메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 5-18

Alternative interpretations of alternative assessments: Some validity issues in educational performance assessments

Author keywords

Alternative assessment; Language testing; Performance assessment; Validity

Indexed keywords


EID: 84986196685     PISSN: 07311745     EISSN: 17453992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3992.2002.tb00095.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 84909712101 scopus 로고
    • Reaction to the Morrow paper
    • J. C. Alderson, &, A. Hughes, (Eds.),). London, The British Council
    • Alderson, J. C. (1981a) Reaction to the Morrow paper. In J. C. Alderson & A. Hughes, (Eds.), Issues in language testing. ELT Documents 111 (pp. 45–54). London: The British Council.
    • (1981) Issues in language testing. ELT Documents 111 , pp. 45-54
    • Alderson, J.C.1
  • 2
    • 84909712101 scopus 로고
    • Report of the discussion on communicative language testing
    • J. C. Alderson, &, A. Hughes, (Eds.), London, British Council
    • Alderson, J. C. (1981b.) Report of the discussion on communicative language testing. In J. C. Alderson & A. Hughes, (Eds.), Issues in language testing. ELT Documents 111. London: British Council.
    • (1981) Issues in language testing. ELT Documents 111
    • Alderson, J.C.1
  • 3
    • 84990319440 scopus 로고
    • Response to Harrison: Who needs jam
    • ?In, A. Hughes, &, D. Porter, (Eds.),). London, Academic Press
    • Alderson, J. C. (1983) Response to Harrison: Who needs jam? In A. Hughes & D. Porter, (Eds.), Current developments in language testing (pp. 87–92). London: Academic Press.
    • (1983) Current developments in language testing , pp. 87-92
    • Alderson, J.C.1
  • 5
    • 84970121332 scopus 로고
    • The effect of students' academic discipline on their performance on ESP reading tests
    • Alderson, J. C., &Urquhart, A. H. (1985) The effect of students' academic discipline on their performance on ESP reading tests. Language Testing, 2(2), 192–204.
    • (1985) Language Testing , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 192-204
    • Alderson, J.C.1    Urquhart, A.H.2
  • 6
    • 84970462717 scopus 로고
    • An exploratory study into the construct validity of a reading comprehension test: Triangulation of data sources
    • Anderson, N., Bachman, L. F., Cohen, A. D., &Perkins, K. (1991) An exploratory study into the construct validity of a reading comprehension test: Triangulation of data sources. Language Testing, 8(1), 41–66.
    • (1991) Language Testing , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-66
    • Anderson, N.1    Bachman, L.F.2    Cohen, A.D.3    Perkins, K.4
  • 10
    • 0002420081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of test methods in the content analysis and design of EFL proficiency tests
    • Bachman, L. F., Davidson, F., &Milanovic, M. (1996) The use of test methods in the content analysis and design of EFL proficiency tests. Language Testing, 13(2), 125–150.
    • (1996) Language Testing , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-150
    • Bachman, L.F.1    Davidson, F.2    Milanovic, M.3
  • 11
    • 84970313125 scopus 로고
    • Investigating variability in tasks and rater judgments in a performance test of foreign language speaking
    • Bachman, L. F., Lynch, B. K., &Mason, M. (1995) Investigating variability in tasks and rater judgments in a performance test of foreign language speaking. Language Testing, 12, 238–257.
    • (1995) Language Testing , vol.12 , pp. 238-257
    • Bachman, L.F.1    Lynch, B.K.2    Mason, M.3
  • 15
    • 0000029547 scopus 로고
    • Policy and validity prospects for performance-based assessment
    • Baker, E. L., O'Neil, H. F., &Linn, R. L. (1993) Policy and validity prospects for performance-based assessment. American Psychologist, 48(12), 1210–1218.
    • (1993) American Psychologist , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 1210-1218
    • Baker, E.L.1    O'Neil, H.F.2    Linn, R.L.3
  • 19
    • 0002969495 scopus 로고
    • On some dimensions of language proficiency
    • J. W. Oller, (Ed.), Rowley MA, Newbury House
    • Canale, M. (1983) On some dimensions of language proficiency. In J. W. Oller, (Ed.), issues in language testing research. Rowley, MA Newbury House.
    • (1983) issues in language testing research
    • Canale, M.1
  • 20
    • 77957216140 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing
    • Canale, M., &Swain, M. (1981) Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1–47.
    • (1981) Applied Linguistics , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-47
    • Canale, M.1    Swain, M.2
  • 21
    • 84979406249 scopus 로고
    • Three components of background knowledge in reading comprehension
    • Carrell, P. L. (1983) Three components of background knowledge in reading comprehension. Language Learning, 33, 183–207.
    • (1983) Language Learning , vol.33 , pp. 183-207
    • Carrell, P.L.1
  • 22
    • 0038658032 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental considerations in language testing
    • Washington DC, Center for Applied Linguistics
    • Carroll, J. B. (1961) Fundamental considerations in language testing, Testing the English proficiency of foreign students (pp. 30–40). Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1961) Testing the English proficiency of foreign students , pp. 30-40
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 23
    • 0002981520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research
    • L. F. Bachman, &, A. D. Cohen, (Eds.),). New York, Cambridge University Press
    • Chapelle, C. (1998) Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research. In L. F. Bachman & A. D. Cohen, (Eds.), Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research (pp. 32–70). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1998) Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research , pp. 32-70
    • Chapelle, C.1
  • 26
    • 70450025437 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical and technical considerations in oral proficiency testing
    • R. L. Jones, &, B. Spolsky, (Eds.),). Arlington VA, Center for Applied Linguistics
    • Clark, J. L. D. (1975) Theoretical and technical considerations in oral proficiency testing. In R. L. Jones & B. Spolsky, (Eds.), Testing language proficiency (pp. 10–24). Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1975) Testing language proficiency , pp. 10-24
    • Clark, J.L.D.1
  • 27
    • 79959468790 scopus 로고
    • Interview testing research at Educational Testing Service
    • J. L. D. Clark, (Ed.),). Princeton NJ, Educational Testing Service
    • Clark, J. L. D. (1978) Interview testing research at Educational Testing Service. In J. L. D. Clark, (Ed.), Direct testing of speaking proficiency: Theory and application (pp. 211–228). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
    • (1978) Direct testing of speaking proficiency: Theory and application , pp. 211-228
    • Clark, J.L.D.1
  • 28
    • 84977688455 scopus 로고
    • An elaborated language testing model
    • J. A. Upshur, &, J. Fata, (Eds.),). Ann Arbor MI, Research Club in Language Learning
    • Cooper, R. L. (1968) An elaborated language testing model. In J. A. Upshur & J. Fata, (Eds.), Problems in foreign language testing: Language Learning Special Issue Number 3 (pp. 57–65). Ann Arbor, MI: Research Club in Language Learning.
    • (1968) Problems in foreign language testing: Language Learning Special Issue Number 3 , pp. 57-65
    • Cooper, R.L.1
  • 30
    • 0002233166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of complex performances: Limitations of key measurement assumptions
    • Delandshere, G., &Petrosky, A. R. (1998) Assessment of complex performances: Limitations of key measurement assumptions. Educational Researcher, 27(2), 14–24.
    • (1998) Educational Researcher , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 14-24
    • Delandshere, G.1    Petrosky, A.R.2
  • 31
    • 0001593755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing methods in context-based second language research
    • L. F. Bachman, &, A. D. Cohen, (Eds.), New York, Cambridge University Press
    • Douglas, D. (1998) Testing methods in context-based second language research. In L. F. Bachman & A. D. Cohen, (Eds.), Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1998) Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research
    • Douglas, D.1
  • 33
    • 84970382086 scopus 로고
    • Principles for language tests within the ‘discourse domains’ theory of inter-language: Research, test construction and interpretation
    • Douglas, D., &Selinker, L. (1985) Principles for language tests within the ‘discourse domains’ theory of inter-language: Research, test construction and interpretation. Language Testing, 2, 205–226.
    • (1985) Language Testing , vol.2 , pp. 205-226
    • Douglas, D.1    Selinker, L.2
  • 34
    • 84952404505 scopus 로고
    • Quality control in the development and use of performance assessments
    • Dunbar, S. B., Koretz, D., &Hoover, H. D. (1991) Quality control in the development and use of performance assessments. Applied Measurement in Education, 4, 289–304.
    • (1991) Applied Measurement in Education , vol.4 , pp. 289-304
    • Dunbar, S.B.1    Koretz, D.2    Hoover, H.D.3
  • 35
    • 58149367997 scopus 로고
    • Construct validity: Construct representation versus nomothetic span
    • Embretson, S. (1983) Construct validity: Construct representation versus nomothetic span. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 179–197.
    • (1983) Psychological Bulletin , vol.93 , pp. 179-197
    • Embretson, S.1
  • 36
    • 0009131740 scopus 로고
    • The prediction of TOEFL reading item difficulty: implications for construct validity
    • Freedle, R., &Kostin, I. (1993) The prediction of TOEFL reading item difficulty: implications for construct validity. Language Testing, 10, 133–170.
    • (1993) Language Testing , vol.10 , pp. 133-170
    • Freedle, R.1    Kostin, I.2
  • 37
    • 0002280989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the text matter in a multiple-choice test of comprehension? The case for the construct validity of TOEFL's minitalks
    • Freedle, R., &Kostin, I. (1999) Does the text matter in a multiple-choice test of comprehension? The case for the construct validity of TOEFL's minitalks. Language Testing, 16(1), 2–32.
    • (1999) Language Testing , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-32
    • Freedle, R.1    Kostin, I.2
  • 40
    • 85005273035 scopus 로고
    • Comparability of scores from performance assessments
    • Green, B. F. (1995) Comparability of scores from performance assessments. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 14(4), 13–15.
    • (1995) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 13-15
    • Green, B.F.1
  • 43
    • 84995132611 scopus 로고
    • Effects on reading comprehension of language complexity and cultural background of a text
    • Johnson, P. (1981) Effects on reading comprehension of language complexity and cultural background of a text. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 503–516.
    • (1981) TESOL Quarterly , vol.16 , pp. 503-516
    • Johnson, P.1
  • 44
    • 0347954559 scopus 로고
    • Performance testing of second language proficiency
    • E. J. Briere, &, F. R. Hinofotis, (Eds.),). Washington DC, TESOL
    • Jones, R. L. (1979) Performance testing of second language proficiency. In E. J. Briere & F. R. Hinofotis, (Eds.), Concepts in language testing: Some recent studies (pp. 50–57). Washington, DC: TESOL.
    • (1979) Concepts in language testing: Some recent studies , pp. 50-57
    • Jones, R.L.1
  • 45
    • 0347324152 scopus 로고
    • Second language performance testing: An overview
    • P. C. Hauptman, R. LeBlanc, #x0026;, M. B. Wesche, (Eds.), University of Ottawa Press
    • Jones, R. L. (1985) Second language performance testing: An overview. In P. C. Hauptman, R. LeBlanc, &M. B. Wesche, (Eds.), Second language performance testing (pp. 15–24). University of Ottawa Press.
    • (1985) Second language performance testing , pp. 15-24
    • Jones, R.L.1
  • 46
  • 49
    • 0002264322 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of emotion and cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy
    • Leventhal, H., &Scherer, K. (1987) The relationship of emotion and cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and emotion, 1(1), 3–28.
    • (1987) Cognition and emotion , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-28
    • Leventhal, H.1    Scherer, K.2
  • 50
    • 84867353363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authentic for whom? Does authenticity really matter
    • ?In, A. Huhta, V. Kohonen, #x0026;, S. Luoma, (Eds.), Jyvaskyla, University of Jyvaskyla
    • Lewkowicz, J. A. (1997) Authentic for whom? Does authenticity really matter? In A. Huhta, V. Kohonen, &S. Luoma, (Eds.) Current developments and alternatives in language assessment. Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla.
    • (1997) Current developments and alternatives in language assessment
    • Lewkowicz, J.A.1
  • 51
    • 84990385567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authenticity in language testing: Some outstanding questions
    • Lewkowicz, J. A. (2000) Authenticity in language testing: Some outstanding questions. Language Testing, 17(1), 43–64.
    • (2000) Language Testing , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-64
    • Lewkowicz, J.A.1
  • 52
    • 0002520001 scopus 로고
    • Performance assessment: Policy promises and technical measurement standards
    • Linn, R. L. (1994) Performance assessment: Policy promises and technical measurement standards. Educational Researcher, 23(9), 4–14.
    • (1994) Educational Researcher , vol.23 , Issue.9 , pp. 4-14
    • Linn, R.L.1
  • 53
    • 78349285263 scopus 로고
    • Complex, performance-based assessment: Expectations and validation criteria
    • Linn, R. L., Baker, E. L., &Dunbar, S. B. (1991) Complex, performance-based assessment: Expectations and validation criteria. Educational Researcher, 20(8), 15–21.
    • (1991) Educational Researcher , vol.20 , Issue.8 , pp. 15-21
    • Linn, R.L.1    Baker, E.L.2    Dunbar, S.B.3
  • 54
    • 85005349154 scopus 로고
    • Performance-based assessment: Implications of task specificity
    • 15
    • Linn, R. L., &Burton, E. (1994) Performance-based assessment: Implications of task specificity. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 13(1), 5–8, 15.
    • (1994) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-8
    • Linn, R.L.1    Burton, E.2
  • 55
    • 0002533616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using g-theory and many-facet Rasch measurement, in the development of performance assessments of the ESL speaking skills of immigrants
    • Lynch, B. K., &McNamara, T. F. (1998) Using g-theory and many-facet Rasch measurement, in the development of performance assessments of the ESL speaking skills of immigrants. Language Testing, 15(2), 158–180.
    • (1998) Language Testing , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 158-180
    • Lynch, B.K.1    McNamara, T.F.2
  • 56
    • 0002419957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating variance components in generalizability theory: The covariance structure analysis approach
    • Marcoulides, G. A. (1996) Estimating variance components in generalizability theory: The covariance structure analysis approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 3, 290–299.
    • (1996) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.3 , pp. 290-299
    • Marcoulides, G.A.1
  • 57
    • 1842852911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for analyzing performance assessments
    • M. Wilson, K. Draney, #x0026;, G. Engelhard, (Eds.),). Norwood NJ, Ablex
    • Marcoulides, G. A., &Drezner, Z. (1997) A method for analyzing performance assessments. In M. Wilson, K. Draney, &G. Engelhard, (Eds.), Objective measurement: Theory into practice (pp. 261–277). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    • (1997) Objective measurement: Theory into practice , pp. 261-277
    • Marcoulides, G.A.1    Drezner, Z.2
  • 59
    • 0002353120 scopus 로고
    • Validity
    • R. L. Linn, (Ed.), 3rd ed.,). New York, American Council on Education, Macmillan Publishing Company
    • Messick, S. (1989) Validity. In R. L. Linn, (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13–103). New York: American Council on Education, Macmillan Publishing Company.
    • (1989) Educational Measurement , pp. 13-103
    • Messick, S.1
  • 61
    • 84965846953 scopus 로고
    • The interplay of evidence and consequences in the validation of performance assessments
    • Messick, S. (1994b.) The interplay of evidence and consequences in the validation of performance assessments. Educational Researcher, 23(2), 13–23.
    • (1994) Educational Researcher , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 13-23
    • Messick, S.1
  • 62
    • 85005429799 scopus 로고
    • Standards of validity and the validity of standards in performance assessment
    • Messick, S. (1995) Standards of validity and the validity of standards in performance assessment. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 14(4) 5–8.
    • (1995) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 5-8
    • Messick, S.1
  • 63
    • 0001106877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity and washback in language testing
    • Messick, S. (1996) Validity and washback in language testing. Language Testing, 13(3), 241–256.
    • (1996) Language Testing , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-256
    • Messick, S.1
  • 67
    • 0002533590 scopus 로고
    • Communicative language testing: Revolution or evolution
    • ?In, C. J. Brumfit, &, K. Johnson, (Eds.),). Oxford UK, Oxford University Press
    • Morrow, K. (1979) Communicative language testing: Revolution or evolution? In C. J. Brumfit & K. Johnson, (Eds.), The communicative approach to language teaching (pp. 9–25). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (1979) The communicative approach to language teaching , pp. 9-25
    • Morrow, K.1
  • 68
    • 84964149621 scopus 로고
    • Shifting conceptions of validity in educational measurement: Implications for performance assessment
    • Moss, P. A. (1992) Shifting conceptions of validity in educational measurement: Implications for performance assessment. Review of Educalional Research, 62, 229–258.
    • (1992) Review of Educalional Research , vol.62 , pp. 229-258
    • Moss, P.A.1
  • 70
    • 84877116259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exchange of views on “semantics, psychometrics, and assessment reform: a close look at ‘authentic’ assessments
    • Newman, F., Brandt, R., &Wiggins, G. (1998) An exchange of views on “semantics, psychometrics, and assessment reform: a close look at ‘authentic’ assessments”. Educational Researcher, 27(6), 19–22.
    • (1998) Educational Researcher , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 19-22
    • Newman, F.1    Brandt, R.2    Wiggins, G.3
  • 72
    • 0002352222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lack of fidelity between cognitively complex constructs and conventional test development practice
    • Nichols, P., &Sugrue, B. (1999) The lack of fidelity between cognitively complex constructs and conventional test development practice. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 18(2), 18–29.
    • (1999) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 18-29
    • Nichols, P.1    Sugrue, B.2
  • 75
    • 84973819461 scopus 로고
    • Performance assessments: Political rhetoric and measurement reality
    • Shavelson, R. J., Baxter, G. P., &Pine, J. (1992) Performance assessments: Political rhetoric and measurement reality. Educational Researcher, 21(4), 22–27.
    • (1992) Educational Researcher , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 22-27
    • Shavelson, R.J.1    Baxter, G.P.2    Pine, J.3
  • 76
    • 84970283556 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating test validity
    • L. Darling-Hammond, (Ed.),). Washington DC, American Educational Research Association
    • Shepard, L. A. (1993) Evaluating test validity. In L. Darling-Hammond, (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 19, pp. 405–450). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
    • (1993) Review of research in education , vol.19 , pp. 405-450
    • Shepard, L.A.1
  • 77
    • 84970415383 scopus 로고
    • Issues in the testing of English for specific purposes
    • Skehan, P. (1984) Issues in the testing of English for specific purposes. Language Testing, 1(2), 202–220.
    • (1984) Language Testing , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 202-220
    • Skehan, P.1
  • 80
    • 0011940003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of performance assessments in science: Conceptual, practical, and logistic issues
    • Solano-Flores, G., &Shavelson, R. (1997) Development of performance assessments in science: Conceptual, practical, and logistic issues. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 16(3), 16–25.
    • (1997) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 16-25
    • Solano-Flores, G.1    Shavelson, R.2
  • 81
    • 84965779642 scopus 로고
    • A multiple-choice for language testers
    • Spolsky, B. (1986) A multiple-choice for language testers. Language Testing, 3(2), 31–40.
    • (1986) Language Testing , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-40
    • Spolsky, B.1
  • 82
    • 0004044172 scopus 로고
    • Oxford UK, Oxford University Press
    • Spolsky, B. (1995) Measured Words. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    • (1995) Measured Words
    • Spolsky, B.1
  • 83
    • 84970394955 scopus 로고
    • Authenticity, validity and a tea party
    • Stevenson, D. K. (1985) Authenticity, validity and a tea party. Language Testing, 2(1), 41–47.
    • (1985) Language Testing , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-47
    • Stevenson, D.K.1
  • 84
    • 85005268103 scopus 로고
    • A theory-based framework for assessing domain-specific problem-solving ability
    • Sugrue, B. (1995) A theory-based framework for assessing domain-specific problem-solving ability. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 14(3), 29–35.
    • (1995) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 29-35
    • Sugrue, B.1
  • 85
    • 84973721117 scopus 로고
    • Performance-based assessment: Lessons from the health professions
    • Swanson, D. B., Norman, G. R., &Linn, R. L. (1995) Performance-based assessment: Lessons from the health professions. Educational Researcher, 24(5), 5–11.
    • (1995) Educational Researcher , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 5-11
    • Swanson, D.B.1    Norman, G.R.2    Linn, R.L.3
  • 86
    • 0001903791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantics, psychometrics and assessment reform: A close look at “authentic” assessments
    • Terwilliger, J. (1997) Semantics, psychometrics and assessment reform: A close look at “authentic” assessments. Educational Researcher, 26(8), 24–27.
    • (1997) Educational Researcher , vol.26 , Issue.8 , pp. 24-27
    • Terwilliger, J.1
  • 87
    • 0347954555 scopus 로고
    • Functional proficiency theory and a research role for language tests
    • E. Briere, &, F. B. Hinofotis, (Eds.),). Washington DC, TESOL
    • Upshur, J. A. (1979) Functional proficiency theory and a research role for language tests. In E. Briere & F. B. Hinofotis, (Eds.), Concepts in language testing: Some recent studies (pp. 75–100). Washington, DC: TESOL.
    • (1979) Concepts in language testing: Some recent studies , pp. 75-100
    • Upshur, J.A.1
  • 88
    • 84965761669 scopus 로고
    • Second language performance testing: The Ontario Test of ESL as an example
    • Wesche, M. B. (1987) Second language performance testing: The Ontario Test of ESL as an example. Language Testing, 4(1), 28–47.
    • (1987) Language Testing , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 28-47
    • Wesche, M.B.1
  • 89
    • 0000293475 scopus 로고
    • A true test: Toward more authentic and equitable assessment
    • 1989 (May)
    • Wiggins, G. (1989) A true test: Toward more authentic and equitable assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 1989 (May), 703–713.
    • (1989) Phi Delta Kappan , pp. 703-713
    • Wiggins, G.1
  • 90
    • 0000917089 scopus 로고
    • Assessment: Authenticity, context and validity
    • 1993 (November)
    • Wiggins, G. (1993) Assessment: Authenticity, context and validity. Phi Delta Kappan, 1993 (November), 200–214.
    • (1993) Phi Delta Kappan , pp. 200-214
    • Wiggins, G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.