메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 353-363

The Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014

Author keywords

sex role attitudes; sex roles; social perception; stereotyped attitudes

Indexed keywords


EID: 84982220994     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: 14716402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0361684316634081     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (427)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 84905160983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Bar Association, Commission on Women in the Profession. (2013). A current glance at women in the law. Retrieved fromhttp://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/marketing/women/current_glance_statistics_feb2013.authcheckdam.pdf
    • (2013) A current glance at women in the law
  • 2
    • 84982216295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of American Medical Colleges, Center for Workforce Studies. (2011). Results of the 2011 medical school enrollment survey. Retrieved fromhttps://www.aamc.org/download/281126/data/enrollment2012.pdf
    • (2011) Results of the 2011 medical school enrollment survey
  • 3
    • 0016309622 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of psychological androgyny
    • 10.1037/h0036215
    • S.L.Bem (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162. doi:10.1037/h0036215
    • (1974) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 155-162
    • Bem, S.L.1
  • 4
    • 34548613653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and shifting standards: Assimilation and contrast in social judgment
    • New York, NY: Psychological Press,,. In (Eds.)
    • M.BiernatM.Manis (2007). Stereotypes and shifting standards: Assimilation and contrast in social judgment. In (Eds.), Assimilation and contrast in social psychology (pp. 75–97). New York, NY: Psychological Press.
    • (2007) Assimilation and contrast in social psychology , pp. 75-97
    • Biernat, M.1    Manis, M.2
  • 5
    • 13544263503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feminist attitudes and support for gender equality: Opinion change in women and men, 1974–1998
    • 10.1353/sof.2005.0005
    • C.I.BolzendahlD.J.Myers (2004). Feminist attitudes and support for gender equality: Opinion change in women and men, 1974–1998. Social Forces, 83, 759–789. doi:10.1353/sof.2005.0005
    • (2004) Social Forces , vol.83 , pp. 759-789
    • Bolzendahl, C.I.1    Myers, D.J.2
  • 9
    • 84921376686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalyst. (2014). Women CEOs of the Fortune 1000. Retrieved fromhttp://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-ceos-fortune-1000
    • (2014) Women CEOs of the Fortune 1000
  • 10
    • 84964922183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for American Women and Politics. (2014). Women in elective office 2014. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/elective.pdf
    • (2014) Women in elective office 2014
  • 12
    • 66349131991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intersectionality and research in psychology
    • 10.1037/a0014564
    • E.R.Cole (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180. doi:10.1037/a0014564
    • (2009) American Psychologist , vol.64 , pp. 170-180
    • Cole, E.R.1
  • 13
    • 84944069569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An underexamined inequality: Cultural and psychological barriers to men’s engagement with communal roles
    • 10.1177/1088868314564789
    • A.CroftT.SchmaderK.Block (2015). An underexamined inequality: Cultural and psychological barriers to men’s engagement with communal roles. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 343–370. doi:10.1177/1088868314564789
    • (2015) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.19 , pp. 343-370
    • Croft, A.1    Schmader, T.2    Block, K.3
  • 14
    • 0002191352 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of gender stereotypes: Methodology and components
    • K.DeauxL.L.Lewis (1983). Assessment of gender stereotypes: Methodology and components. Psychological Documents, 13, 1–23.
    • (1983) Psychological Documents , vol.13 , pp. 1-23
    • Deaux, K.1    Lewis, L.L.2
  • 15
    • 58149366095 scopus 로고
    • Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991
    • K.DeauxL.L.Lewis (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991–1004. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 991-1004
    • Deaux, K.1    Lewis, L.L.2
  • 16
    • 0034340213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future
    • 10.1177/0146167200262001
    • A.B.DiekmanA.H.Eagly (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171–1188. doi:10.1177/0146167200262001
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Diekman, A.B.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 19
    • 0000852825 scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
    • A.H.EaglyV.J.Steffen (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 735-754
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Steffen, V.J.2
  • 20
    • 82855173007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social role theory
    • 2nd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 10.4135/9781446249222.n49,,. In (Eds.)
    • A.H.EaglyW.Wood (2012). Social role theory. In (Eds.), Handbook of theories in social psychology (2nd ed., pp. 458–476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n49
    • (2012) Handbook of theories in social psychology , pp. 458-476
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2
  • 21
    • 0001983842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal
    • New York, NY: Psychology Press,,. In (Eds.)
    • A.H.EaglyW.WoodA.B.Diekman (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123–174). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
    • (2000) The developmental social psychology of gender , pp. 123-174
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Wood, W.2    Diekman, A.B.3
  • 22
    • 84977296078 scopus 로고
    • The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance
    • 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01029.x
    • J.FyockC.Stangor (1994). The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 331–343. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01029.x
    • (1994) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 331-343
    • Fyock, J.1    Stangor, C.2
  • 23
    • 84874545559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses
    • 10.1177/0361684312464203
    • N.GhavamiL.A.Peplau (2012). An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 113–127. doi:10.1177/0361684312464203
    • (2012) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.37 , pp. 113-127
    • Ghavami, N.1    Peplau, L.A.2
  • 24
    • 84880700199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standing at the crossroads of identity: An intersectional approach to women’s social identities and political consciousness
    • Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 10.1037/13488-006,,. In (Eds.)
    • R.M.Greenwood (2012). Standing at the crossroads of identity: An intersectional approach to women’s social identities and political consciousness. In (Eds.), Social categories in everyday experience (pp. 103–129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/13488-006
    • (2012) Social categories in everyday experience , pp. 103-129
    • Greenwood, R.M.1
  • 25
    • 0001263491 scopus 로고
    • Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments
    • 10.1016/S0022-1031(76)80006-6
    • D.L.HamiltonR.K.Gifford (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392–407. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(76)80006-6
    • (1976) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 392-407
    • Hamilton, D.L.1    Gifford, R.K.2
  • 27
    • 0000488787 scopus 로고
    • Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model
    • M.E.Heilman (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269–298.
    • (1983) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.5 , pp. 269-298
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 28
    • 84880038775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and workplace bias
    • 10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003
    • M.E.Heilman (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113–135. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003
    • (2012) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 113-135
    • Heilman, M.E.1
  • 29
    • 0023073958 scopus 로고
    • Social cognition and social perception
    • 10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.002101
    • E.T.HigginsJ.A.Bargh (1987). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.002101
    • (1987) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 369-425
    • Higgins, E.T.1    Bargh, J.A.2
  • 30
    • 25844519742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gender similarities hypothesis
    • 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581
    • J.S.Hyde (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581
    • (2005) American Psychologist , vol.60 , pp. 581-592
    • Hyde, J.S.1
  • 32
    • 84928650021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes
    • 10.1037/a0037215
    • A.M.KoenigA.H.Eagly (2014). Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 371–392. doi:10.1037/a0037215
    • (2014) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.107 , pp. 371-392
    • Koenig, A.M.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 35
    • 84982234315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women entering the legal profession: Change and resistance
    • 2nd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,,. In (Eds.)
    • S.MartinN.Jurik (2006). Women entering the legal profession: Change and resistance. In (Eds.), Doing justice, doing gender (2nd ed., pp. 107–130). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2006) Doing justice, doing gender , pp. 107-130
    • Martin, S.1    Jurik, N.2
  • 36
    • 84894336066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Health Workforce Analysis, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Professions. (2013). The U.S. Nursing Workforce: Trends in supply and education. Retrieved fromhttp://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/reports/nursingworkforce/nursingworkforcefullreport.pdf
    • (2013) The U.S. Nursing Workforce: Trends in supply and education
  • 40
    • 34547755108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological essentialism of human categories
    • 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00504.x
    • D.A.PrenticeD.T.Miller (2007). Psychological essentialism of human categories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00504.x
    • (2007) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 202-206
    • Prentice, D.A.1    Miller, D.T.2
  • 41
    • 0001145178 scopus 로고
    • On the confirmability and disconfirmability of trait concepts
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.131
    • M.RothbartB.Park (1986). On the confirmability and disconfirmability of trait concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 131–142. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.131
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 131-142
    • Rothbart, M.1    Park, B.2
  • 42
    • 0035209960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women
    • 10.1111/0022-4537.00239
    • L.A.RudmanP.Glick (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743–762. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 743-762
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Glick, P.2
  • 43
    • 82655187195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders
    • 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008
    • L.A.RudmanC.A.Moss-RacusinJ.E.PhelanS.Nauts (2012). Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 165–179. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 165-179
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Moss-Racusin, C.A.2    Phelan, J.E.3    Nauts, S.4
  • 45
    • 27944510284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prejudice and stereotype maintenance processes: Attention, attribution, and individuation
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.607
    • J.W.ShermanS.J.StroessnerF.R.ConreyO.A.Azam (2005). Prejudice and stereotype maintenance processes: Attention, attribution, and individuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 607–622. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.607
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 607-622
    • Sherman, J.W.1    Stroessner, S.J.2    Conrey, F.R.3    Azam, O.A.4
  • 46
    • 0141437585 scopus 로고
    • Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656
    • M.SnyderE.D.TankeE.Berscheid (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656–666. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656
    • (1977) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 656-666
    • Snyder, M.1    Tanke, E.D.2    Berscheid, E.3
  • 47
    • 0031287404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The attitudes toward women scale and attitude change in college students
    • 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00098.x
    • J.T.SpenceE.D.Hahn (1997). The attitudes toward women scale and attitude change in college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 17–34. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00098.x
    • (1997) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 17-34
    • Spence, J.T.1    Hahn, E.D.2
  • 48
    • 0001913371 scopus 로고
    • The attitudes toward women scale: An objective instrument to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in contemporary society
    • Ms. 153
    • J.T.SpenceR.Helmreich (1972). The attitudes toward women scale: An objective instrument to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in contemporary society. JSAS: Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2, 66–67 (Ms. 153).
    • (1972) JSAS: Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 66-67
    • Spence, J.T.1    Helmreich, R.2
  • 49
    • 0002548455 scopus 로고
    • The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex-role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity
    • J.T.SpenceR.L.HelmreichJ.Stapp (1974). The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex-role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43–44 (Ms. 617).
    • (1974) JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology , vol.4 , Issue.Ms. 617 , pp. 43-44
    • Spence, J.T.1    Helmreich, R.L.2    Stapp, J.3
  • 52
    • 0031287406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitudes toward women, 1970-1975: A meta-analysis
    • 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00099.x
    • J.M.Twenge (1997a). Attitudes toward women, 1970-1975: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 35–51. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00099.x
    • (1997) Psychology of Women Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 35-51
    • Twenge, J.M.1
  • 53
    • 0031496377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis
    • 10.1007/BF02766650
    • J.M.Twenge (1997b). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305–325. doi:10.1007/BF02766650
    • (1997) Sex Roles , vol.36 , pp. 305-325
    • Twenge, J.M.1
  • 54
    • 84982223586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Women in the workforce. Retrieved fromhttp://www.census.gov/newsroom/pdf/women_workforce_slides.pdf
    • (2010) Women in the workforce
  • 55
    • 84982223597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from, 10.1037/11546-002
    • U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. (2012). Degrees conferred by sex and race. Retrieved fromhttp://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72doi:10.1037/11546-002
    • (2012) Degrees conferred by sex and race
  • 56
    • 84883158909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Labor. (2010). Women in the labor force in 2010. Retrieved fromhttp://www.dol.gov/wb/factsheets/Qf-laborforce-10.htm
    • (2010) Women in the labor force in 2010
  • 57
    • 62249134458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women at the top in science—And elsewhere
    • Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,,. In (Eds.)
    • V.Valian (2007).Women at the top in science—And elsewhere. In (Eds.), Why aren’t more women in science? Top researchers debate the evidence (pp. 27–37). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2007) Why aren’t more women in science? Top researchers debate the evidence , pp. 27-37
    • Valian, V.1
  • 58
    • 0030524440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing the impact of counterstereotypic information: Dispositional attributions for deviance
    • 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.276
    • D.A.WilderA.F.SimonM.Faith (1996). Enhancing the impact of counterstereotypic information: Dispositional attributions for deviance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 276–287. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.276
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 276-287
    • Wilder, D.A.1    Simon, A.F.2    Faith, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.