Geochemistry of metabasalts and hydrothermal alteration zones associated with c. 3.45 Ga chert and barite deposits: Implications for the geological setting of the Warrawoona group, Pilbara Craton, Australia

Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 253-278

  Van Kranendonk, Martin J ^a   Pirajno, Franco ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Archaean; Basalt geochemistry; Hydrothermal alteration; Mineralization; Pilbara Craton

Indexed keywords

BARITE; BASALT; CLAY ALTERATION; DEPOSITION; GALLIUM; SILICA; SILICATE MINERALS; STRATIGRAPHY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; ZIRCON;

ARCHAEAN; BASALT GEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATIONS; MINERALIZATION; PILBARA;

HYDROCHEMISTRY;

ARCHEAN; BARITE; CHERT; GEOCHEMISTRY; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; METABASALT;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; PILBARA BLOCK; WESTERN AUSTRALIA;

ARCHAEA;

EID: 4043131910     PISSN: 14677873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/1467-7873/04-205     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. ARNDT, N., BRUZAK, G. & REISCHMANN, T. 2001. The oldest continental and oceanic plateaus: Geochemistry of basalts and komatiites of the Pilbara Craton, Australia. In: ERNST, R.E. & BUCHAN, K.L. (eds) Mantle Plumes: Their identification through time. Special Paper, 352. Geological Society of America, 359-387.
2. ARRIBAS, A. JR., CUNNINGHAM, C.G. & RYTUBA, J.J. et al. 1995. Geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions, and isotope geochemistry of the Rodalquilar Gold Alunite Deposit, Spain. Economic Geology, 90, 795-822.
3. AWRAMIK, S.M., SCHOPF, J.W. & WALTER, M.R. 1983. Filamentous fossil bacteria from the Archean of Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 20, 357-374.
4. BAGAS, L. & VAN KRANENDONK, M. 2002. Split Rock, W.A. sheet 2854. 1:100 000 Geological Series. Western Australia Geological Survey.
5. BARLEY, M.E. 1984. Volcanism and hvdrothermal alteration. Warrawoona Group, East Pilbara. In: MUHLING, J. R., GROVES, D. I. & BLAKE, T. S. (eds) Archaean and Proterozoic Basins of the Pilbara, Western Australia: Evolution and Mineralization Potential. Publication, 9. The Geology Department and University Extension, University of Western Australia, 23-36.
6. BARLEY, M.E. 1993. Volcanic, sedimentary and tectonostratigraphic environments of the ∼3.46 Ga Warrawoona Megasequence: a review. Precambrian Research, 60, 47-67.
7. BARLEY, M.E. 1997. The Pilbara Craton. In: DE WIT, M. J. & ASHWAL, L. (eds) Greenstone Belts. Oxford University Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, 35. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 657-664.
8. BARLEY, M.E. & PICKARD, A.L. 1999. An extensive, crustally-derived, 3325 to 3310 Ma silicic volcanoplutonic suite in the eastern Pilbara Craton: evidence from the Kelly Belt, McPhee Dome, and Corunna Downs Batholith. Precambrian Research, 96, 41-62.
9. BARLEY, M.E., SYLVESTER, G.C. & GROVES, D.I. 1984. Archaean calc-alkaline volcanism in the Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 24, 285-319.
10. BICKLE, M.J., BETTENAY, L.F. & CHAPMAN, H.J. et al 1993. Origin of the 3500-3300 Ma calc-alkaline rocks in the Pilbara Archaean: isotopic and geochemical constraints from the Shaw Batholith. Precambrian Research, 60, 117-149.
11. BRASIER, M.D., GREEN, O.R. & JEPHCOAT, A.P. et al 2002. Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature, 416, 76-81.
12. BRATHWAITE, R.L. & PIRAJNO, F. ET AL. 1993. Metallogenic Map of New Zealand. Monograph, 3. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences.
13. BRAUHART, C.W., GROVES, D.I. & MORANT, P. 1998. Regional alteration systems associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization at Panorama, Pilbara, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 93, 292-302.
14. BUICK, R. 1988. Carbonaceous filaments from North Pole, Western Australia: are they fossil bacteria in Archean stromatolites? A reply. Precambrian Research, 39, 311-317.
15. BUICK, R. & BARNES, K.R. 1984. Cherts in the Warrawoona Group: Early Archaean silicified sediments deposited in shallow-water environments. In: MUHLING, J. R., GROVES, D. I. & BLAKE, T. S. (eds) Archaean and Proterozoic Basins of the Pilbara, Western Australia: Evolution and Mineralization Potential. Publication, 9. The Geology Department and University Extension, University of Western Australia, 37-53.
16. BUICK, R. & DUNLOP, J. 1990. Evaporitic sediments of early Archaean age from the Warrawoona Group, North Pole, Western Australia. Sedimentology, 37, 247-277.
17. BUICK, R., THORNETT, J.R., MCNAUGHTON, N.J., SMITH, J.B., BARLEY, M.E. & SAVAGE, M. 1995. Record of emergent continental crust ∼3.5 billion years ago in the Pilbara Craton of Australia. Nature, 375, 574-577.
18. BUICK, R., BRAUHART, C.W. & MORANT et al 2002. Geochronology and stratigraphic relationships of the Sulphur Springs Group and Strelley Granite: a temporally distinct igneous province in the Archaean Pilbara Craton, Australia. Precambrian Research, 114, 87-120.
19. BUTTON, A. & TYLER, N. 1979. Precambrian palaeoweathering and erosion surfaces in Southern Africa: review of their character and economic significance. Information Circular, 135. Economic Geology Resources Unit, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
20. CALLAGHAN, T. 2001. Geology and host-rock alteration of the Henty and Mount Julia gold deposits, Western Tasmania. Economic Geology, 96, 1073-1088.
21. CAMPBELL, I.H. & HILL, R.I. 1988. A two-stage model for the formation of the granite-greenstone terrains of the Kalgoorlie-Norseman area, Western Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 11-25.
22. CAMPBELL, I.H., GRIFFITHS, R.W. & HILL, R.I. 1989. Melting in an Archaean mantle plume: heads it's basalts, tails it's komatiites. Nature, 339, 697-699.
23. COLE, J.W. 1990. Structural control and origin of volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. New Zealand. Bulletin of Volcanology, 52, 445-559.
24. H2O conditions: genesis of 3300 Ma Na-rich granitoids in the Mount Edgar BatholithPilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 60, 151-174.
25. CULLERS, R.L., DIMARCO, M.J., LOWE, D.R. & STONE, J. 1993. Geochemistry of a silicified, felsic volcaniclastic suite from the early Archaean Panorama Formation, Pilbara Block, Western Australia: an evaluation of depositional and post-depositional processes with special emphasis on the rare-earth elements. Precambrian Research, 60, 99-116.
26. DAVIS, P.M. 1996. Tomography and seismic anisotropy of Asia and present and past tectonics. In: YIN, A. & HARRISON, T. M. (eds) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 85-94.
27. DIMARCO, M.J. & LOWE, D.R. 1989. Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of an Early Archean Felsic Volcanic Sequence, Eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia, with Special Reference to the Duffer Formation and Implications for Crustal Evolution. Precambrian Research, 44, 147-169.
28. EGGINS, S.M., WOODHEAD, J.D. & KINSLEY et al 1997. A simple method of the precise determination of >40 trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardization. Chemical Geology, 134, 311-326.
29. FERGUSON, K.M. 1999. Lead, zinc and silver deposits of Western Australia. Western Australia Geological Survey, Mineral Resources Bulletin, 15.
30. FITTON, J.G., SAUNDERS, A.D. & LARSEN, L.M. et al 1995. Magma sources and plumbing systems during break-up of the SE Greenland margin: preliminary results from ODP Leg 152. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 152, 985-990.
31. FRANKLIN, J.M., LYDON, J.W. & SANGSTER, D.F. 1981. Volcanic associated massive sulphide deposits. Economic Geology, Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume, 485-627.
32. FREY, F.A., COFFIN, M.F. & WALLACE, P.J. 2000. et al. Origin and evolution of a submarine large igneous province: the Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge, southern Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 176, 73-89.
33. GAMO, T., OKAMURA, K. & CHARLOU, J-L. et al 1997. Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25, 139-142.
34. GEMMELL, J.B., BINNS, R.A. & PARR, J.M. 1999. Submarine, high-sulfidation alteration within DESMOS caldera, Manus Basin, PNG. In: STANLEY, J. (ed.)(ed.) Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Balkema, Rotterdam, 503-506.
35. GIBSON, H.L., WATKINSON, D.H., WATKINS, J.J., LABRIE, M. & DOIRON, G. 1993. Volcanological construction of the Corbert Breccia Pile and Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposit, Noranda, Quebec. Exploration and Mining Geology, 2, 1-16.
36. GILL, J.B. 1981. Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Spinger-Verlag, Berlin.
37. GLIKSON, A.Y. & HICKMAN, A.H. 1981. Geochemistry of Archaean volcanic successions, eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Record, 1981/36.
38. GOELLNICHT, N.M., GROVES, I.M., GROVES, D.I., HO, S.E. & MCNAUGHTON, N.M. 1988. A comparison between mesothermal gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block and gold mineralization at Telfer and Miralga Creek, Western Australia: Indirect evidence for a non-magmatic origin for greenstone-hosted gold. In: HO, S. E. & GROVES, D. I. (eds) Advances in understanding Precambrian gold deposits, volume II, 12. Geology Department and University Extension, The University of Western Australia, 309-319.
39. GRANT, J.A. 1986. The isocon diagram - A simple solution to Gresens' equation for metasomatic alteration. Economic Geology, 81, 1976-1976.
40. GREEN, M.G., SYLVESTER, P.J. & BUICK, R. 2000. Growth and recycling of early Archaean continental crust: geochemical evidence from the Coonterunah and Warrawoona Groups, Pilbara Craton, Australia. Tectonophysics, 322, 69-88.
41. GRESENS, R.L. 1967. Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism. Chemical Geology, 2, 47-55.
42. GROVES, D.I., DUNLOP, J.S.R. & BUICK, R. 1981. An early habitat of life. Scientific American, 245, 64-73.
43. GRUAU, G., JAHN, B.-M., GLIKSON, A.Y., DAVY, R., HICKMAN, A.H. & CHAUVEL, C. 1987. Age of the Archaean Talga-Talga subgroup, Pilbara Block, Western Australia, and early evolution of the mantle: new Sm-Nd isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Stience Letters, 85, 105-116.
44. HALLEY, S.W. & ROBERTS, R.H. 1997. Henty: a shallow water gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in Western Tasmania. Economic Geology, 92, 438-447.
45. HAMILTON, P.J., EVENSEN, N.M., O'NIONS, R.K., GLIKSON, A.Y. & HICKMAN, A.H. 1981. Sm-Nd dating of the North Star basalt, Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Block, Western Australia. In: GLOVER, J. E. & GROVES, D. I. (eds) Archaean Geology. Special Publication, 7. Geological Society of Australia, 187-192.
46. HEDENQUIST, J.W., SIMMONS, S.F., GIGGENBACH, W.F. & ELDRIDGE, C.S. 1993. White Island, New Zealand, volcanic-hydrothermal system represents the geochemical environment of high-sulfidation Cu and Au deposition. Geology, 21, 731-734.
47. HICKMAN, A.H. 1983. Geology of the Pilbara Block and its environs. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Bulletin, 127.
48. HICKMAN, A.H. 1984. Archaean diapirism in the Pilbara Block. Western Australia. In: KRÖNER, A. & GREILING, R. (eds) Precambrian Tectonics Illustrated. E. Schweizerbarts'che Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 113-127.
49. HICKMAN, A.H. 1990. Geology of the Pilbara craton. In: HO, S. E., GLOVER, J. E., MYERS, J. S. & MUHLING, J. R. (eds) Third International Archaean Symposium, Excursion Guidebook. Publication, 21. Geology Department and University Extension, Universitv of Western Australia, 1-13.
50. HICKMAN, A.H. & VAN KRANENDONK, M.J. 2004. Empiric emplacement of Archaean granitoids. In: CONDIE, K.C. (ed.) Events in the Archaean. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
51. HOCKING, R.M. & COCKBAIN, A.E. 1990. Regolith. In: Geology and Mineral Resources of Western Australia. Memoir, 3. Western Australia Geological Survey, 591-602.
52. HOFMANN, H.J., GREY, K., HICKMAN, A.H. & THORPE, R. 1999. Origin of 3.45 Ga coniform stromatolites in Warrawoona Group, Western Australia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 1256-1262.
53. HUSTON, D.L. 2001. Geochemical dispersion about the Western Tharsis Cu-Au deposit, Mt Lyell, Tasmania. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 72, 23-46.
54. KATO, Y. & NAKAMURA, K. 2003. Origin and global tectonic significance of Early Archean cherts from the Marble Bar greenstone belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 125, 191-243.
55. KERR, A.C., WHITE, R.V. & SAUNDERS, A.D. 2000. LIP reading: Recognising oceanic plateaux in the geological record. Journal of Petrology, 41, 1041-1056.
56. KITAJIMA, K., MARUYAMA, S., UTSONOMITA, S. & LIOU, J.G. 2001. Seafloor hydrothermal alteration at an Archaean mid-ocean ridge. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19, 581-597.
57. KOJIMA, S., HANAMURO, T., HAYASHI, K., HARUNA, M. & OHMOTO, H. 1998. Sulphide minerals in Early Archaean chemical sedimentary rocks of the eastern Pilbara district, Western Australia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 64, 219-235.
58. KRAPEZ, B. 1993. Sequence stratigraphy of the Archaean supracrustal belts of the Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 60, 1-45.
59. LAMBERT, I., DONNELLY, T., DUNLOP, J. & GROVES, D. 1978. Stable isotopic compositions of early Archaean sulphate deposits of probable evaporitic and volcanogenic origins. Nature, 276, 808-811.
60. LARGE, R.R. 1992. Australian volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: features, style and genetic models. Economic Geology 87, 471-510.
61. LENTZ, D.R. 1994. Alteration and alteration processes associated with ore-forming systems. Short Course Notes, 11. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division.
62. LOWE, D.R. 1980. Stromatolites 3,400-Myr old from the Archaean of Western Australia. Nature, 284, 441-443.
63. LOWE, D.R. 1983. Restricted shallow-water sedimentation of Early Archean stromatolitic and evaporitic strata of the Strelley Pool Chert, Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 19, 239-283.
64. LOWE, D.R. 1994. Abiological origin of described stromatolites older than 3.2 Ga. Geology, 22, 387-390.
65. LUDDEN, J.N. & THOMPSON, G. 1978. Behaviour of rare earth elements during submarine weathering of tholeiitic basalt. Nature, 274, 147-149.
66. MAHONEY, J.J., STOREY, M., DUNCAN, R.A., SPENCER, K.J. & PRINGLE, M. 1993. Geochemistry and age of the Ontong Java Plateau. In.- PRINGLE, M., SAGER, W., SLITER, W. & STEIN, S. (eds) The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics, and Volcanism. Geophysical Monograph, 77. American Geophysical Union, 233-261.
67. MCNAUGHTON, N.J., GREEN, M.D., COMPSTON, W. & WILLIAMS, I.S. 1988. Are anorthositic rocks basement to the Pilbara Craton?. Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts, 21, 272-273.
68. MICHARD, A. 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 745-750.
69. MISRA, K.C. 2000. Understanding mineral deposits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
70. MOUNTAIN, E. 1974. The geology of the area around East London, Cape Province. An explanation of sheet 3227D East London and 3228C Kei Mouth. Geological Survey Góvt. Printer, South Africa.
71. NESBITT, H.W. & MARCOVICS, G. 1997. Weathering of granodioritic crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1653-1670.
72. NESBITT, H.W. & YOUNG, G.M. 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299, 715-717.
73. NIJMAN, W., DEBRUIJNE, K. & VALKERING, M. 1999. Growth fault control of Early Archaean cherts, barite mounds, and chert-barite veins, North Pole Dome, Eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 95, 247-274.
74. NORRISH, K. & CHAPPELL, B.W.X-R. 1977. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In: ZUSSMAN, J. (ed.) Physical Methods in Determinative Mineralogy 2nd. Academic Press, London, 201-272.
75. NORRISH, K. & HUTTON, J.T. 1969. An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33, 431-453.
76. OHMOTO, H. & SKINNER, B.J. (EDS) 1983. The Kuroko and related volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph, 5.
77. OHMOTO, H. & TAKAHASHI, T. 1983. Part III. Submarine calderas and Kuroko genesis. Economic Geology Monograph, 5, 39-54.
78. OPERTO, S. & CHARVIS, P. 1995. Kerguelen Plateau: a volcanic passive margin fragment? Geology, 23, 137-140.
79. PANTELEYEV, A. 1986. A Canadian Cordilleran model for epithermal gold-silver deposits. Geoscience Canada, 13, 31-42.
80. PETER, J.M. 2002. Ancient iron formations: their genesis and use in the exploration for stratiform base metal sulphide deposits, with examples from the Bathurst Mining Camp. In: LENTZ, D. R. (ed.) Geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks: Evolutionary Considerations to Mineral Deposit-Forming Environments. Geotext, 4. Geological Association of Canada, 139-170.
81. PIKE, J. 2000. Minerals laboratory staff develop new ICP-MS preparation method. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Research Newsletter, Dec. 2000, 12-14.
82. PIRAJNO, F. 1992. Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
83. ROMBERGER, S.B. 1986. Disseminated gold deposits. Geoscience Canada, 13, 21-30.
84. RUNNEGAR, B., DALLASE, W.A., KETCHAM, R.A., COLBERT, M. & CARLSON, W.D. 2001. Early Archaean sulphates from Western Australia first formed as hydrothermal barites not gypsum evaporates. In: Boston, 2001: A Geo-odyssey. Abstracts with Programs. Geological Society of America, A-404.
85. RÉVILLON, S., HALLOT, E., ARNDT, N.T., CHAUVEL, C. & DUNCAN, R.A. 2000. A complex history for the Caribbean Plateau: Petrology, Geochemistry, and geochronology of the Beata Ridge, South Hispanola. Journal of Geology, 108, 641-661.
86. SCHOPF, J.W. 1993. Microfossils of the Early Archaean Apex Chest: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science, 260, 640-646.
87. SCHOPF, J.W., KUDRYAYTSEV, A.B., AGRESTI, D.G., WDOWIAK, T.J. & CZAJA, A.D. 2002. Laser-Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils. Nature, 416, 73-76.
88. SHAPIRO, L. & BRANNOCK, W.W. 1962. Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate and phosphate rocks. United States Geological Survey, Bulletin, 114A.
89. SHEN, Y., BUICK, R. & CANFIELD, D.E. 2001. Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era. Nature, 410, 77-81.
90. SILLITOE, R.H., HANNINGTON, M.D. & THOMPSON, J.F.H. 1996. High sulfidation deposits in the volcanogenic massive sulfide environment. Economic Geology, 91, 204-212.
91. SMITHIES, R.H., NELSON, D.R. & PIKE, G. 2001. Development of the Archaean Mallina Basin, Pilbara Craton, north-western Australia; a study of detrital and inherited zircon ages. Sedimentary Geology, 141-142, 79-94.
92. SMITHIES, R.H., CHAMPION, D.C. & CASSIDY, K.F. 2003. Formation of Earth's early Archaean continental crust. Precambrian Research, 127(1-3), 89-101.
93. SPEAR, F.S. 1993. Metamorphic phase equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time paths. Monograph Series. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C..
94. SPRY, P.G., PETER, J.M. & SLACK, J.M. 2000. Meta-exhalites as exploration guides to ore. In: SPRY, P. G., MARSHALL, B. & VOKES, F.M. (eds) Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology, 11. Society of Economic Geologists, 163-201.
95. STOFFERS, P., HANNINGTON, M., WRIGHT, I., HERZIG, P. & DERONDE, C. 1999. & Shipboard Scientific Party Elemental mercury at submarine hydrothermal vents in the Bay of Plenty, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geology, 27, 931-934.
96. SUN, S-S. & McDONOUGH, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle compositions and processes. Special Publication, 42. Geological Society, 3131-3145.
97. TATSUMI, T. 1970. Volcanism and ore genesis. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
98. TAYLOR, R.P. & FRYER, B.B. 1983. Rare earth element lithogeochemistry of granitoid mineral deposits. Canadian Institute of Mining, Bulletin, 76, 74-84.
99. TERABAYASHI, M., MASUDA, Y. & OZAWA, H. 2003. Archaean ocean floor metamorphism in the North Pole area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 127, 167-180.
100. THORPE, R.A., HICKMAN, A.H., DAVIS, D.W., MORTENSEN, J.K. & TRENDALL, A.F. 1992a. U-Pb zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic units in the Marble Bar region, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 56, 169-189.
101. THORPE, R.I., HICKMAN, A.H., DAVIS, D.W., MORTENSEN, J.K. & TRENDALL, A.F. 1992b. Constraints to models for Archaean lead evolution from precise U-Pb geochronology from the Marble Bar region. Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. In: GLOVER, J. E. & HO, S. (eds) The Archaean: Terrains, processes and metallogeny. Publication, 22. Geology Department and University Extension, The University of Western Australia, 395-408.
102. UENO, Y., ISOZAKI, Y., YOSHIOKA, H. & MARUYAMA, S. 2001. Carbon isotopic signatures of individual Archean microfossils(?) from Western Australia. International Geology Review, 43, 196-212.
103. VALETTE, J.N. 1973. Distribution of certain trace elements in marine sediments surrounding Vulcano Island (Italy). In: AMSTUTZ, G.C. & BERNARD, A.J. (eds) Ores in sediments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
104. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J. 2000. Geolqgy of the North Shaw 1:100 000 sheet. 1:100 000 series Explanatory Notes. Western Australia Geological Survey.
105. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J. 2004. Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth: new evidence from the Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research.
106. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J., HICKMAN, A.H., WILLIAMS, I.R. & NIJMAN, W. 2001. Archaean geology of the East Pilbara Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia - a field guide. Western Australia Geological Survey, Record, 2001/9.
107. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J., HICKMAN, A.H., SMITHIES, R.H., NELSON, D.R. & PIKE, G. 2002. Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Archaean North Pilbara Terrain, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 97, 695-732.
108. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J., WEBB, G.E. & KAMBER, B.S. 2003a. Geological and trace element evidence for a marine sedimentary environment of deposition and biogenicity of 3.45 Ga stromatolitic carbonates in the Pilbara Craton, and support for a reducing Archean ocean. Geobiology, 1(2), 91-108.
109. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J., WEBB, G.E., KAMBER, B.S. & PIRAJNO, F. 2003b. Geological setting and biogenicity of 3.45 Ga stromatolitic cherts, east Pilbara, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Special Supplement, A510.
110. VAN KRANENDONK, M.J., COLLINS, W.J., HICKMAN, A.H. & PAWLEY, M.J. 2004. Critical tests of vertical vs horizontal tectonic models for the Archaean East Pilbara Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research.
111. VEARNCOMBE, S., VEARNCOMBE, J.R. & BARLEY, M.E. 1998. Fault and stratigraphic controls on volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Strelley Belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 88, 67-82.
112. WALTER, M.R., BUICK, R. & DUNLOP, J.S.R. 1980. Stromatolites, 3,400-3,500 Myr old from the North Pole area, Western Australia. Nature, 284, 443-445.
113. WANG, D. 1999. Geological setting and features of the Ashele Cu-Zn deposits, Xinjiang, China. Exploration and Mining Geology, 8, 197-210.
114. WANG, D. 2003. Geology, geochemistry, and geodynamics of the Ashele VHMS Cu-Zn deposit, northwestern Xinjiang. In: MAO, J., GOLDFARB, R., SELTMANN, R., WANG, D., XIAO, W. & HART, C. (eds) Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan. Field Guide for the International Symposium of the IGCP-473. International Association of the Genesis of Ore Deposits, 153-168.
115. WHITE, N.C. & HEDENQUIST, J.W. 1995. Epithermal gold deposits: styles, characteristics and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists, Newsletter, 23, 1-13.
116. ZHANG, Y-S. 1998. Three-dimensional upper mantle structure beneath East Asia and its tectonic implications. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series, 27, 11-23.