A dose-response crossover iodine balance study to determine iodine requirements in early infancy

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 104, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 620-628

  Dold, Susanne ^a   Zimmermann, Michael B ^a,b   Baumgartner, Jeannine ^c   Davaz, Tabea ^a   Galetti, Valeria ^a   Braegger, Christian ^d   Andersson, Maria ^a,b  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Iodine Global Network   (Switzerland)

^c NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Infants; Iodine; Iodine balance; Iodine deficiency; Iodine intake; Iodine requirement

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; IODINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TRACE ELEMENT;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL MILK; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DOSE RESPONSE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; EXCRETION; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; MINERAL BALANCE; MINERAL INTAKE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SWISS; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; FECES; FORTIFIED FOOD; INFANT NUTRITION; INTESTINAL EXCRETION; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; METABOLISM; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; SWITZERLAND; URINARY EXCRETION; URINE;

BIOMARKERS; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FECES; FEMALE; FOOD, FORTIFIED; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT FORMULA; INFANT NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; INTESTINAL ELIMINATION; IODINE; MALE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES; RENAL ELIMINATION; SWITZERLAND; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 84985994328     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: 19383207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.134049     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev 2009;30:376-408.
2. Zimmermann MB. The role of iodine in human growth and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011;22:645-52.
3. Morreale de Escobar G, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151:U25-U37.
4. Brown RS. Disorders of the thyroid gland in infancy, childhood and adolescence. In: De Groot LJ, editor. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): Endocrine Education Inc; 2012.
5. Delange F. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism used as an indicator of the degree of iodine deficiency and of its control. Thyroid 1998;8:1185-92.
6. Ares S, Quero J, Morreale de Escobar G. Iodine nutrition and iodine deficiency in term and preterm newborns: iodine nutrition in newborns. In: Preedy VR, Burrow GN, Watson R, editors. Comprehensive handbook of iodine: nutritional, biochemical, pathological and therapeutical aspects. Burlington (MA): Elsevier Academic Press; 2009. p.1477-85.
7. Delange F. Iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and indicators of optimal iodine nutrition. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1571-80.
8. Theodoropoulos T, Braverman LE, Vagenakis AG. Iodide-induced hypothyroidism: A potential hazard during perinatal life. Science 1979; 205:502-3.
9. Azizi F, Smyth P. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant iodine nutrition. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:803-9.
10. Swanson CA, Zimmermann MB, Skeaff S, Pearce EN, Dwyer JT, Trumbo PR, Zehaluk C, Andrews KW, Carriquiry A, Caldwell KL, et al. Summary of an NIH workshop to identify research needs to improve the monitoring of iodine status in the United States and to inform the DRI. J Nutr 2012;142:1175S-1185S.
11. Trumbo PR. Evidence needed to inform the next dietary reference intakes for iodine. Adv Nutr 2013;4:718-22.
12. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2001.
13. Gushurst CA, Mueller JA, Green JA, Sedor F. Breast milk iodide: reassessment in the 1980s. Pediatrics 1984;73:354-7.
14. World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2007.
15. Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007;10:1606-11.
16. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. 2nd ed. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2004.
17. Goellner MH, Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ. Urination during the first three years of life. Nephron 1981;28:174-8.
18. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessment. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2000.
19. Mertz W. Use and Misuse of Balance Studies. J Nutr 1987;117:1811-3.
20. Baer DJ, Fong AKH, Edd RD, Novotny JA, Oexmann MJ. Compartmental modeling, stable isotopes, and balance studies. In: Dennis B, ed. Well-controlled diet studies in humans: A practical guide to design and management. Chicago (IL): American Dietetic Association; 1999.
21. Ingenbleek Y, Malvaux P. Iodine balance studies in protein-calorie malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1974;49:305-9.
22. Malvaux P, Beckers C, De Visscher M. Iodine balance studies in nongoitrous children and in adolescents on low iodine intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969;29:79-84.
23. Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ. Methods in infant nutrition research: balance and growth studies. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1982;299:90-6.
24. Cooke RJ, Perrin F, Moore J, Paule C, Ruckman K. Methodology of nutrient balance studies in the preterm infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7:434-40.
25. Sievers E, Schleyerbach U, Schaub J. Magnesium balance studies in premature and term infants. Eur J Nutr 2000;39:1-6.
26. Sievers E, Oldigs HD, Dorner K, Kollmann M, Schaub J. Molybdenum balance studies in premature male infants. Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:109-13.
27. Dörner K, Schneider K, Sievers E, Schulz-Lell G, Oldigs HD, Schaub J. Selenium balances in young infants fed on breast milk and adapted cow's milk formula. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1990;4:37-40.
28. Giles MM, Fenton MH, Shaw B, Elton RA, Clarke M, Lang M, Hume R. Sequential calcium and phosphorus balance studies in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1987;110:591-8.
29. Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I, Torresani T, Burgi H. Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: A 5-y prospective national study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:388-92.
30. Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wust N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB. The Swiss iodized salt program provides adequate iodine for school children and pregnant women, but weaning infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods as well as their mothers are iodine deficient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:5217-24.
31. Delange F, Bourdoux P, Chanoine JP, Ermans AM. Physiopathology of iodine nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and early postnatal life. In: Berger H, editor. Vitamins and minerals in pregnancy and lactation. New York: Raven Press; 1988.
32. Delange F. Requirements of iodine in humans. In: Delange F, Dunn JT, Glinoer D, editors. Iodine deficiency in Europe: A continuing concern. New York: Plenum Press; 1993. p. 5-15.
33. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner AG. ∗Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175-91.
34. Dold S, Baumgartner J, Zeder C, Krzystek A, Osei J, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Optimization of a new mass spectrometry method for measurement of breast milk iodine concentrations and an assessment of the effect of analytic method and timing of within-feed sample collection on breast milk iodine concentrations. Thyroid 2016;26:287-95.
35. Commission of the European Communities. Commission directive 2006/141/EC of 22 December 2006 on infant formulae and follow-on formulae and amending directive 1999/21/EC. Official Journal of the European Union; 2006. L401/1-L401/33. Version current 22 December 2006. Internet: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0141&from=EN (accessed 03 July 2016).
36. Pino S, Fang SL, Braverman LE. Ammonium persulfate: A safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodine. Clin Chem 1996;42:239-43.
37. R Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2014.
38. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team. -nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-118, 2014.
39. Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer, 2009.
40. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: length/height-for- Age, weight-for- Age, weightfor- length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for- Age: methods and development. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2006.
41. Vought RL, London WT. Iodine intake excretion and thyroidal accumulation in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967;27:913-9.
42. Nath SK, Moinier B, Thuillier F, Rongier M, Desjeux JF. Urinaryexcretion of iodide and fluoride from supplemented food grade salt. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1992;62:66-72.
43. Jahreis G, Hausmann W, Kiessling G, Franke K, Leiterer M. Bioavailability of iodine from normal diets rich in dairy products: results of balance studies in women. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001;109: 163-7.
44. Delange FM, Dunn JT. Iodine deficiency. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, editors. The thyroid: A fundamental and clinical text. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 264-88.
45. Bakker B, Vulsma T, de Randamie J, Achterhuis AM, Wiedijk B, Oosting H, Glas C, de Vijlder JJ. A negative iodine balance is found in healthy neonates compared with neonates with thyroid agenesis. J Endocrinol 1999;161:115-20.
46. Ogborn RE, Waggener RE, Vanhove E. Radioactive-iodine concentration in thyroid glands of newborn infants. Pediatrics 1960;26: 771-6.
47. Delange F, Bourdoux P, Laurence M, Peneva L, Walfish P, Willgerodt H. Neonatal thyroid function in iodine deficiency. In: Delange F, Dunn JT, Glinoer D, editors. Iodine deficiency in Europe: A continuing concern. New York: Plenum Press; 1993. p. 199-209.
48. Zaichick VY, Choporov YY. Determination of the natural level of human intra- Thyroid iodine by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Radioan Nucl Ch Ar 1996;207:153-61.
49. Milakovic M, Berg G, Eggertsen R, Nystrom E, Olsson A, Larsson A, Hansson M. Determination of intrathyroidal iodine by x-ray fluorescence analysis in 60- To 65-year olds living in an iodine-sufficient area. J Intern Med 2006;260:69-75.
50. Zabala J, Carrion N, Murillo M, Quintana M, Chirinos J, Seijas N, Duarte L, Bratter P. Determination of normal human intrathyroidal iodine in Caracas population. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2009;23:9-14.
51. Hays MT. Estimation of total body iodine content in normal young men. Thyroid 2001;11:671-5.
52. Laurberg P, Andersen SL. Nutrition: breast milk: A gateway to iodinedependent brain development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014;10:134-5.
53. Zimmermann MB, Hussein I, Al Ghannami S, El Badawi S, Al Hamad NM, Abbas Hajj B, Al-Thani M, Al-Thani AA, Winichagoon P, Pongcharoen T, et al. Estimation of the prevalence of inadequate and excessive iodine intakes in school- Age children from the adjusted distribution of urinary iodine concentrations from population surveys. J Nutr 2016;146(6):1204-11.
54. Das Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern (EDI). Verordnung des EDI über Speziallebensmittel 817.022.104. 23. Version current 4 February 2014. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20050168/201402040000/817.022.104.pdf.
55. Delange F, Van Onderbergen A, Shabana W, Vandemeulebroucke E, Vertongen F, Gnat D, Dramaix M. Silent iodine prophylaxis in Western Europe only partly corrects iodine deficiency; the case of Belgium. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;143:189-96.
56. Delange F, Wolff P, Gnat D, Dramaix M, Pilchen M, Vertongen F. Iodine deficiency during infancy and early childhood in Belgium: does it pose a risk to brain development? Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:251-4.
57. Liaw LC, Nayar DM, Pedler SJ, Coulthard MG. Home collection of urine for culture from infants by three methods: survey of parents' preferences and bacterial contamination rates. BMJ 2000;320:1312-3.
58. Smyth PP, Duntas LH. Iodine uptake and loss-can frequent strenuous exercise induce iodine deficiency? Horm Metab Res 2005;37:555-8.
59. Ford H, Johnson L, Purdie G, Feek C. Effects of hyperthyroidism and radioactive iodine given to ablate the thyroid on the composition of whole stimulated saliva. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;46:189-93.
60. Kogai T, Brent GA. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS): regulation and approaches to targeting for cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:355-70.
61. Dorea JG. Iodine nutrition and breast feeding. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2002;16:207-20.
62. Fernández-Sánchez LM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Fraga-Bermudez JM, Szpunar J, Lobinski R. Determination of iodine in human milk and infant formulas. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007;21:10-3.
63. da Costa TH, Haisma H, Wells JC, Mander AP, Whitehead RG, Bluck LJ. How much human milk do infants consume?: data from 12 countries using a standardized stable isotope methodology. J Nutr 2010;140: 2227-32.
64. US Food and Drug Administration. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21 - Part 107 Infant Formula (21CFR107). Version current 1 April 2015. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=107&showFR=1.