Oceanic pillow lavas and hyaloclastites as habitats for microbial life through time – a review

Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences

Volumn 4, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-68

  Furnes, Harald ^a   McLoughlin, Nicola ^b   Muehlenbachs, Karlis ^b   Banerjee, Neil ^b   Staudigel, Hubert ^b   Dilek, Yildirim ^b   de wit, Maarten ^b   Van Kranendonk, Martin ^b   Schiffman, Peter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979876729     PISSN: 18761682     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Abrajano TA, Sturchio NC, Kennedy BM, Muehlenbachs K, Bohlke JK (1990) Geochemistry of reduced gas related to serpentinization of Zambales ophiolite, Philippines. Appl Geochem 5:625–630.
2. Alt JC, Mata P (2000) On the role of microbes in the alteration of submarine basaltic glass: a TEM study. Earth Planet Sci Lett 181:301–313.
3. Alt JC, Kinoshita H, Stokking LB, et al (1993) Proc. ODP, Init. Repts, 148. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington
4. Alt JC, Laverne C, Vanko DA, Tartarotti P, Teagle DAH, Bach W, Zuleger E, Erzinger J, Honnorez J, Pezard PA, Becker K, Salisbury MH, Wilkens RH (1996) Hydrothermal alteration of a section of upper oceanic crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific: a synthesis of results from site 504 (DSDP Legs 69, 70, and 83, and ODP Legs 111, 137, 140 and 148). In: Alt JC, Kinoshita H, Stokking LB, Michael JP (eds) Proc. ODP, Sci. Results 148, College Station, TX, (Ocean Drilling Program), pp 417–434.
5. Amend JP, Teske A (2005) Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology. Palaeogeo Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 219:131–55.
6. Armstrong RA, Compston W, de Wit MJ, Williams IS (1990) The stratigraphy of the 3.5–3.2Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt revisited: a single zircon ion microprobe study. Earth Planet Sci Lett 101:90–106.
7. Bach W, Edwards KJ (2003) Iron and sulphide oxidation within the basaltic ocean crust: implications for chemolithoautotrophic microbial biomass production. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:3871–3887.
8. Balashov A (1996) Paleoproterozoic geochronology of the Pechenga-Varzuga structure, Kola Peninsula. Petrology 4:1–22.
9. Banerjee NR, Muehlenbachs K (2003) Tuff Life: bioalteration in volcaniclastic rocks from the Ontong Java Plateau. Gechem Geophys Geosyst 4(4). doi:10.29/2002GC000470.
10. Banerjee NR, Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Staudigel H, de Wit M (2004) The potential for early life hosted in basaltic glass on Mars. Second Conference on Early Mars: Geologic, hydrologic, and climatic evolution and the implications for life. Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA
11. Banerjee NR, Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Staudigel H, deWit MJ (2006) Preservation of microbial biosignatures in 3.5. Ga pillow lavas from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 241:707–722.
12. Banerjee NR, Simonetti A, Furnes H, Staudigel H, Muehlenbachs K, Heaman L, Van Kranendonk MJ (2007) Direct dating of Archean microbial ichnofossils. Geology 35:487–490.
13. Bebien J, Shallo M, Mania K, Gega D (1998) The Shebenik Massif (Albania): a link between MOR- and SSZ-type ophiolites? Ofiliti 23(1):7–15.
14. Benzerara K, Menguy N, Banerjee NR, Tyliszczak T, Brown GE Jr, Guyit F (2007) Alteration of submarine basaltic glass from the Ontong Java Plateau: a STXM and TEM study. Earth Planet Sci Lett 260:187–200.
15. Berndt ME, Allen DE, Seyfried DE Jr (1996) Reduction of CO2 during serpentinitization of olivine at 300◦C and 500 bar. Geology 24:351–354.
16. Boyet M, Blichert-Toft J, Rosing M, Storey M, Telouk P, Albarede F (2003) 142Nd evidence for early Earth differentiation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 214:427–442.
17. Brandl G, de Wit MJ (1997) The Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. In: de Wit MJ, Ashwal L (eds) Greenstone Belts. Oxford Univ Press, UK, pp 581–607.
18. Cloos M (1990) Nicasio pillow basalts: a fragment of sea-mount accreted during Franciscan subduction, northern California. A.A.P.G., Pacific Section Guidebook No 66:9–16.
19. Coleman RG (2000) Prospecting for ophiolites along the California continental margin. In: Dilek Y, Moores EM, Elthon D, Nicolas A (eds) Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 351:351–364.
20. Coleman RG, Lee DE (1963) Glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rock types of the Cazadeno area, California. J Petrol 4:260–301.
21. Dal Piaz GV, Zirpoli G (1979) Occurrence of eclogite relics in the ophiolitic nappe from Marine d’Albo, Northern Corsica. N Jb Miner Mh 3:118–122.
22. Daniel J-M, Jovilet L, Goffe B, Poinssot C (1996) Crustal-scale strain partitioning: footwall deformation below the Alpine Oligo-Miocene detachment of Corsica. J Struct Geol 18:41–59.
23. Delaney JR, Kelley DS, Lilley MD, Butterfield DA, Baross JA, Wilcock WSD, Embley RW, Summit M (1998) The quantum event of oceanic crustal accretion: impacts of diking at mid-ocean ridges. Science 281:222–230
24. de Ronde CEJ, de Wit MJ (1994) Tectonic history of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: 490 million years of Archean crustal evolution. Tectonics 13:983–1005
25. deWit MJ (2004) Archean greenstone belts do contain fragments of ophiolites. In: Kusky TM (ed) Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rock. Developments in Precambrian Geology 13.
26. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland de Wit MJ, Hart RA, Hart RJ (1987). The Jamestown Ophiolite Complex, Barberton mountain belt: a section through 3.5Ga oceanic crust. J Afr Earth Sci 6:681–730.
27. Detrick R, Honnorez J, Bryan WB, Juteau T, et al. (1988) Proc. ODP, Init. Repts, 106/109. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington
28. Dilek Y, Thy P (1998) Structure, petrology, and seafloor spreading tectonics of the Kizildag ophiolite, Turkey. In: Mills RA, Harrison K (eds) Modern ocean floor processes and the geologic record. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 148:43–69.
29. Dilek Y, Moores EM, Furnes H (1998) Structure of modern oceanic crust and ophiolites and implications for faulting and magmatism at oceanic spreading centers. In: Buck R, Karson J, Delaney P, Lagabrielle Y (eds) Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 106:216–266.
30. Dilek Y, Furnes H, Shallo M (2007) Suprasubduction zone ophiolite formation along the periphery of Mesozoic Gondwana. Gondwana Res 11:453–475.
31. Dmitriev L, Heirtzler J, et al (1978) Init. Repts. DSDP, 46. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington
32. Edwards KJ, Rogers DR, Wirsen CO, McCollom TM (2003) Isolation and Characterization of Novel Psychrophilic, Neutrophilic, Fe-oxidising, Chemolithoautotrophic _- and _-Proteobacteria from the Deep Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2906–2913.
33. Edwards, KJ; Bach W; McCollom TM (2005). Geomicrobiology in oceanography: microbemineral interactions at and below the seafloor. Trends in Microbiol 13:449–456.
34. Evarts RC, Schiffman P (1983) Submarine hydrothermal metamorphism of the Del Puerto ophiolite, California. Am J Sci 283:289–340.
35. Fisk MR, Giovannoni SJ, Thorseth IH (1998) The extent of microbial life in the volcanic crust of the ocean basins. Science 281:978–979.
36. Fisk MR, Staudigel H, Smith DC, Haveman SA (1999) Evidence of microbial activity in the oldest ocean crust: EOS 80:F84–85.
37. Fisk MR, Thorseth IH, Urbach E, Giovannoni SJ (2000) Investigation of microorganisms and DNA from surface thermal water and rock from the east flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In: Fisher A, Davis EE, Escutia C (eds) Proc. ODP, Sci. Results 168. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 167–174.
38. Fisk MR, Storrie-Lombardi MC, Douglas S, Popa R, McDonald G, Di Meo-Savoie C (2003) Evidence of biological activity in Hawaiian subsurface basalts. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 4(4). doi:10.1029/2003GC000387.
39. Fisk MR, Popa R, Mason OU, Storrie-Lombardie MC, Vicenzi EP (2006) Iron-magnesium silicate bioweathering on Earth (and Mars?). Astrobiology 6(1):48–68.
40. Foriel J, Philippot P, Rey P, Somogyi A, Banks D, Menez B (2004) Biological control of Bl/Br and low sulphate concentration in a 3.5-Gyr-old seawater from North Pole, Western Australia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 228:451–463.
41. Fouquet Y, Knott R, Cambon P, Fallick A, Rickard D, Desbruyeres D (1996) Formation of large sulfide mineral deposits along fast spreading ridges. Example from off-axial deposits at 12◦43’N on the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 144:147–162.
42. Fournier M, Jovilet L, Goffe B, Dubois R (1991) Alpine Corsica metamotphic core complex. Tectonics 10:1173–1186.
43. Furnes H, Thorseth IH, Tumyr O, Torsvik T, Fisk MR (1996) Microbial activity in the alteration of glass from pillow lavas from Hole 896A. In: Alt JC, Kinoshita H, Stokking LB, Michael PJ (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX Scientific Results 148:191–206.
44. Furnes H, Staudigel H (1999) Biological mediation in ocean crust alteration: how deep is the deep biosphere? Earth Planet Sci Lett 166:97–103.
45. Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Tumyr O, Torsvik T, Thorseth IH (1999) Depth of active bio-alteration in the ocean crust: costa Rica Rift (Hole 504B). Terra Nova 11:228–233.
46. Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Torsvik T, Thorseth IH, Tumyr O (2001a) Microbial fractionation of carbon isotopes in altered basaltic glass from the Atlantic Ocean, Lau Basin and Costa Rica Rift. Chem Geol 173:313–330.
47. Furnes H, Staudigel H, Thorseth IH, Torsvik T, Muehlenbachs K, Tumyr O (2001b) Bioalteration of basaltic glass in the oceanic crust. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 2(8). doi:10.1029/2000GC000150.
48. Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Tumyr O, Torsvik T, Xenophontos C (2001c) Biogenic alteration of volcanic glass from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. J Geol Soc London 158:75–84.
49. Furnes H, Hellevang B, Dilek Y (2001d) Cyclic volcanic stratigraphy in a Late Ordovician marginal basin, west Norwegian Caledonides. Bull Volcanol 63:164–178.
50. Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Torsvik T, Tumyr O, Lang S (2002a) Bio-signatures in metabasaltic glass of a Caledonian ophiolite West Norway. Geol Mag 139:601–608.
51. Furnes H., Thorseth IH, Torsvik T, Muehlenbachs K, Staudigel H, Tumyr O (2002b) Identifying bio-interaction with basaltic glass in oceanic crust and implications for estimating the depth of the oceanic biosphere: a review. In: Smellie JL, Chapman MG (eds) Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and Mars. Geol Soc London, Spec Publ 202, 407–421.
52. Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K (2003) Bioalteration recorded in ophiolitic pillow lavas. In: Dilek Y, Robinson PT (eds) Ophiolites in Earth’s History, vol 218. Geological Society of London Special Publications, pp 415–426.
53. Furnes H, Banerjee NR, Muehlenbachs K, Staudigel H, de Wit MJ (2004) Early life recorded in Archean pillow lavas. Science 304:578–581.
54. Furnes H, Banerjee NR, Muehlenbachs K, Kontinen A (2005) Preservation of biosignatures in metaglassy volcanic rocks from the Jormua ophiolite complex, Finland. Precamb Res 136: 125–137.
55. Furnes H, Dilek Y, Muehlenbachs K, Banerjee NR (2006) Tectonic control of bioalteration in modern and ancient oceanic crust as evidenced by C-isotopes. The Island Arc 15:143–155.
56. Furnes H, Banerjee NR, Staudigel H, Muehlenbachs K, de Wit M, McLoughlin N, Van Kranendonk M (2007a) Bioalteration textures in recent to mesoarchean pillow lavas: a petrographic signature of subsurface life in oceanic igneous rocks. Precamb Res 158:156–176.
57. Furnes H, de Wit M, Staudigel H, Rosing M, Muehlenbachs K (2007b) A vestige of Earth’s oldest ophiolite. Science 315:1704–1707.
58. Gibson EK, Clemett SJ, Thomas-Keprta KL, McKay DS, Wentworth SJ, Robert F, Verchovsky AB, Wright IP, Pillinger CT, Rice T, Van Leer B (2006) Observation and analysis of in situ carbonaceous matter in Nakhla: part II (2006). The 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston 2006, abstract 2039.
59. Giovannoni SJ, Fisk MR, Mullins TD, Furnes H (1996) Genetic evidence for endolithic microbial life colonizing basalic glass/seawater interfaces. In: Alt J, Kinoshita H, Stokking LB, Michael PJ (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Texas 148:207–214.
60. Hanski EJ, Huhma H, Smolkin VF, Vaasjoki M (1990) The age of the ferropicritic volcanics and comagmatic intrusions at pechenga, Kola Peninsula, USSR. Geol Soc Finl Bull 62:123–133.
61. Hoefs J (1997) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer, pp 201.
62. Hofmann HJ, Grey K, Hickman AH, Thorpe RI (1999) Origin of 3.45. Ga Coniform Stromatolites in the Warrawoona Group, Western Australia. Bull Geol Soc Am 111:1256–1262.
63. Ingersoll RV (2000) Models for the origin and emplacement of Jurassic ophiolites of northern California. In: Dilek Y, Moores EM, Elthon D, Nicolas A (eds) Ophiolites and Oceanic Crust: new insights from field Studies and the Ocean Drilling Program. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 351:395–402.
64. Karson JA (1998) Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: a perspective from tectonic windows. In: Buck R, Karson J, Delaney P, Lagabrielle Y (eds) Faulting and Magmatism at Mid- Ocean Ridges. Geophysical Monograph, 106:177–218.
65. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC Kelley DS (1996) Methane-rich fluids in the oceanic crust. J Geophys Res 101:2943–2962.
66. Kelley DS, Karson JA, Früh-Green GL, Yoerger DR, Shank TM, Butterfield DA, Hayes JM, Schenk MO, Olson EJ, Proskurowski G, Jakuba M, Bradley A, Larson B, Ludvig K, Glickson D, Buckman K, Bradley AS, Brazelton WL, Roe K, Elend MJ, Delacour A, Bernasconi SM, Lilley MD, Baross JA, Summons RE, Sylva S (2005) A serpentine-hosted ecosystem: The Lost City hydrothermal field. Science 307:1428–1434.
67. Kelts K, McKenzie JA. (1982) Diagenetic dolomite formation in Quarternary anoxic diatomaceous muds of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 64, Gulf of California. Init. Reps. DSDP, 64. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington, pp 553–569.
68. Komiya T, Maruyama S, Masusa T, Nohda S, Hayashi M, Okamoto K (1999) Plate tectonics at 3.8-3.7. Ga: Field evidence from the Isua accretionary complex, southern West Greenland. J Geol 107:515–554.
69. Kontinen A (1987) An early Proterozoic ophiolite – The Jormua mafic-ultramafic complex, northeastern Finland. Precamb Res 35:313–341.
70. Kröner A, Zhao GC, Wilde SA, Zhai MG, Passchier CW, Sun M, Guo JH, O’Brian PJ, Walte N (2001) A Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic Lower to Upper Crustal Section in the Hengshan- Wutaishan Area of North China. Guidebook for Penrose Conference Field Trip, September 2002. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, pp 63.
71. Krumbein WE, Urzi CECA, Gehrman C (1991) Biocorrosion and biodeterioration of antique and medieval glass. Geomicrob J 9:139–160.
72. Lemoine M, Tricard P, Boillot G (1987) Ultramafic and gabbroic ocean floor of the Ligurian Tethys (Alps, Corsica, Appennines): In search of a genetic model. Geology 15:622–625.
73. Lovley DR, Chapelle FH (1995) Deep subsurface microbial processes. Rev Geophys 33:365–381.
74. Lysnes K, Thorseth IH, Steinsbu BO, Øvreås L, Torsvik T, Pedersen RB (2004) Microbial community diversity in seafloor basalts from the Arctic spreading ridges. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 50:213–230.
75. Luydendyk BP, Cann JR. et al (1978) Init. Repts. DSDP, 49,Washington (U. S. Government Printing Office)
76. Malpas J, Moores EM, Panayiotou A, Xenophontos C (1990) Ophiolites: Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Proceeding of the Symposium “Troodos 1987”. The Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nicosia, Cyprus, pp 733.
77. Maruyama S, Liou JG (1988) Petrology of Franciscan metabasites along jadeite-glaucophane type facies series, Cazadero, California. J Petrol 29:1–37.
78. Matsushita M, Hiramatsu F, Kobayashi N, Ozawa T, Yamazaki Y, Matsuyama T (2004) Colony formation in bacteria: experiments and modelling. Biofilms 1:305–317. doi:10.1017/S1479050505001626.
79. McKay DS, Clemett SJ, Thomas-Keprta KL, Wentworth SJ, Gibson EK, Robert F, Verchovsky AB, Pillinger CT, Rice T, Van Leer B (2006) Observation and analysis of in situ carbonaceous matter in Nakhla: part I. The 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston 2006, abstract 2251.
80. McKeegan KD, Kudryavtsev AB, Schopf JW (2007) Raman and ion microscopic imagery of graphitic inclusions in apatite from older than 3830. Ma Akilia supracrustal rocks, west Greenland. Geology 35(7):591–594.
81. McLoughlin N, Brasier MD, Wacey D, Green OR, Perry RS (2007) On biogenicity criteria for endolithic microborings on early earth and beyond. Astrobiology 7:10–26.
82. McLoughlin N, Furnes H, Banerjee NR, Staudigel H, Muehlenbachs K, deWit M, Van Kranendonk M (2008) Micro-Bioerosion in Volcanic Glass: extending the Ichnofossil Record to Archean basaltic crust. In: Wisshak M, Tapanila L (eds) Springer Verlag
83. Melezhik VA, Sturt BA (1994) General geology and evolutionary history of the early Proterozoic Polmak-Pasvik-Pechenga-Imandra/Varzuga-Ust’Ponoy Greenstone Belt in the north-eastern Baltic Shield. Earth Sci Rev 36:205–241.
84. Melezhik VA, Huhma H, Fallick AE, Whitehouse MJ (2007) Temporal constraints on the Paleoproterozoic Lomagundi-Jatuli carbon isotope event. Geology 35(7):655–658.
85. Mellor E (1922) Les lichen vitricole et la d´eterioration dex vitraux d’église: Thèse de dochert thesis, Sorbonne, Paris
86. Mojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G, McKeegan KD, Harrison TM, Nutman AP, Friend CRL (1996) Evidence of life on Earth before 3800 million years ago. Nature 384:55–59.
87. Moorbath S (2005) Dating earliest life. Nature 434:155.
88. Myers JS (2001) Protoliths of the 3.8-3.7Ga Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland. Precamb Res 105:129–141.
89. Nelson DR (2005) GSWA geochronology dataset, In: Compilation of geochronology data, June 2005 update. Western Australia Geological Survey, GSWA 178042.
90. Nicolas A, Boudier F, Meshi A (1999) Slow spreading accretion and mantle denudation in the Mirdita ophiolite (Albania). J Geophys Res 104:15155–1517.
91. Nisbet EG, Sleep NH (2001) The habitat and nature of early life. Nature 409:1083–1090.
92. Nutman AP (1986) The early Archaean to Proterozoic history of the Isukasia area, southern West Greenland. Grønlands Geol Unders Bull 154:80.
93. Ohnenstetter D, Ohnenstetter M, Rocci G (1976) Etude des metamorphismes successife des cumulates ophiolitiques de Corse. Bull Soc Geol France XVIII:115–134.
94. Palmer HC, Tazaki K, Fyfe WS, Zhou Z (1988) Precambrian glass. Geology 16:221–224.
95. Panayiotou A (ed) (1980) Ophiolites. Proceedings of the International ophiolite Symposium, Cyprus 1979. Cyprus Geological Survey Department, pp 781.
96. Parson I, Hawkins J, Allan J, et al. (1992) Proc. ODP, Init. Repts, 135. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington
97. 3 on the chemical durability of silicate glasses at different pH values. J Mat Sci 13:1499–1502.
98. Peacock MA (1926) The petrology of Iceland. Part I, The basic tuffs. Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 55:51–76.
99. Pedersen K (1997). Microbial life in deep granitic rocks. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:399–414.
100. Pedersen K, Ekendahl S, Tullborg E-L, Furnes H, Thorseth IH, Tumyr O (1997) Evidence of ancient life at 207m depth in a granitic aquifer. Geology 25:827–830.
101. Peltonen P, Kontinen A, Huhma H (1996) Petrology and geochemistry of metabasalts from the 1.95. Ga Jormua ophiolite, Northeastern Finland. J Petrol 37:1359–1383.
102. Rasmussen B (2000) Filamentous microfossils in a 3,250-million-year-old volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit. Nature 405:676–679.
103. Robinson PT, Flower MFJ, Swanson DA, Staudigel H (1979) Lithology and eruptive stratigraphy of Cretaceous oceanic crust, western Atlantic Ocean. In: Donelly T, Francheteau J, Bryan W, Robinson P, Flower M, Salisbury M. et al (eds) Init. Repts. DSDP, LI, LII, LIII. (U. S. Government Printing Office), Washington Rosing MT (1999) 13C-depleted carbon microparticles in >3700-Ma sea-floor sedimentary rocks from West Greenland. Science 283:674–676.
104. Rosing MT, Rose NM, Bridgwater D, Thomsen HS (1996) Earliest part of Earth’s stratigraphic record: a reappraisal of the >3.7Ga Isua (Greenland) supracrustal sequence. Geology 24:43–46.
105. Ross KA, Fisher RV (1986) Biogenic grooving on glass shards. Geology 14:571–573.
106. Santelli CM, Bach W, Edwards KJ (2006). Microorganisms and the weathering of basalt at the seafloor. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70 (issue 18) A556 (Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts) doi:10.1016/j.gea.2006.06.1027.
107. Schidlowski M (1988) A 3800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature 333:313–318.
108. Schidlowski M (2001) Carbon isotopes as biogeochemical recorders of life over 3.8. Ga of Earth history: evolution of a concept. Precamb Res 106:117–134.
109. Schiffman P, Williams AE, Evarts RC (1984) Oxygen isotope evidence for submarine hydrothermal alteration of the Del Puerto ophiolite, California. Earth Planet Sci Lett 70:207–220.
110. Schiffman P, Evarts RCE, Williams AE, Pickthorn WJ (1991) Hydrothermal metamorphism in oceanic crust from the Coast Ranges ophiolite of California:fluid-rock interaction in a rifted island arc. In: Peters TJ., Nicolas A, Coleman RG (eds) Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 399–425.
111. Schippers A, Neretin LN, Kallmeyer J, Fendelman TG, Cragg BA, Parkes RJ, Jørgensen BB (2005) Prokaryotic cells of the deep sub-seafloor biosphere identified as living bacteria. Nature 433:861–64.
112. Schmincke H-U, Bednarz U (1990) Pillow, sheet flow and breccia flow volcanoes and volcanotectonic hydrothermal cycles in the Extrusive Series of the northeastern Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus). In: Malpas J, Moores EM, Panayiotou A, Xenophontos C (eds) Ophiolites Oceanic Crustal Analogues, Proceedings of the Symposium “Troodos 1987”. The Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nicosia, Cyprus, pp 185–206.
113. Schopf JW, Packer BM (1987) Early Archean (3.3. Billion to 3.5. Billion-Year-Old) Microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia. Science 237:70–73.
114. Schumann G, Manz W, Reitner J, Lustrino M (2004) Ancient Fungal Life in North Pacific Eocene Ocenaic Crust. Geomicrobiol J 21:241–246.
115. Shallo M (1995) Volcanics and sheeted dykes of the Albanian SSZ ophiolite. Buletini i Shkencave Gjeologjike 91:99–118.
116. Shervais JW, Hanan BB (1989) Jurassic volcanic glass from the Stonyford volcanic complex, Franciscan assemblage, northern California Coast Ranges. Geology 17:510–514.
117. Simonetti A, Heaman LM, Chacko T, Banerjee NR (2006) In situ petrographic thin section U–Pb dating of zircon, monazite, and titanite using laser ablation–MC–ICP-MS. Internat J Mass Spectrometry 253:87–97.
118. Sinton JM, Detrick RS (1992) Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers. J Geophys Res 97:197–216.
119. Smolkin VF, Bayanova TB, Fedotov Zh A (2003) Ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Pechenga-Allarechka area, Kola region: isotopic dating. In: Proceedings of the II Russian Conference on Isotope Geochemistry, St. Petersburg, pp 467–470 (in Russian)
120. Staudigel H, Chastain RA, Yayanos A, Bourcier R (1995) Biologically mediated dissolution of glass. Chem Geol 126:119–135.
121. Staudigel H, Yayanos A, Chastain R, Davies G, Verdurmen EATh, Schiffman P, Bourcier R, De Baar H (1998) Biologically mediated dissolution of volcanic glass in seawater. Earth Planet Sci Lett 164:233–244.
122. Staudigel H, Furnes H (2004) Microbial mediation of oceanic crust alteration. In: Davis E, Elderfield H (eds) Hydrology of the Oceanic Lithosphere. Cambride University Press, pp 608–626.
123. Staudigel H, Furnes H, Kelley K, Plank T, Muehlenbachs K, Tebo B, Yayanos A (2004) The Oceanic Crust as a Bioreactor. In: AGU Monograph 144. Deep Subsurface Biosphere at Mid- Ocean Ridges pp 325–341.
124. Staudigel H, Furnes H, Banerjee NR, Dilek Y, Muehlenbachs K (2006) Microbes and Volcanos: A tale from the Oceans, Ophiolites and Greenstone Belts. GSA Today 16(10). doi:10.1130/GSAT01610A.1.
125. Stetter KO, Fiala G, Huber G, Segerer A (1990) Hypothermophilic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 75:117–124.
126. Storrie-Lombardi MC, Fisk MR (2004) Elemental abundance distributions in suboceanic basalt glass: Evidence of biogenic alteration. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 5(10). doi:10.1029/2004GC000755.
127. Stroncik N, Schmincke H-U (2001) Evolution of palagonite: Crystallization, chemical changes, and element budget. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 2(7). doi:10.1029/2000GC000102.
128. Swanson SE, Schiffman P (1979) Textural evolution and metamorphism of pillow basalts from the Franciscan Complex, western Marin County, California. Contrib Mineral Petrol 69: 291–299.
129. Tappert R, Stachel T, Harris JW, Muehlenbachs K, Ludwig T, Brey GP (2005) Subducting oceanic crust: The source of deep diamonds. Geology 33:565–568.
130. Templeton AS, Staudigel H, Tebo BM (2005) Diverse Mn(II)-Oxidizing bacteria isolated from submarine Basalts at Loihi Seamount. J Geomicrobiol 22:127–139.
131. Thorseth IH, Furnes H, Tumyr O (1991) A textural and chemical study of Icelandic palagonite of varied composition and its bearing on the mechanism of the glass-palagonite transformation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:731–749.
132. Thorseth IH, Furnes H, Heldal M (1992) The importance of microbiological activity in the alteration of natural basaltic glass. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:845–850.
133. Thorseth IH, Torsvik T, Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K (1995a) Microbes play an important role in the alteration of oceanic crust. Chem Geol 126:137–146.
134. Thorseth IH, Furnes H, Tumyr O (1995b) Textural and chemical effects of bacterial activity on basaltic glass: an experimental approach. Chem Geol 119:139–160.
135. Thorseth IH, Torsvik T, Torsvik V, Daae FL, Pedersen RB, Keldysh-98. Scientific party (2001) Diversity of life in ocean floor basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 194:31–37.
136. Thorseth IH, Pedersen RB, Christie DM (2003) Microbial alteration of 0–30-Ma seafloor and sub-seafloor basaltic glasses from the Australian Antarctic Discordance. Earth Planet Sci Lett 215:237–247.
137. Torsvik T, Furnes H, Muehlenbachs K, Thorseth IH, Tumyr O (1998) Evidence for microbial activity at the glass-alteration interface in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 162:165–176.
138. Ueno Y, Maruyama S, Isozaki Y, Yurimoto H (2001) Early Archean (ca. 3.5Ga) microfossils and 13C-depleted carbonaceous matter in the North Pole area, Western Australia: Field occurrence and geochemistry, In: Nakashima S, Maruyama S, Brack A, Windley BF (eds) Geochemistry and the origin of life. Universal Academy Press Inc, Tokyo, pp 203–236.
139. Van Kranendonk MJ (2006) Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth: A review of the evidence from c. 3490-3240. Ma rocks of the Pilbara Supergroup, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Earth-Sci Rev 74:197–240.
140. Van Kranendonk MJ, Pirajno F (2004) Geochemistry of metabasalts and hydrothermal alteration zones associated with c. 3.45. Ga chert and barite deposits: implications for the geological setting of the Warrawoona Group, Pilbara craton, Australia. Geochemistry: Exploration Environment Analysis 4:253–278.
141. Van Kranendonk MJ, Hickman AH, Smithies RH, Nelson DN, Pike G (2002) Geology and tectonic evolution of the Archaean North Pilbara terrain, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Econ Geol 97(4):695–732.
142. Van Kranendonk MJ, Collins WJ, Hickman A, Pawley MJ (2004) Critical tests of vertical vs. horizontal tectonic models for the Archean East Pilbara Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precamb Res 131:173–211.
143. Van Kranendonk MJ, Hickman AH, Smithies RH, Champion DC (2007) Review: secular tectonic evolution of Archaean continental crust: interplay between horizontal and vertical processes in the formation of Pilbara Craton, Australia. Terra Nova 19:1–39.
144. Wakabayashi J (1992) Nappes, tectonics of oblique plate convergence, and metamorphic evolution related to 140 million years of continuous subduction, Franciscan Complex, California. J Geol 100:19–40.
145. Wakabayashi J (1999) The Franciscan Complex, San Francisco Bay Area: A record of subduction complex processes. In: Wagner DL, Graham SA (eds) Geologic Field Trips in Northern California. California Division of Mines Special Publication 119:1–21.
146. Walter MR, Buick R, Dunlop JSR (1980) Stromatolites, 3,400–3,500. Myr old from the North Pole area, Western Australia. Nature 284:443–445.
147. Walton AW, Schiffman P (2003) Alteration of hyaloclastites in the HSDP 2. Phase 1. Drill Core 1. Description and paragenesis. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 4(5). Doi: 10.1029/2002GC000368.
148. Walton AW, Schiffman P, Macperson GL (2005) Alteration of hyaloclastites in the HSDP 2. Phase 1. Drill Core: 2. Mass balance of the conversion of sideromelane to palagonite and chabazite. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 6(9). doi: 10.1029/2004GC000903.
149. Wijbrans JR, McDougall I (1987) On the metamorphic history of an Archaean granitoid greenstone terrane, East Pilbara, Western Australia, using the 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum technique. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84:226–242.
150. Wilde SA, Valley JW, Peck WH, Graham CM (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4. Gya ago. Nature 409:175–178.
151. Zavarzina DG, Sokolova TG, Tourova TP, Chernyh NA, Kostrikina NA, and Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA (2007) Thermincola ferriacetica sp nov, a new anaerobic, thermophilic, faculatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium capable of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. Extremophiles 11:1–7.
152. Zhai MG, Yan YH, Lu WJ, Zhou JB (1985) Geochemistry and evolution of the Qingyuan Archean granite-greenstone terrain, N. China. Precamb Res 27:37–62.
153. Zhao G, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Sun M (2001) Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: lithological, geochemical, structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution. Precamb Res 107:45–73.
154. Zhang Z, Goloubic S (1987) Endolithic microfossils (cyanophyta) from early Proterozoic Stromatolites, Hebei China. Acta Micropaleontol Sin 4:1–12.
155. Zhou GC, Wilde SA, Cawood PA, Lu LZ (1998) Thermal evolution of the Archean basement rocks from the eastern part of the North China Craton and its bearing on tectonic setting. Int Geol Rev 40:706–721