1989. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in firemen exposed to polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Possible improvement after detoxification. Archives of Environmental Health 44(6):345-350.
193. King, M. S., R. Eisenberg, J. H. Newman, J. J. Tolle, F. E. Harrell, Jr., H. Nian, M. Ninan, E. S. Lambright, J. R. Sheller, J. E. Johnson, and R. F. Miller. 2011. Constrictive bronchiolitis in soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. New England Journal of Medicine 365(3):222-230.
194. King, M. S., R. Miller, J. Johnson, M. Ninan, E. Lambright, A. F. Shorr, and J. Sheller. 2008. Bronchiolitis in soldiers with inhalation exposures in the Iraq War. Poster presented at the American Thoracic Society's 104th International Conference, Toronto, Canada, May 2008.
195. Krishnan, G., M. Felini, S. E. Carozza, R. Miike, T. Chew, and M. Wrensch. 2003. Occupation and adult gliomas in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 45(6):639-647.
196. Lange, J. L., D. A. Schwartz, B. N. Doebbeling, J. M. Heller, and P. S. Thorne. 2002. Exposures to the Kuwait oil fires and their association with asthma and bronchitis among Gulf War veterans. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(11):1141-1146.
197. Lee, J. T., and C. M. Shy. 1999. Respiratory function as measured by peak expiratory flow rate and PM10: six communities study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 9(4):293-299.
198. LeMasters, G. K., A. M. Genaidy, P. Succop, J. Deddens, T. Sobeih, H. Barriera-Viruet, K. Dunning, and J. Lockey. 2006. Cancer risk among firefighters: A review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48(11):1189-1202.
199. Liu, D., I. B. Tager, J. R. Balmes, and R. J. Harrison. 1992. The effect of smoke inhalation on lung function and airway responsiveness in wildland fire fighters. American Review of Respiratory Disease 146(6):1469-1473.
200. Lloyd, O. L., M. M. Lloyd, F. L. Williams, and A. Lawson. 1988. Twinning in human populations and in cattle exposed to air pollution from incinerators. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 45(8):556-560.
201. Ma, F., L. E. Fleming, D. J. Lee, E. Trapido, and T. A. Gerace. 2006. Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48(9):883-888.
202. Ma, F., L. E. Fleming, D. J. Lee, E. Trapido, T. A. Gerace, H. Lai, and S. Lai. 2005. Mortality in Florida professional firefighters, 1972 to 1999. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 47(6):509-517.
203. Ma, F., D. J. Lee, L. E. Fleming, and M. Dosemeci. 1998. Race-specific cancer mortality in U.S. firefighters: 1984-1993. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 40(12):1134-1138.
204. Markowitz, J. S. 1989. Self-reported short- and long-term respiratory effects among PVC-exposed firefighters. Archives of Environmental Health 44(1):30-33.
205. McDiarmid, M. A., and J. Agnew. 1995. Reproductive hazards and firefighters. Occupational Medicine 10(4):829-841.
206. McGregor, D. B. 2005. Risk of brain tumours in firemen. Studies and research projects report, R-397. Montreal, Quebec: Institut de Recherche Robert Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail. Medline Plus. 2011. Pulmonary function testing. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, February 28, 2011. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003853.htm (accessed March 1, 2011).
207. Michelozzi, P., F. Forastiere, D. Fusco, C. A. Perucci, B. Ostro, C. Ancona, and G. Pallotti. 1998. Air pollution and daily mortality in Rome, Italy. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55(9):605-610.
208. Miedinger, D., P. N. Chhajed, D. Stolz, C. Gysin, A. B. Wanzenried, C. Schindler, C. Surber, H. C. Bucher, M. Tamm, and J. D. Leuppi. 2007. Respiratory symptoms, atopy and bronchial hyperreactivity in professional firefighters. European Respiratory Journal 30(3):538-544.
209. Milham, S., and E. Ossiander. 2001. Occupational Mortality Database. Washington State Department of Health. https://fortress. wa.gov/doh/occmort/OMQuery.aspx (accessed January 19, 2011).
210. Miller, R. 2009. Airway Injury in US Soldiers Following Service in Iraq and Afghanistan. In United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs Hearing.
211. Mohan, A., D. Degnan, C. E. Feigley, C. M. Shy, C. A. Hornung, T. Mustafa, and C. A. Macera. 2000. Comparison of respiratory symptoms among community residents near waste disposal incinerators. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 10:63-75.
212. Monson, R. R. 1986. Observations on the healthy worker effect. Journal of Occupational Medicine 28(6):425-43.
213. Musk, A. W., R. R. Monson, J. M. Peters, and R. K. Peters. 1978. Mortality among Boston firefighters, 1915-1975. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 35(2):104-108.
214. Musk, A. W., J. M. Peters, L. Bernstein, C. Rubin, and C. B. Monroe. 1982. Pulmonary function in firefighters: A six-year follow-up in the Boston Fire Department. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3(1):3-9. Mustacchi, P. 1991. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in firemen exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Possible improvement after detoxification. Archives of Environmental Health 46(4):254-255.
215. Mustacchi, P. 1991. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in firemen exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Possible improvement after detoxification. Archives of Environmental Health 46(4):254-255
216. Mustajbegovic, J., E. Zuskin, E. N. Schachter, J. Kern, M. Vrcic-Keglevic, S. Heimer, K. Vitale, and T. Nada. 2001. Respiratory function in active firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40(1):55-62.
217. NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences). 2011. Cancer and the environment: What you need to know, what you can do. NIH Publication No. 03-2039. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/materials/cancer-enviro.pdf (accessed March 1, 2011).
218. Olshan, A. F., K. Teschke, and P. A. Baird. 1990. Birth defects among offspring of firemen. American Journal of Epidemiology 131(2):312-321.
219. Peters, J. M., G. P. Theriault, L. J. Fine, and D. H. Wegman. 1974. Chronic effect of fire fighting on pulmonary function. New England Journal of Medicine 291(25):1320-1322.
220. Prezant, D. J., A. Dhala, A. Goldstein, D. Janus, F. Ortiz, T. K. Aldrich, and K. J. Kelly. 1999. The incidence, prevalence, and severity of sarcoidosis in New York City firefighters. Chest 116(5):1183-1193.
221. Proctor, S. P., T. Heeren, R. F. White, J. Wolfe, M. S. Borgos, J. D. Davis, L. Pepper, R. Clapp, P. B. Sutker, J. J. Vasterling, and D. Ozonoff. 1998. Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: Self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress. International Journal of Epidemiology 27(6):1000-1010.
222. Risen, James. 2010. Veterans sound alarm over burn-pit exposure. The New York Times (August 2, 2010).
223. Rosenstock, L., P. Demers, N. J. Heyer, and S. Barnhart. 1990. Respiratory mortality among firefighters. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47(7):462-465.
224. Rydhstroem, H. 1998. No obvious spatial clustering of twin births in Sweden between 1973 and 1990. Environmental Research 76(1):27-31.
225. Sama, S. R., T. R. Martin, L. K. Davis, and D. Kriebel. 1990. Cancer incidence among Massachusetts firefighters, 1982-1986. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 18(1):47-54.
226. Sardinas, A., J. W. Miller, and H. Hansen. 1986. Ischemic heart disease mortality of firemen and policemen. American Journal of Public Health 76(9):1140-1141.
227. Schnitzer, P. G., A. F. Olshan, and J. D. Erickson. 1995. Paternal occupation and risk of birth defects in offspring. Epidemiology 6(6):577-583.
228. Serra, A., F. Mocci, and F. S. Randaccio. 1996. Pulmonary function in Sardinian fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30(1):78-82.
229. Shy, C. M., D. Degnan, D. I. Fox, S. Mukerjee, M. J. Hazucha, B. A. Boehlecke, D. Rothenbacher, P. M. Briggs, R. B. Devlin, D. D. Wallace, R. K. Stevens, and P. A. Bromberg. 1995. Do waste incinerators induce adverse respiratory effects? An air quality and epidemiologic study of six communities. Environmental Health Perspectives 103(7-8):714-724.
230. Smith, T. C., J. M. Heller, T. I. Hooper, G. D. Gackstetter, G. C. Gray. 2002. Are Gulf War veterans experiencing illness due to exposure to smoke from Kuwaiti oil well fires? Examination of Department of Defense hospitalization data. American Journal of Epidemiology 155 (10):908-917.
231. Sparrow, D., R. Bosse, B. Rosner, and S. T. Weiss. 1982. The effect of occupational exposure on pulmonary function: a longitudinal evaluation of fire fighters and nonfire fighters. American Review of Respiratory Disease 125(3):319-322.
232. Spencer, P. S., L. A. McCauley, J. A. Lapidus, M. Lasarev, S. K. Joos, and D. Storzbach. 2001. Self-reported exposures and their association with unexplained illness in a population-based case-control study of Gulf War veterans. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 43(12):1041-1056.
233. Szema, A. M, M. C. Peters, K. M. Weissinger, C. A. Gagliano, J. J. Chen. 2010. New-onset asthma among soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. Allergy and Asthma Procedings 31:1-5.
234. Tango, T., T. Fujita, T. Tanihata, M. Minowa, Y. Doi, N. Kato, S. Kunikane, I. Uchiyama, M. Tanaka, and T. Uehata. 2004. Risk of adverse reproductive outcomes associated with proximity to municipal solid waste incinerators with high dioxin emission levels in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology 14(3):83-93.
235. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Peck, and J. A. Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures, JBB Air Base, Iraq, and addendum report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force Institute for Operational Health and U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine.
236. Tepper, A., G. W. Comstock, and M. Levine. 1991. A longitudinal study of pulmonary function in fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 20(3):307-316.
237. Tornling, G., P. Gustavsson, and C. Hogstedt. 1994. Mortality and cancer incidence in Stockholm fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 25(2):219-228.
238. Unger, K. M., R. M. Snow, J. M. Mestas, and W. C. Miller. 1980. Smoke inhalation in firemen. Thorax 35 (11):838-842.
239. Unwin, C., N. Blatchley, W. Coker, S. Ferry, M. Hotopf, L. Hull, K. Ismail, I. Palmer, A. David, and S. Wessely. 1999. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet 353(9148):169-178.
240. U.S. Surgeon General. 1964. Smoking and health: Report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general of the Public Health Service. Public Health Service publication no. 1103. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.
241. U.S. Surgeon General. 2004. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
242. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Epidemiological Consultation No. 64-FF-064C-07, Mishraq Sulfur Fire Environmental Exposure Assessment, June 2003-March 2007. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Public Health Command. June.
243. Vena, J. E., and R. C. Fiedler. 1987. Mortality of a municipal-worker cohort: IV. Fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(6):671-684.
244. Verret, C., M. A. Jutand, C. De Vigan, M. Begassat, L. Bensefa-Colas, P. Brochard, and R. Salamon. 2008. Reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes among French Gulf War veterans. Biomed Central Public Health 8:141.
245. Viel, J. F., P. Arveux, J. Baverel, and J. Y. Cahn. 2000. Soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma clusters around a municipal solid waste incinerator with high dioxin emission levels. American Journal of Epidemiology 152(1):13-19.
246. Viel, J. F., C. Daniau, S. Goria, P. Fabre, P. de Crouy-Chanel, E. A. Sauleau, and P. Empereur-Bissonnet. 2008. Risk for non- Hodgkin's lymphoma in the vicinity of French municipal solid waste incinerators. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 7:51.
247. Vinceti, M., C. Malagoli, S. Teggi, S. Fabbi, C. Goldoni, G. De Girolamo, P. Ferrari, G. Astolfi, F. Rivieri, and M. Bergomi. 2008. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population exposed to the emissions of a municipal waste incinerator. Science of the Total Environment 407(1):116-121.
248. White, R. F., S. P. Proctor, T. Heeren, J. Wolfe, M. Krengel, J. Vasterling, K. Lindem, K. J. Heaton, P. Sutker, and D. M. Ozonoff. 2001. Neuropsychological function in Gulf War veterans: Relationships to self-reported toxicant exposures. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40(1):42-54.
249. Williams, F. L., A. B. Lawson, and O. L. Lloyd. 1992. Low sex ratios of births in areas at risk from air pollution from incinerators, as shown by geographical analysis and 3-dimensional mapping. International Journal of Epidemiology 21(2):311-319.
250. Wolfe, J., S. P. Proctor, D. J. Erickson, and H. Hu. 2002. Risk factors for multisymptom illness in U.S. Army veterans of the Gulf War. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 44(3):271-281.
251. Youakim, S. 2006. Risk of cancer among firefighters: a quantitative review of selected malignancies. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health 61(5):223-231.
252. Young, I., J. Jackson, and S. West. 1980. Chronic respiratory disease and respiratory function in a group of fire fighters. Medical Journal of Australia 1(13):654-658.
253. Zambon, P., P. Ricci, E. Bovo, A. Casula, M. Gattolin, A. R. Fiore, F. Chiosi, and S. Guzzinati. 2007. Sarcoma risk and dioxin emissions from incinerators and industrial plants: A population-based case-control study (Italy). Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 6:19.
254. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. Toxicological profile for acrolein. CASRN 107-02-8. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0364.htm (accessed July 12, 2011).
255. Faulkner, W.M. 2011. Exposure to toxins produced by burn pits: Congressional data request and studies. Memorandum for the assistant secretary of defense for health affairs. Washington, DC: The Joint Staff. March 28, 2011. Enclosure: ASD(HA) Memorandum, 17 Feb 11. Response to ASD(HA) Request for Information.
256. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2010. Gulf War and health: Volume 8: Update of health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
257. AFHSC (U.S. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center), the Naval Health Research Center, and the U.S. Army Public Health Command. 2010. Epidemiological studies of health outcomes among troops deployed to burn pit sites. Silver Spring, MD: Defense Technical Information Center.
258. CHPPM (U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine) and AFIOH (U.S. Air Force Institute for Operational Health). 2009. Addendum 2. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008. USACHPPM Report No. 47-MA-08PV-08/AFIOH Report No. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. August.
259. DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2010. Report to Congress on the use of open-air burn pits by the United States armed forces. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.
260. Gonzalez, C. A., M. Kogevinas, E. Gadea, A. Huici, A. Bosch, M. J. Bleda, and O. Papke. 2000. Biomonitoring study of people living near or working at a municipal solid-waste incinerator before and after two years of operation. Archives of Environmental Health 55(4):259-267.
261. Henriksen, G. L., N. S. Ketchum, J. E. Michalek, and J. A. Swaby. 1997. Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 8(3):252-258.
262. Huang, H. Y., T. Y. Jeng, Y. C. Lin, Y. C. Ma, C. P. Kuo, and F. C. Sung. 2007. Serum dioxin levels in residents living in the vicinity of municipal waste incinerators in Taiwan. Inhalation Toxicology 19(5):399-403.
263. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1999. Gulf War veterans: Measuring health. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
264. IOM. 2000a. Gulf war and health: Volume 1. Depleted uranium, pyridostigmine bromide, sarin, vaccines. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
265. IOM. 2000b. Protecting those who serve: Strategies to protect the health of deployed U.S. forces. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
266. IOM. 2006. Gulf War and health: Volume 4. Health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
267. IOM. 2008a. Gulf War and health: Volume 6. Physiologic, psychologic, and psychosocial effects of deployment-related stress. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
268. IOM. 2008b. Epidemiologic studies of veterans exposed to depleted uranium: Feasibility and design issues. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
269. IOM. 2010. Gulf War and health: Volume 8. Update of health effects of serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
270. NRC (National Research Council). 2000a. Strategies to protect the health of deployed U.S. forces: Analytical framework for assessing risks. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
271. NRC. 2000b. Strategies to protect the health of deployed U.S. forces: Detecting, characterizing, and documenting exposures. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
272. NRC. 2010. Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
273. Ryan, Margaret A. K., T. C. Smith, B. Smith, P. Amoroso, E. J. Boyko, G. C. Gray, G. D. Gackstetter, J. R. Riddle, T. S. Wells, G. Gumbs, T. E. Corbeil, and T. I. Hooper. 2007. Millenium cohort: enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60:181-191.
274. Smith, B., C. A. Wong, T. C. Smith, E. J. Boyko, G. D. Gackstetter, M. A. K. Ryan, and Team Millennium Cohort Study. 2009. Newly reported respiratory symptoms and conditions among military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: A prospective population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 170(11):1433-1442.
275. Taylor, G., V. Rush, A. Deck, and J. A Vietas. 2008. Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq and addendum report. IOH-RS-BR-TR-2008-0001/USACHPPM 47-MA-08PV-08. Brooks City-Base, TX: Air Force Institute for Operational Health and U.S .Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine.
276. USAPHC (U.S. Army Public Health Command). 2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May-19 June 2009. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. July.