The war on human trafficking: U.S. policy assessed

The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-177

  DeStefano, Anthony M ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84899251432     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (141)

1. Anette Brunovskis and Guri Tyldum "Describing the Unobserved: Methodological Challenge in Empirical Studies on Human Trafficking," http://www.blackwellsynergy. com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00310.x? cookieSet-1.
2. Global Commission on International Migration, "Migration in an Interconnected World: New Direction for Action," October 5, 2005.
3. Donna M. Hughes, "Trafficking of Women and Children in East Asia and Beyond: A Review of U.S. Policy," remarks to the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, April 9, 2003.
4. Gretchen Soderlund and Emma Grant, "Girls (Forced to) Dance Naked! The Politics and Presumptions of Anti-Trafficking Laws," Bad Subjects 40 (October 1998), http://eserver.org/bs/40/soderlund-grant.html.
5. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Anatomy of an International Trafficking Case, Part 1: Kil Soo Lee and the Case of the Samoan Sweatshop," July 16, 2004, http://www.fbi.gov/page2/ july04/kisoolee071904.htm (hereafter cited as FBI, "Anatomy, Part 1").
6. U.S. Department of Justice, "Woman Found Guilty of Conspiracy, Harboring a Domestic Worker for Financial Gain," November 19, 2004, http://www.usdoj.gov/ opa/pr/2004/November/04-crt-759.htm.
7. Christopher Booker, The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories (New York: Continuum, 2005).
8. Sean Gardiner, "Choices Made of Fear and Pressure," [New York] Newsday, March 12, 2001, p. A3.
9. Sean Gardiner and Geoffrey Mohan, "The Sex Slaves from Mexico: Teenagers Tell of Forced Prostitution," [New York] Newsday, March 12, 2001, p. A3.
10. Florida State University Center for the Advancement of Human Rights, "Florida Responds to Human Trafficking," 2003, http://www.cahr.fsu. edu.
11. Gardiner and Mohan, "Sex Slaves from Mexico," A16.
12. Rudolph W. Giuliani, speech, "Immigration: The Progress We've Made and the Road Ahead," March 31, 1998, Washington, D.C., http://www.nyc.gov. html.rwg.
13. Giuliani, speech; author's personal recollection of 1997 events. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) News Wire, "While Bosses Face Justice, Deaf Immigrants Face Limbo," March 30, 1998, http:// www.archive.aclu.org.
14. Annie Sweeney, "Surviving Chicago's Sex Slave Trade," Chicago Sun Times, August 7, 2005, http://www.ipsn.org/organized-crime/prostitution/ surviving-chicago.htm.
15. Sweeney, "Surviving Chicago's Sex Slave Trade."
16. Brunovskis and Tyldum, "Describing the Unobserved."
17. Tara McKelvey, "Of Human Bondage: A Coalition against Human Trafficking Worked Well until a Prostitution Litmus Test Was Imposed," American Prospect, November 2, 2004, www.prospect.org/web.
18. Frank Laczko and Marco Gramegna, "Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking," Brown Journal of World Affairs 1, no. 1 (2003).
19. Amy O'Neill Richard, "International Trafficking in Women to the United States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime," monograph prepared for the Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., April 2000.
20. U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Trafficking Project, "Data Comparison Sheet #1: Worldwide Trafficking Estimates by Organizations," http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/trafficking.
21. Paul Wellstone, The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda (New York: Random House, 2001), 29-31.
22. Paul Wellstone, floor statement denouncing international sex trafficking, U.S. Senate, March 10, 1998, http://wellstone.senate.gov/sextrffl.htm.
23. Paul Wellstone, "Wellstone Denounces International Sex Trafficking: Introduces Resolution Condemning Human Rights Violations against Women," news release, March 10, 1998, http://wellstone.senate.gov/sextraf.html.
24. Paul Wellstone, remarks denouncing international sex trafficking on the floor of the Senate, S. Con. Res. 82, 105th Cong., 2d sess., March 10, 1998, Congressional Record, S1703-4.
25. Luigi Lauriola, "Address by Ambassador Luigi Lauriola, Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, November 15, 2000, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/ crime/convention/crime-cicp-convention-lauriola.pdf.
26. Lauriola, "Address."
27. Henry Campbell Black, ed., Black's Law Dictionary, rev. 4th ed. (St. Paul, Minn., West, 1968), 401.
28. United Nations, "Informal Group of the 'Friends of the Chair' of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, A/AC.254/2, December 15, 1998, p. 2.
29. U.N. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, "Trafficking in Persons: the New Protocol," http://www.unodc.org/ unodc/en/traffficking-protocol-background.html; author's interviews, 2004-5.
30. United Nations, "Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, A/AC.254/4/Add.3/Rev.1, February 22, 1999, pp. 1-10.
31. United Nations, "Draft Protocol to Combat International Trafficking in Women and Children Supplementary to the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime" [U.S. proposal], U.N. General Assembly, A/AC.254/4/ Add.3, November 25, 1998, pp. 1-10.
32. United Nations, "Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, A/AC.254/4/add.3/Rev.2, May 18, 1999, p. 3.
33. Gardiner and Mohan, "Sex Slaves from Mexico," 15-16.
34. United Nations, "Draft Proposal," May 18, 1999, p. 5.
35. United Nations, "United Nations Convention against Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, A/RES/55/25, annex 3, January 8, 2001.
36. Josh Friedman and Anthony M. DeStefano, "Their Cargo Is Human," [New York] Newsday, June 12, 1994, p. 4.
37. Chin, "Safe House or Hell House?" in Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and the Challenge to America's Immigration Tradition, ed. Paul J. Smith (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1997), 176.
38. Friedman and DeStefano, "Their Cargo Is Human," 4.
39. Anthony M. DeStefano. "Immigrant Smuggling through Central America and the Caribbean," in Human Smuggling: Chinese Migrant Trafficking and the Challenge to America's Immigration Tradition.
40. United Nations, "Convention against Organized Crime," January 8, 2001, pp. 35-36.
41. United Nations, "Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children," February 22, 1999, pp. 8-9.
42. United Nations, "Informal Note by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights," U.N. General Assembly, A/AC.254/16, June 1, 1999, pp. 1-6.
43. Ann Jordan, ed., Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol (Washington, D.C.: Global Rights: Partners for Justice, 2003), 4-5.
44. United Nations, "Revised Draft Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Women and Children," February 22, 1999, pp. 3-4.
45. Jordan, Annotated Guide, 4-5.
46. United Nations, "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime," U.N. General Assembly, 2000.
47. United Nations, "Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime on the Work of Its First to Eleventh Sessions," U.N. General Assembly, A/55/383/Add.1, November 3, 2000, p. 12.
48. Mae Cheng, "Unfinished Story: Shipwreck Survivors, 5 Years after Vessel Ran Aground in Struggle for Asylum," [New York] Newsday, May 31, 1998, p. A4.
49. United Nations, "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children," 4-5.
50. Lauriola, "Address," 3.
51. Frank Loy, "Text: Under Secretary Loy's Speech to Transnational Crime Conference," Palermo, Italy, December 13, 2000, pp. 2-3, http://www.usembassy.it/ file2000.
52. United Nations, "More Than 120 Nations Sign New UN Convention on Organized Crime, As High-Level Meeting Concludes in Palermo," L/PMO/12, December 15, 2000.
53. International Organization for Migration (hereafter cited as IOM), "Trafficking in Migrants," December 28, 2003, p. 1.
54. Arthur Jones, "Global Slave Trade Prospers," National Catholic Reporter - Online, May 25, 2001, http:// www.natcath.com/NCR-Online/archives/ 052501/052501a.htm.
55. Asian Pacific American Legal Center, "Asian American and South Asian Organizations Applaud Sentencing in Bangladeshi Slavery Case in Los Angeles," May 15, 2001, http://apalc.org/pressr-may-15-2001wr.htm
56. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Inspector General, "Semiannual Report to the Congress: April 1 to September 30, 2001," p. 56, http://www.oig.dol.gov/public/semiannuals/46.pdf.
57. U.S. Department of Justice, "Labor Contractor Admits He Enslaved African-American Farm Worker in Florida, Pleads Guilty to Federal Charges," February 15, 2001, www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/ 2001/February/069crt.htm;
58. Kay Buck, "Human Trafficking and Slavery: Tools for an Effective Response," presentation prepared for Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, http://www.acjrca.org/ppt06/10.humantraffikincalif.ppt#1.
59. International Trafficking of Women and Children Victim Protection Act of 1999, S.600, 106th Cong., 1st sess., March 11, 1999, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi- bin/ query/C?c106:./temp//(c106SBfndB.
60. Richard, "International Trafficking in Women to the United States," 1-46.
61. U.S. Department of Justice, "Assessment of U.S. Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2004," p. 7, http://www.usdoj.gov/trafficking.htm.
62. Richard, "International Trafficking in Women to the United States," 45.
63. Wellstone, Conscience of a Liberal, 189.
64. "International Trafficking of Women and Children Victim Protection Act of 1999," S600.
65. Comprehensive Antitrafficking in Persons Act of 1999, S.1842, 106th Cong., 1st sess., November 2, 1999, pp. 4-15, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ query/C?c106:./ temp/(c1065ktnpy.
66. White House Office of Management and Budget, remarks on H.R. 3244, Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, May 9, 2000, http://www.whitehouse. gov/omb/legislative/sap/106-2/print/HR3244-h.html.
67. Soderlund and Grant, "Girls (Forced to) Dance Naked!"
68. Wellstone, Conscience of a Liberal, 193.
69. U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, roll call votes, 106th Cong., 2d sess., http://thomas.loc.gov.
70. Comprehensive Antitrafficking in Persons Act of 1999, S.1842, 106th Cong., 1st sess., November 2, 1999, pp. 4-15, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ query/C?c106:./ temp/(c1065ktnpy.
71. Bill summary of H.R. 3244, Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, 106th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1, at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106: HR03244:D&summ20
72. White House Office of Management and Budget, remarks on H.R. 3244, Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, May 9, 2000, http://www.whitehouse. gov/omb/legislative/sap/106-2/print/HR3244-h.html.
73. Soderlund and Grant, "Girls (Forced to) Dance Naked!"
74. Wellstone, Conscience of a Liberal, 193.
75. U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, roll call votes, 106th Cong., 2d sess., http://thomas.loc.gov.
76. Jordan, Annotated Guide.
77. Graham Rayman, "Stripped of Their Dignity: Czech Women Lured to Work at NYC Sex Clubs," [New York] Newsday, March 13, 2001, p. A6.
78. Anthony M. DeStefano, "Three Plead Guilty to Visa Fraud: Were Charged under Sex Smuggling Law," [New York] Newsday, June 23, 2001, http://www. protectionproject.org.
79. U.S. Department of State, "Alaska Man Sentenced to 30 Months for Immigration Fraud and Transporting Minors from Russia to Dance in an Anchorage Strip Club," August 31, 2001, http://canberra.usembassy.gov/hyper/2001/ 0831/epf505.htm
80. DeStefano, "Three Plead Guilty to Visa Fraud."
81. U.S. Department of Justice, "Maryland Couple Convicted of Enslaving Teenage Cameroonian Girl in Their Home," December 20, 2001, http://www.usdoj.gov/ opa/pr/2001/December/01-crt-661.htm.
82. Anthony M. DeStefano, "Reaching Out to the Victims: Romanian Program Offers Shelter, Skills, Hope," [New York] Newsday, March 13, 2001, p. A6.
83. U.S. Department of State, September 22, 2000 [transcript], 1-2, http://www.usembassy.it/file2000-09/ alia/a0092215.htm.
84. SECI website, http://www.secicenter.org.
85. Adrian Nastase, "Opening Remarks by H.E. Mr. Adrian Nastase, Prime Minister of Romania, to the Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human Beings and Illegal Immigration," Bucharest, May 21, 2001, http://www.roembus.org/ english/ journal/seci/address-Nastase.htm.
86. Louis Freeh, remarks to the Regional Conference on Trafficking in Human Beings and Illegal Immigration, reported by BBC News Online, "FBI Urges Human Trafficking Co-operation," May 21, 2001, http://www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/ low/ world/europe/1342537.stem.
87. Preston Mendenhall, "A Balkan Kingpin Defends His Lair," MSNBC report, January 2, 2003, http://www.protectionproject.org/daily-news/2003/ne211. htm.
88. Mendenhall, "Balkan Kingpin."
89. "Shadowy Ethnic Albanian Group Claims Responsibility for Blast in Macedonia," Associated Press, February 21, 2003, http://www.balkanpeace. org/hed/archive/feb03/ hed5488.shtml.
90. International Crisis Group, "Macedonia: No Room for Complacency," Europe Report, October 23, 2003, p. 15, http://unpan1.un.org/ intradoc/groups/public/ documents/UNTC/UNPAN015070.pdf.
91. IOM Skopje, "Romanian Girl Testified against Valeshta Pimp Dilaver Bojku, aka Leku," March 6, 2003, http://www.iomskopje.org.mk/CT/news/news- 030603.html.
92. "Macedonian Guilty of Slavery Charges," New York Times, December 7, 2003;
93. IOM Skopje, "Dilaver Bojku Transferred to Struga Prison," April 7, 2003, http://www.iomskopje.org.mk/CT/news/news-040703-2.html.
94. IOM Skopje, "Dilvar Bojku-Leku Escapes," June 21, 2003, http:// www.iomskopje.org.mk/CT/news/news-062103.html.
95. Vasko Popetrevski, "Macedonia: 'Obvious Mishaps' - Ethnic Albanian Slaver Escapes Prison," Reality Macedonia, June 23, 2003, http://www.realitymacedonia. org.mk/web/news-page.asp?nid2634.
96. IOM Skopje, "U.S. Offers $10,000 Reward for Bojku Leku," July 6, 2003, http://www.iomskopje.org.mk/CT/news/news-070603.html.
97. IOM Skopje, "Bojku-Leku Caught; Brought to Skopje," July 7, 2003, http:// www.iomskopje.org.mk/CT/news/news-070703.html.
98. IOM, "Changing Patterns and Trends of Trafficking in Persons in the Balkan Region, July 2004, pp. 8-14.
99. Brad Wong, "Chapter 1: Servitude in American Samoa," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 17, 2003, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/specials/ madeinmisery/148325-day1main17.html.
100. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Anatomy of an International Human Trafficking Case, Part 2: Kil Soo Lee and the Case of the Samoan Sweatshop," July 19, 2004, http://www.fbi.gov/ page2/july04/kisoolee 071904.htm.
101. Debra Barayuga, "Owner Imprisoned in 'Slavery' Case," Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 23, 2005, http://starbulletin.com/prnt/?fr/2005/06/23/news/ story6.html;
102. U.S. Department of Justice, "Statement by U.S. Attorney Ed Kubo on the Sentencing of Kil Soo Lee Today before the Honorable District Judge Susan Oki Mollway," June 22, 2005, http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/hi/pr/2003/ 0506kilsoolee.html.
103. U.S. Department of Justice, "Three Florida Men Sentenced in Conspiracy to Detain Workers in Conditions of Involuntary Servitude," November 20, 2002, http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002.November/02-crt-687.htm.
104. Human Rights Center, "Executive Summary: Freedom Denied: Forced Labor in California" (Berkeley: University of California), February 2005, p. 3.
105. Rayman, "Stripped of Their Dignity," A6.
106. Anthony M. DeStefano, "The Brothels of Queens: Ex-Owner of Korean Massage Parlors in Flushing Discloses How They Worked," [New York] Newsday, March 11, 2001, p. A5.
107. U.S. Department of Justice, "Mexican Nationals Operating a Brothel Sentenced for Human Trafficking," December 19, 2003, http://www.usdoj.gov/ usao.txw/ index.html.
108. U.S. Department of Justice, "Operator of Brothel Where Immigrant Minors Worked As Prostitutes Sentenced to 4.5 Years in Federal Prison," November 1, 2004, http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2004/139.html.
109. "SFOR Contractor Involvement," Human Rights Watch 14, no. 9 (November 2002): 62-68.
110. White House, press release: "Trafficking in Persons National Security Presidential Directive," February 25, 2003, http://www.whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2003/ 02/20030225.html.
111. McKelvey, "Of Human Bondage."
112. Summary of H.R. 2620, http://thomas.loc.gov.
113. Sealing Cheng, "Good Intentions Can Do Harm," Korean Times, December 13, 2004, http://times.hankooki.com/service/print.
114. U.S. Department of State, fact sheet: "The Link Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking," November 24, 2004, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/ 38790.htm.
115. Ann Jordan et al., open letter to Ambassador John Miller, April 21, 2005.
116. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police, "Purchasing Sexual Services in Sweden and the Netherlands: Legal Regulation and Experience," abbreviated English version, October 8, 2004, http://odin.dep.no/filarkiv/ 232216/Purchasing-Sexual-Services-in-Sweden-and-The-Nederlands.pdf.
117. U.S. Senate, "End Demand For Sex Trafficking Act of 2005," S. 937, 109th Cong., 1st sess., April 28, 2005, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ thomas.
118. Definition of "Prohibition," http://www.eyewitnesstohistory. com.
119. Jordan, Annotated Guide.
120. U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report," July 2001.
121. U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report," June 2002.
122. Concerned Women for America, news release, "The 2002 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report: Analysis of the Congressional Hearing," July 25, 2002.
123. U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report," June 2003.
124. U.S. Department of State, "Presidential Determination with Respect to Foreign Governments' Efforts Regarding Trafficking in Persons," September 9, 2003, http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/rpt/25017.htm.
125. U.S. Department of State, "Trafficking in Persons Report," June 2004.
126. John Miller, "On-The-Record Briefing: On the Rollout of the 2004 Trafficking in Persons Annual Report," U.S. Department of State, June 14, 2004.
127. Ann Jordan, remarks, Symposium on Human Trafficking, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, May 3, 2006.
128. U.S. Department of Justice, "Assessment of U.S. Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2004," June 2004, pp. 33-34.
129. TRAC, "About the Data: Understanding the Terminology Which Agencies Use," http://tracfed.syr.edu/data/jus/data Terminology.html.
130. U.S. Department of Justice, "Assessment of U.S. Activities," 14-16.
131. U.S. Department of Justice, "Assessment of U.S. Activities," 18-19.
132. U.S. Department of Justice "Assessment of U.S. Activities," 20.
133. U.S. Department of Justice, "Report to Congress," 14.
134. U.S. Department of Justice, "Assessment of U.S. Activities," 41, 40.
135. GAO, "Combating Alien Smuggling," 59-60.
136. U.S. Department of Justice, "Report to Congress," 53 ;
137. GAO, "Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts Abroad," July 2006, highlights section, www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/ getrept?GAO-06825.
138. IOM, "The Second Annual Report on Victims of Trafficking in South Eastern Europe," September 16, 2005, p. 12, http://www.iom.int/en/news/ pr884-en.shtml.
139. American Forces Information Service, "DoD Fights Human Trafficking with Training, Awareness," September 21, 2004, http://www.defenselink.mil.
140. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, "NATO Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings," June 29, 2004, http://www.nato.int.
141. Neha Misra, remarks, Symposium on Human Trafficking, Council on Foreign Relation, New York, May 3, 2006, transcript by Federal News Service.