Facets of Object Representation: Process and Outcome Over the Course of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Journal of Personality Assessment

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 145-155

  Mullin, Anthony S J ^a   Hilsenroth, Mark J ^a   Gold, Jerold ^a   Farber, Barry A ^b  

^a ADELPHI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NARRATIVE; NONHUMAN; OBJECT RELATION; OUTPATIENT; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RELIABILITY; SOCIAL COGNITION; SYMPTOM; UNIVERSITY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); OUTPATIENTS; PSYCHOTHERAPY, PSYCHODYNAMIC; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84986208211     PISSN: 00223891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1215320     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., De Maat, S., … Crowe, E., (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 7, 1–108.
2. Ablon, J., & Jones, E., (1998). How expert clinicians' prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 71–83.
3. Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L., (1990). Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 521–536.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Blagys, M., & Hilsenroth, M., (2000). Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic–interpersonal psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 167–188.
6. Blagys, M., & Hilsenroth, M., (2002). Distinctive features of short-term cognitive–behavioral psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 671–706.
7. Blatt, S. J., (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107–157.
8. Blatt, S. J., & Ford, R. Q., (1994). Therapeutic change: An object relations perspective. New York, NY: Plenum.
9. Blatt, S. J., & Lerner, H., (1983). The psychological assessment of object representation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 7–28.
10. Book, H., (1998). How to practice brief psychodynamic psychotherapy: The core conflictual relationship theme method. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Bowlby, J., (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
12. Bowlby, J., (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10.
13. Bram, A. D., (2014). Object relations, interpersonal functioning, and health in a nonclinical sample: Construct validation and norms for the TAT SCORS–G. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31, 314–342.
14. Crits-Christoph, P., & Luborsky, L., (1990). Changes in the CCRT pervasiveness during psychotherapy. In L., Luborsky & P., Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Understanding transference (pp. 133–146). New York, NY: Basic Books.
15. Derogatis, L. R., & Lazarus, L., (1994). SCL–90–R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. In E. M., Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 217–248). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Weinberger, J. (2007). Therapist affect focus and patient outcomes in psychodynamic psychotherapy: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 936–941. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.936
17. Egger, N., Konnopka, A., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., … Wiltink, J., (2015). Short-term cost-effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: Results from the SOPHO-NET trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 21–28.
18. Finn, S., & Tonsager, M., (1997). Information-gathering and therapeutic models of assessment: Complementary paradigms. Psychological Assessment, 9, 374–385.
19. Fisher, H., Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Rafaeli, E., & Peri, T (2016). Emotional experience and alliance contribute to therapeutic change in psychodynamic therapy. Psychotherapy, 53, 105–116.
20. Fleiss, J. L., (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
21. Fowler, J. C., Ackerman, S. J., Speanburg, S., Bailey, A., Blagys, M., & Conklin, A. C., (2004). Personality and symptom change in treatment-refractory inpatients: Evaluation of the phase model of change using Rorschach, TAT, and DSM–IV Axis V. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 306–322.
22. Freud, S., (1961). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J., Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 125–145). London, UK: Hogarth. (Original work published 1905)
23. Glover, E., (1955). The technique of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
24. Greenson, R. R., (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis (Vol. 1). New York, NY: International Universities Press.
25. Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S. J., (2005). Changes in representations of a self-designated significant other in long-term intensive inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 68, 266–282.
26. Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S. J., (2009). A pathway to therapeutic change: Changes in self-representation in the treatment of adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 72, 32–49.
27. Hilsenroth, M. J., (2007). A programmatic study of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: Assessment, process, outcome and training. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 31–45.
28. Hilsenroth, M., Ackerman, S., & Blagys, M., (2001). Evaluating the phase model of change during short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 29–47.
29. Hilsenroth, M. J., Blagys, M., Ackerman, S., Bonge, D., & Blais, M., (2005). Measuring psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral techniques: Development of the comparative psychotherapy process scale. Psychotherapy, 42, 340–356.
30. Hilsenroth, M. J., Cromer, T., & Ackerman, S., (2012). How to make practical use of therapeutic alliance research in your clinical work. In R. A., Levy, J. S., Ablon, & H., Kaechele (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 361–380). New York, NY: Springer.
31. Hilsenroth, M., DeFife, J., Blake, M., & Cromer, T., (2007). The effects of borderline pathology on short-term psychodynamic psycho-therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 175–188.
32. Hilsenroth, M. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Slavin-Mulford, J., (2015). Structured supervision of graduate clinicians in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Alliance and technique. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 173–183.
33. Hoglend, P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bøgwald, K. P., Sørbye, Ø., Sjaastad, M., & Heyerdahl, O., (2006). Analysis of the patient–therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An experimental study of transference interpretations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1739–1746.
34. Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L., (2000). Manual for the inventory of interpersonal problems. Menlo Park, CA: Psychological Corporation.
35. Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstrof, D., (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 15, 336–352.
36. Jacobson, N. S., Roberts, L. J., Berns, S. B., & McGlinchey, J. B., (1999). Methods for defining and determining the clinical significance of treatment effects: Description, application, and alternatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 300.
37. Kuutmann, K., & Hilsenroth, M. J., (2012). Exploring in-session focus on the patient–therapist relationship: Patient characteristics, process and outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19, 187–202.
38. Lilliengren, P., Johansson, R., Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., & Andersson, G. (2016). Efficacy of experiential dynamic therapy for psychiatric conditions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy, 53, 90–104.
39. Luborsky, L., (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive–expressive treatment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
40. Markin, R., Kivlighan, D., Gelso, C., Hummel, A., & Spiegel, E (2014). Clients' and therapists' real relationship and session quality in brief therapy: An actor partner interdependence analysis. Psychotherapy, 51, 413–423.
41. McCullough, L., Kuhn, N., Andrews, S., Kaplan, A., Wolf, J., & Hurley, C., (2003). Treating affect phobia: A manual for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford.
42. McWilliams, N., (1994). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. New York, NY: Guilford.
43. Morey, L. C., (1991). Personality assessment inventory. Odessa, FL: Routledge.
44. Mullin, A. S. J., & Hilsenroth, M., (2014). Relationship between patient pre-treatment object relations functioning and psychodynamic techniques early in treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21, 123–131.
45. Mullin, A. S. J., Hilsenroth, M., Gold, J., & Farber, B. A., (2016). Changes in object relations over the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/cpp.2021
46. Murray, H. A., (1943). Thematic Apperception Test: Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
47. Pesale, F. P., & Hilsenroth, M. J., (2009). Patient and therapist perspectives on session depth in relation to technique during psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 46, 390–396.
48. Peters, E. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Eudell-Simmons, E. M., Blagys, M. D., & Handler, L., (2006). Reliability and validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in clinical use. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 606–614.
49. Pitman, S., Slavin-Mulford, J., & Hilsenroth, M., (2014). Psychodynamic techniques related to outcome for anxiety disorder patients at different points in treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 391–396.
50. Porcerelli, J. H., Dauphin, V. B., Ablon, J. S., Leitman, S., & Bambery, M., (2007). Psychoanalysis with avoidant personality disorder: A systematic case study. Psychotherapy, 44(1), 1–13.
51. Porcerelli, J. H., Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Ford, R. Q., Mezza, J. A., & Greenlee, L. M., (2006). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Convergent validity and changes following intensive inpatient treatment. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 407–417.
52. Price, J. L., Hilsenroth, M. J., Callahan, K. L., Petretic-Jackson, P. A., & Bonge, D., (2004). A pilot study of psychodynamic psychotherapy for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 378–391.
53. Sanders, A., Hilsenroth, M., & Fowler, J. C., (2014). Object representation quality, therapeutic alliance, and psychotherapy process. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 78, 197.
54. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L., (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
55. Slavin-Mulford, J., Hilsenroth, M., Weinberger, J., & Gold, J., (2011). Therapeutic interventions related to outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy for anxiety disorder patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 214–221.
56. Speer, D. C., (1992). Clinically significant change: Jacobson and Truax (1991) revisited. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 402–408.
57. Speer, D. C., (1994). Can treatment research inform decision makers? Nonexperimental method issues and examples among older outpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 560–568.
58. Stein, M. B., Hilsenroth, M., Slavin-Mulford, J., & Pinsker, J., (2011). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Global rating method (SCORS–G; 4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Boston, MA: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
59. Stein, M. B., Pesale, F. P., Slavin, J. M., & Hilsenroth, M. J., (2010). A training outline for conducting psychotherapy process ratings: An example using therapist technique. Counselling and Psychotherapy, 10(1), 50–59.
60. Stein, M. B., Slavin-Mulford, J., Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., & Blais, M. A., (2012). Exploring the construct validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 533–540.
61. Thompson-Brenner, H., & Westen, D., (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 2: Therapeutic interventions in the community. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 585–595.
62. Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Critchfield, K. L., Marble, A., & Høglend, P. (2014). Transference interventions and the process between therapist and patient. Psychotherapy, 51, 258–269.
63. Urist, J., (1977). The Rorschach test and the assessment of object relations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(1), 3–9.
64. Wachtel, P. L., (1993). Therapeutic communication. New York, NY: Guilford.
65. Westen, D., (1991). Social cognition and object relations. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 429–455.
66. Westen, D., (1995). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Q-sort for projective stories (SCORS–Q). Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge, MA: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
67. Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S., (2003). Reliability and validity of personality disorder assessment using a systematic clinical interview: Evaluating an alternative to structured interviews. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 350–368.
68. Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S., (2006). Clinical assessment of pathological personality traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1285–1287.
69. Winnicott, D. W., (1971). Playing and reality. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
70. Zilcha-Mano, S., McCarthy, K., Dinger, U., Barber, J. (2014). To what extent is alliance affected by transference? An empirical exploration. Psychotherapy, 51, 424–433.
71. Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I., (2005). The prevalence of DSM–IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911–1918.