Newly reported respiratory symptoms and conditions among military personnel deployed to iraq and afghanistan: A prospective population-based study

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 170, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 1433-1442

  Smith, Besa ^a   Wong, Charlene A ^a   Smith, Tyler C ^a   Boyko, Edward J ^b   Gackstetter, Gary D ^c,d   Ryan, Margaret A K ^e  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c ANSER   (United States)

^d Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences   (United States)

^e Research Development Test and Evaluation Division Code 524   (United States)

Author keywords

Longitudinal studies; Lung diseases; Military personnel; Signs and symptoms, respiratory

Indexed keywords

COHORT ANALYSIS; EMPLOYMENT; MILITARY APPLICATION; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY; RESPIRATORY DISEASE; SYMPTOM;

ADULT; AFGHANISTAN; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; COHORT ANALYSIS; COUGHING; DYSPNEA; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAQ; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; LUNG EMPHYSEMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POPULATION RESEARCH; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SOLDIER; SYMPTOM; WAR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; ASTHMA; BRONCHITIS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; COUGH; DYSPNEA; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 -; LOGISTIC MODELS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; ODDS RATIO; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; SMOKING; YOUNG ADULT;

AFGHANISTAN; ASIA; EURASIA; IRAQ; MIDDLE EAST; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 70849111348     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp287     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. The Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans: a population-based study. JAMA. 1997;277(3):238-245.
2. Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, et al. Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: a population-based survey of 30,000veterans.JOccupEnviron Med. 2000;42(5):491-501.
3. Kelsall HL, Sim MR, Forbes AB, et al. Respiratory health status of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and the effects of exposure to oil fire smoke and dust storms. Thorax. 2004;59(10):897-903.
4. Lange JL, Schwartz DA, Doebbeling BN, et al. Exposures to the Kuwait oil fires and their association with asthma and bronchitis among Gulf War veterans. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(11):1141-1146.
5. Proctor SP, Heeren T, White RF, et al. Health status of Persian Gulf War veterans: self-reported symptoms, environmental exposures and the effect of stress. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27(6): 1000-1010.
6. Richards AL, Hyams KC, Watts DM, et al. Respiratory disease among military personnel in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Shield. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(9):1326-1329.
7. Steele L. Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(10):992-1002
8. US Department of Defense. Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program for Persian Gulf War Veterans: CCEP Report on 18,598 Participants. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense; 1996.
9. Ezeamuzie CI, Beg MU, Al-Ajmi D. Responses of alveolar macrophages to post-Gulf-War airborne dust from Kuwait. Environ Int. 1998;24(1-2):213-220.
10. Pohlmann GP. War and medicine in the desert: a report of the 13th Evacuation Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Wis Med J. 1991; 90(9):511-516.
11. Rostker B. Environmental Exposure Report: Particulate Matter. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense; 2000.
12. Thomas R, Vigerstad T, Meagher J, et al. Particulate Exposure During the Persian Gulf War. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illness; 2000.
13. Rostker B. Environmental Exposure Report-Oil Well Fires. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense; 1998.
14. US General Accounting Office. Defense Health Care: Efforts to Address Health Effects of the Kuwait Oil Well Fires. (Report to the Chairman, Legislation and National Security Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives). Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office; 1992.
15. Bakke P, Eide GE, Hanoa R, et al. Occupational dust or gas exposure and prevalences of respiratory symptoms and asthma in a general population. Eur Respir J. 1991;4(3): 273-278.
16. Korn RJ, Dockery DW, Speizer FE, et al. Occupational exposures and chronic respiratory symptoms: a population-based study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136(2):298-304.
17. Klein AK, Christopher JP. Evaluation of crystalline silica as a threshold carcinogen. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1995; 21(suppl 2):95-98.
18. Oxman AD, Muir DC, Shannon HS, et al. Occupational dust exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic overview of the evidence. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993; 148(1):38-48.
19. Helmer DA, Rossignol M, Blatt M, et al. Health and exposure concerns of veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(5):475-480.
20. Sanders JW, Putnam SD, Frankart C, et al. Impact of illness and non-combat injury during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 73(4):713-719.
21. Engelbrecht JP, McDonald EV, Gillies JA, et al. Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East-part 1: ambient sampling. Inhal Toxicol. 2009;21(4):297-326.
22. Engelbrecht JP, McDonald EV, Gillies JA, et al. Characterizing mineral dusts and other aerosols from the Middle East-part 2: grab samples and re-suspensions. Inhal Toxicol. 2009;21(4): 327-336.
23. Weese CB, Abraham JH. Potential health implications associated with particulate matter exposure in deployed settings in Southwest Asia. Inhal Toxicol. 2009;21(4):291-296.
24. Ryan MA, Smith TC, Smith B, et al. Millennium Cohort: enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(2): 181-191.
25. Gray GC, Chesbrough KB, Ryan MA, et al. The Millennium Cohort Study: a 21-year prospective cohort study of 140,000 military personnel. Mil Med. 2002;167(6):483-488.
26. Chretien JP, Chu LK, Smith TC, et al. Demographic and occupational predictors of early response to a mailed invitation to enroll in a longitudinal health study [electronic article]. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:6.
27. Riddle JR, Smith TC, Smith B, et al. Millennium Cohort: the 2001-2003 baseline prevalence of mental disorders in the U.S. military. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(2):192-201.
28. Smith B, Leard CA, Smith TC, et al. Anthrax vaccination in the Millennium Cohort: validation and measures of health. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):347-353.
29. Smith B, Smith TC, Gray GC, et al. When epidemiology meets the Internet: Web-based surveys in the Millennium Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(11):1345-1354.
30. Smith B, Wingard DL, Ryan MA, et al. U.S. military deployment during 2001-2006: comparison of subjective and objective data sources in a large prospective health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(12):976-982.
31. Smith TC, Jacobson IG, Smith B, et al. The occupational role of women in military service: validation of occupation and prevalence of exposures in the Millennium Cohort Study. Int J Environ Health Res. 2007;17(4): 271-284.
32. Smith TC, Smith B, Jacobson IG, et al. Reliability of standard health assessment instruments in a large, population-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(7): 525-532.
33. Smith TC, Zamorski M, Smith B, et al. The physical and mental health of a large military cohort: baseline functional health status of the Millennium Cohort [electronic article]. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:340.
34. Wells TS, Jacobson IG, Smith TC, et al. Prior health care utilization as a potential determinant of enrollment in a 21-year prospective study, the Millennium Cohort Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(2):79-87.
35. Force Management and Personnel, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense. US Department of Defense. Occupational Conversion Manual: Enlisted/Officer/Civilian. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense; 1991.
36. Glantz S, Slinker B. Primer of Applied Regression and Analysis of Variance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1990.
37. Coker WJ, Bhatt BM, Blatchley NF, et al. Clinical findings for the first 1000 Gulf War veterans in the Ministry of Defence's medical assessment programme. BMJ. 1999;318(7179): 290-294.
38. Gray GC, Smith TC, Kang HK, et al. Are Gulf War veterans suffering war-related illnesses? Federal and civilian hospital-izations examined, June 1991 to December 1994. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(1):63-71.
39. Karlinsky JB, Blanchard M, Alpern R, et al. Late prevalence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities in Gulf War I veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(22): 2488-2491.
40. Gomez-Merino D, Drogou C, Chennaoui M, et al. Effects of combined stress during intense training on cellular immunity, hormones and respiratory infections. Neuroimmunomodula-tion. 2005;12(3):164-172.
41. Gray GC, Callahan JD, Hawksworth AW, et al. Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(3):379-385.
42. Katz I, Moshe S, Sosna J, et al. The occurrence, recrudescence, and worsening of asthma in a population of young adults: impact of varying types of occupation. Chest. 1999; 116(3):614-618.
43. Pembroke TP, Rasul F, Hart CL, et al. Psychological distress and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Renfrew and. Paisley (MIDSPAN) study Paisley (MIDSPAN) study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(9):789-792.
44. Struewing JP, Gray GC. An epidemic of respiratory complaints exacerbated by mass psychogenic illness in a military recruit population. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(6):1120-1129.
45. Gray GC. Acute respiratory disease in the military. Fed Pract. 1995;12:27-33.
46. Shorr AF, Scoville SL, Cersovsky SB, et al. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia among US military personnel deployed in or near Iraq. JAMA. 2004;292(24):2997- 3005
47. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Update: pneumonia-influenza and severe acute respiratory illnesses, active components, U.S. Armed Forces, January 1997-March 2009. Med Surveill Mon Rep. 2009;16(5):12-16