The slave next door: Human trafficking and slavery in America today

The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-312

  Bales, Kevin ^a,b   Soodalter, Ron ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b Free the Slaves   (United States)

^c Board of the Abraham Lincoln Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84987689245     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (200)

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2. "Woman Sentenced to Life in Prison for Torturing 12-Year-Old Maid," Amarillo Globe News, October 20, 2001.
3. U.S. Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2006, www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/.
4. U.S. Department of Justice, Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons for Fiscal Year 2006, May 2007, www.usdoj.gov/olp/human_trafficking.htm,.
5. Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 107.
6. "A Slavery Case Nears Hearing in Manhattan: Servant Accuses Kuwaiti Diplomat," New York Sun, August 10, 2004.
7. U.S. Department of Justice, "Two Milwaukee Doctors Each Sentenced to Four Years in Prison for Forcing Woman to Work as Domestic Servant for 19 Years," press release, November 16, 2006, www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2006/ November/06_crt_772.html.
8. Florrie Burke, human trafficking consultant, interview, December 21, 2007.
9. Frank Eltman, "NY Couple Convicted in Slavery Case," Associated Press, December 17, 2007.
10. Robert E. Kessler, "Muttontown Woman in Slave Case Sentenced to 11 Years," Newsday.com, June 27, 2008.
11. U.S. State Department, "Report of the Visa Office 2007," Table XVIb, "Nonimmigrant Visas Issued by Classification," http://travel.state.gov/visa/frvi/ statistics/statistics_1476.html.
12. Frank Langfitt, "Servants: Diplomat Held Us as Suburban 'Slaves,'" National Public Radio, March 1, 2007, www.npr.org/templates/ story/story.php?storyId=7626754.
13. "Christina: Narrative as Told to Peggy Callahan for Free the Slaves, February 24, 2005, Washington, DC.
14. Laura Germino, Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW), interview, January 6, 2007.
15. Greg Asbed, "Coalition of Immokalee Workers: '!Golpear a Uno Es Golpear a Todos!' To Beat One of Us Is to Beat Us All," in vol. 3 of Bringing Human Rights Home, ed. Cynthia Soohoo, Martha F. Davis, and Catherine Albisa (New York: Praeger, 2007), 1-24.
16. Oxfam America, "Like Machines in the Fields: Workers without Rights in American Agriculture," Report, March 2004, www.oxfamamerica.org/ newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/art7011.html/OA-Like_ Machines_in_the_Fields.pdf, 36.
17. Cindy Hahamovitch, The Fruits of Their Labor: Atlantic Coast Farmworkers and the Making of Migrant Poverty, 1870-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 123.
18. Ron Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave Trader (New York: Atria Books, 2006), 254.
19. www.escr-net .org/news/news_show.htm?doc_id=483476.
20. www.namcnewswire .com/releases/content/view/845/2/.
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22. Amy Bennett Williams, "Burger King Puts Self on Grill," Ft. Myers News-Press, April 28, 2008.
23. Eric Schlosser, "Burger with a Side of Spies," New York Times, May 8, 2008.
24. Kevin O'Connor, U.S. attorney for the State of Connecticut and DOJ chief of staff, interview, April 2, 2007.
25. Michael Wishnie, clinical professor of law, Yale Law School, interview, March 13, 2007.
26. Kathleen Kim and Dan Werner, Civil Litigation on Behalf of Victims of Human Trafficking (Los Angeles: Legal Aid Foundation, 2005), www.lafla.org/ clientservices/specialprojects/VictimsTrfficking0405.pdf.
27. Mary Bauer, "Close to Slavery: Guestworker Programs in the United States," report, Southern Poverty Law Center, 2007, www.splcenter.org/pdf/ static/SPLCguestworker.pdf, 7.
28. Mary Bauer, director of Southern Poverty Law Center's Immigrant Justice Project, interview, July 23, 2008.
29. "Wage Theft, Bush Style," People's Weekly World, July 23, 2008, www.pww.org/article/articleview/13416.
30. Moffat County Sheriff's Office, "Mission Statement" and "Vision Statement," 2007, www.moffatcountysheriff.com.
31. Kevin Bales and Steven Lize, "Trafficking in Persons in the United States: A Report to the National Institute of Justice," August 2005, www.ncjrs.gov/ pdffiles1/nij/grants/211980.pdf, 140.
32. Robert J. Allison, "The Origins of African-American Culture," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30 (Winter 1999): 475-81.
33. Alex Wood, "Ex-prostitute Describes Pimp's Domination, Violence," Journal Inquirer (Hartford, CT), June 6, 2007.
34. Lee Sawyer, "Defendant Denies His 'Escort Service' Was a Prostitution Ring," Journal Inquirer (Hartford, CT), June 13, 2007.
35. www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2007/ 20070614-3.html.
36. Lois Lee, "The Pimp and His Game," unpublished paper written "in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in sociology/anthropology," 1979, 9; also Lois Lee, founder, Children of the Night, interview, July 23, 2007.
37. Lois Lee, founder, Children of the Night, interview, July 23, 2007.
38. U.S. Attorney's Office, Department of Justice, State of Connecticut, to Diane Polan, Esq., representing Shamere McKenzie, August 22, 2007.
39. Ronald Weitzer, "The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade," Politics and Society 35 (September 2007): 452.
40. Michael Shively et al., "Final Report on the Evaluation of the First Offender Prostitution Program," Abt Associates, March 7, 2008, www.ncjrs .gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222451.pdf.
41. Bradley Myles, "'The World Famous Players Ball' at-a-Glance," unpublished briefing document to Polaris, July 2005, 1.
42. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Sex Trafficking Fact Sheet," November 2004, www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html.
43. Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner, "The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico," University of Pennsylvania, September 18, 2001 (amended April 2002), Abstract, www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/Abstract_010918.pdf, 2.
44. Richard J. Estes and Neil Alan Weiner, "The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico," University of Pennsylvania, September 18, 2001 (amended April 2002), Executive Summary, www.sp2.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/Exec_Sum_020220.pdf, 10.
45. Lisa M. Jones and David Finkelhor, "The Decline in Child Sexual Abuse Cases," OJJDP Bulletin (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention), January 2001;.
46. M. Jones, David M. Finkelhor, and Kathy Kopiec, "Why Is Sexual Abuse Declining? A Survey of State Child Protection Administrators," Child Abuse and Neglect 25 (2001): 1139-58.
47. United States Helsinki Commission, June 7, 2005, www.fbi.gov/congress/congress05/swecker060705.htm.
48. U.S. Department of Justice, "Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Producing Video of Toddler Being Sexually Assaulted," press release, April 16, 2007, www.usdoj.gov/criminal/ceos/Press%20Releases/DID%20Banks%20sentence% 20PR_041607.pdf.
49. U.S. Department of Justice, "Man Convicted of Sex Tourism, Child Pornography Charges," press release, April 5, 2007, www.usdoj.gov/usao/fls/ PressReleases/070405-02.pdf.
50. Anna Rodriguez, director, Florida Coalition Against Human Trafficking, interview, September 18, 2007.
51. Edward J. Schauer and Elizabeth M. Wheaton, "Sex Trafficking into the United States: A Literature Review," Criminal Justice Review 31, no. 1 (2006).
52. Anthony M. DeStefano, The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007).
53. William F. McDonald, quoted in Barbara Ann Stolz, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate through the Lens of Symbolic Politics," Law and Policy 29 (July 2007): 322.
54. Brian Donahue, "Three Charged in Hair Salon Human Trafficking Ring," Newark Star-Ledger, September 6, 2007.
55. Thomas R. Dew, Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832 (Richmond, 1832).
56. "Negro Slavery," in his Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1854).
57. Adrienne Packer, Lynnette Curtis, and Francis McCabe, "China Star Acrobats: Trio Face Slavery Charges," Las Vegas Review-Journal, July 4, 2007.
58. "US Court Opens Trial on Slavery Charges," Zou Di, August 6, 2007, www.china.org.cn/english/China/219946.htm.
59. Florrie Burke, Human Trafficking Consultant, interview, September 17, 2007.
60. Ron Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave Trader (New York: Atria, 2007), 255.
61. "Kaufman House Stun Gun Incidents Focus of Testimony," Topeka Capital-Journal, October 18, 2005.
62. "Kaufmans Receive Restitution Orders," Kansan, June 15, 2006.
63. Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Anatomy of an International Human Trafficking Case, Part 1," FBI Headline Archives, July 16, 2004, www.fbi.gov/ page2/july04/kisoolee071604.htm.
64. Michael Smith and David Voreacos, "The Secret World of Modern Slavery," Bloomberg Markets, December 2006.
65. National Marine Fisheries Service, "Fish Watch: U.S. Seafood Facts," n.d., www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/trade_and_aquaculture.htm (accessed August 2007).
66. Environmental Justice Foundation, "Dying for Your Dinner," June 26, 2003, www.csrwire.com/PressRelease.php?id=1932;.
67. International Labour Organization, "Forced Labor in Burma," Report No. 32, September 8, 1998, http://burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199809/ msg00281.html.
68. "Indonesia Hopes to Increase Fish Export Earning to US$ 5 Billion," Indonesian Commercial Newsletter, March 2004.
69. Australian Anti-Slavery Society, "Was Your Sparkling Diamond Produced by Child Slaves or Polished by Bonded Children?" 2003, www.anti-slaverysociety .addr.com/diamonds.htm.
70. Ginny Baumann, director of partnerships, Free the Slaves, Washington, DC, interview, July 12, 2007.
71. Dan McDougall, "Indian 'Slave' Children Found Making Low-Cost Clothes Destined for Gap," Observer, October 28, 2007.
72. Ramin Pejan, "Laogai: 'Reform through Labor' in China," Human Rights Brief: A Legal Resource for the International Human Rights Community 7, no. 2 (2000).
73. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, rev. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
74. International Labour Organization, A Global Alliance against Forced Labor (Geneva: ILO, 2005).
75. Yuki Noguchi, "Gates Foundation to Get Bulk of Buffett's Fortune," Washington Post, June 26, 2006, A0I.
76. Ron Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon: The Life and Trial of an American Slave Trader (New York: Atria, 2006).
77. Petri Raivio, "The War on Drugs: The U.S. Approach to the Drug Problem," U.S. Institutions Survey Paper, FAST Area Studies Program, Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere, April 2001, www.uta.fi/FAST/US2/PAPS/pr-drugs.html.
78. Free the Slaves, Slavery Still Exists and It Could Be in Your Backyard: A Community Member's Guide to Fighting Human Trafficking and Slavery (Washington, DC: Free the Slaves, 2004), http://66.216.83.171/files/ Community_Guide.pdf.
79. U.S. Department of Education, "Human Trafficking of Children in the United States: A Fact Sheet for Schools," June 2007, www.ed.gov/about/offices/ list/osdfs/factsheet.pdf.
80. "Don't Sweep Human Trafficking under the Rug," Jewish News Weekly of Northern California, September 18, 2006.
81. Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office, "Marcelino Guillen Jaimes Arrested for Human Trafficking," news release, March 15, 2007, www.hcso .tampa.fl.us/Press_Releases/2007/3/07-142.htm.
82. Stephanie Weber, Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition, interview, August 28, 2008.
83. Barbara Ann Stolz, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate through the Lens of Symbolic Politics," Law and Policy 29 (July 2007): 331.
84. Sheila Toomey, "Russians Brought by a Chugiak Man Were Supposed to Be Tourists, Officials Say," Anchorage Daily News, January 6, 2001.
85. Vicki Viotti, "Waipahu Man Accused of Human Trafficking," Honolulu Advertiser, June 14, 2003.
86. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, "United States v. Jones (Georgia)," Anti-Trafficking News Bulletin, Summer/Fall 2007, www.usdoj.gov/ crt/crim/trafficking_newsletter/aug_07.htm#12, 9.
87. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, "United States v. Djoumessi (Michigan)," Anti-Trafficking News Bulletin, Summer/Fall 2007, 8.
88. Amy Farrell, "State Human Trafficking Legislation," in Marshaling Every Resource: State and Local Responses to Human Trafficking, ed. Dessi Dimitrova (Princeton, NJ: Policy Research Institute for the Region, 2007), 21.
89. Jim Finckenauer and Min Liu, "State Law and Human Trafficking," in Dimitrova, Marshaling Every Resource, 5.
90. Center for Women Policy Studies, "Report Card on State Action to Combat International Trafficking," May 2007, www.centerwomenpolicy.org/ documents/ReportCardonStateActiontoCombatInternationalTrafficking.pdf, 7.
91. Leslie Wolfe, president, Center for Women Policy Studies, interview, December 21, 2007.
92. "Blame Somebody Else," Exposé: America's Investigative Reports, September 21, 2007.
93. David Phinney, "A U.S. Fortress Rises in Baghdad: Asian Workers Trafficked to Build World's Largest Embassy," CorpWatch, October 17, 2006, 1.
94. "Dodging on Human Trafficking?" The Swamp, Chicago Tribune, June 22, 2006, 2.
95. "Foreign Workers Abused at Embassy, Panel Told," Washington Post, July 27, 2007, 1-2.
96. "State Dept. Official Accused of Blocking Inquiry," New York Times, September 18, 2007, 1.
97. Anthony M. DeStefano, The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007.
98. U.S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, "Overview of U.S. Government Federal Agencies' Principal Roles to Combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP)," fact sheet, June 29, 2007, www.state .gov/g/tip/rls/fs/07/87547.htm.
99. Jerry Markon, "Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence," Washington Post, September 23, 2007.
100. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Annual ORR Reports to Congress-2005," www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/data/05arc6.htm.
101. USCCB, "Proposal for Services to Victims of Human Trafficking," submitted to HHS, RFP #06Y007781, February 23, 2006, 23.
102. U.S. Government Accountability Office, "Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts Abroad," Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, and the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, July 2006, www.gao.gov/new.items/d06825.pdf.
103. E. Benjamin Skinner, A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery (New York: Free Press, 2008).
104. Mark Lagon, interview with Michelle Martin, Tell Me More, National Public Radio, January 7, 2008.
105. Albert Moskowitz, former section chief, Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice, interview, December 12, 2007.
106. Anthony M. DeStefano, "Study: Trafficking Project Unchecked," Newsday.com, July 26, 2007.
107. "Suit Charges That Nursery Mistreated Laborers," New York Times, February 8, 2007.
108. Kara Kenney, "Group Wants Tampons to Display Anti-trafficking Hotline," NBC-2.com. (Collier County, FL), January 17, 2007.
109. University of California, Berkeley, Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States (Washington, DC: Free the Slaves, 2005).
110. Ben Schmitt and Suzette Hackney, "Sex Ring Busted by Kidnapped Girl's Tip," Detroit Free Press, January 15, 2003;.
111. Suzette Hackney, "Abducted Teen's Mother Describes House of Horrors," Detroit Free Press, January 16, 2003;.
112. Suzette Hackney, "More Sex Ring Arrests Likely Today," Detroit Free Press, February 4, 2003;.
113. Ben Schmitt, "More Charges in Sex Ring," Detroit Free Press, February 15, 2003;.
114. Suzette Hackney, "Man Sentenced in Sex-Ring Case," Detroit Free Press, September 16, 2003.
115. Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002), 143-53.
116. Helena Smith, "Slaves in the Land of the Free," New Statesman, September 9, 2002.
117. Mani Kumari Sabbithi, Joaquina Quadros, and Gila Sixtina Fernandes, plaintiffs, v. Major Waleed KH N. S. Al Saleh, Maysaa KH A. O. A. Al Omar, and State of Kuwait, Case No. 07-CV-00115-EGS, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, www.aclu.org/pdfs/womensrights/20070530sabbithioppositiontomotiontodismiss. pdf.
118. Laura Germino, interview, January 20, 2007.
119. Lucas Benitez, interview, January 7, 2007.
120. Laura Germino, interview, February 2, 2007.
121. Greg Asbed, interview, January 8, 2007.
122. Greg Asbed, interview, January 8, 2007.
123. Lucas Benitez, interview, January 7, 2007.
124. Laura Germino, interview, January 6, 2007.
125. Laura Germino, interview, January 20, 2007.
126. Laura Germino, interview, January 6, 2007.
127. Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon, 254.
128. "Labor Camps Kept Workers in Servitude with Crack Cocaine," Naples News, September 23, 2006.
129. "Labor Camp Owner Given 30 Years in Prison," Florida Times-Union, January 27, 2007.
130. Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon, 262.
131. "Brutal Farm Labor Bosses Punished, but Not the Growers Who Hire Them," Miami Herald, April 3, 2007.
132. Lisa Butler, attorney with Legal Services, Florida Rural Legal Services, interview, March 1, 2007.
133. Kevin O'Connor, interview, April 2, 2007.
134. Michael Wishnie, interview, July 24, 2008.
135. Kate Woomer-Deters, staff attorney, Legal Aid of North Carolina, Farmworker Unit, interview, March 14, 2007.
136. Patricia Medige, attorney, Colorado Legal Services, Migrant Farm Worker Division, interview, March 20, 2007.
137. Rachel Lloyd, Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, interview, July 25, 2007.
138. "Life Term for Trafficking Juveniles," Washington Post, March 18, 2006.
139. Andrew Oosterbaan, interview, August 7, 2007.
140. Wendy Waldron, interview, July 16, 2007.
141. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.
142. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.
143. Rachel Lloyd, interview, July 25, 2007.
144. Christa Stewart, the Door, interview, July 20, 2007.
145. Carole Smolenski, interview, August 13, 2007.
146. Christa Stewart, the Door, interview, July 20, 2007.
147. Alison Boak, president of IOFA, interview, August 13, 2007.
148. Florrie Burke, human trafficking consultant, interview, June 26, 2007.
149. Christa Stewart, interview, July 20, 2007.
150. Mark Lagon, director, TIP Office, interview, October 3, 2007.
151. Carole Smolenski, interview, August 13, 2007.
152. Andrea Powell, FAIR Fund, interview, August 8, 2007.
153. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007.
154. Schauer and Wheaton, "Sex Trafficking," 2.
155. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.
156. DeStefano, War on Human Trafficking, 116.
157. DeStefano, War on Human Trafficking, 108.
158. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007. 119.
159. Norma Ramos, interview, October 10, 2007.
160. Mark Lagon, interview, October 3, 2007. 1.
161. Dorchen Leidholdt, interview, October 8, 2007.
162. McDevitt and Farrell, "Understanding and Improving," 4.
163. "Human Trafficking in North Texas," CBS 11, Dallas, June 12, 2006.
164. "Human Trafficking in Idaho," KBCI, July 25, 2006.
165. "Human Trafficking-in D.C.," Washington Times, August 23, 2006.
166. "Human Trafficking, in Minnesota," Star Tribune, October 8, 2006.
167. "State Takes on Modern Slavery," Press Journal, April 7, 2006.
168. "Legislators Target Human Trafficking," Deseret News, September 19, 2006.
169. "New Law Makes Human Trafficking Illegal in Iowa," WHO-TV, April 21, 2006.
170. "State a Hot Spot for Human Trafficking, Panel Says," Mercury News, December 5, 2007.
171. Finckenauer and Liu, "State Law," 9.
172. Dimitrova, Marshaling Every Resource, 1.
173. Farrell, "State Human Trafficking Legislation," 18.
174. Lou de Baca, interview, December 19, 2007.
175. Farrell, "State Human Trafficking Legislation," 30.
176. Finckenauer and Liu, "State Law," 12.
177. Cathy Albisa, interview, September 26, 2007.
178. Cathy Albisa, interview, October 25, 2007.
179. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
180. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.
181. Steve Wagner, interview, November 26, 2007.
182. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
183. Florrie Burke, interview, November 15, 2007.
184. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.
185. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
186. Ann Jordan, interview, November 21, 2007.
187. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.
188. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
189. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.
190. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
191. Vanessa Garza, interview, October 26, 2007.Anastasia Brown, interview, December 4, 2007.
192. Anastasia Brown, interview, December 4, 2007.
193. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, interview, December 4, 2007.
194. Nyssa Mestes, interview, December 4, 2007.
195. Sister Mary Ellen Dougherty, interview, December 4, 2007.
196. Steve Wagner, interview, November 19, 2007.
197. Carlton Peeples, unit chief, Civil Rights Unit, FBI, interview, November 11, 2007.
198. Ann Jordan, interview, October 11, 2007.
199. Mark Lagon, interview, October 3, 2007.
200. "I Am the Change-Leslie Hughes," 2007, www.freetheslaves.net/NETCOMMUNITY/SSLPage.aspx?pid=354&srcid=381.