Impacts of climate change on submerged and emergent wetland plants

Aquatic Botany

Volumn 135, Issue , 2016, Pages 3-17

  Short, Frederick T ^a   Kosten, Sarian ^b   Morgan, Pamela A ^c   Malone, Sparkle ^d   Moore, Gregg E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (United States)

^d ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Freshwater plants; Global climate change; Mangroves; Marsh; Seagrass; Submergent plants

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM; AQUATIC PLANT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; HABITAT LOSS; MANGROVE; PLANT COMMUNITY; SALTMARSH; SEAGRASS; SPECIES RICHNESS; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

RHIZOPHORACEAE;

EID: 84979697126     PISSN: 03043770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Allan, R.P.R., Soden, B.J.B., Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes. Science 321 (2008), 1481–1484, 10.1126/science.1160787.
2. Alongi, D.M., Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis and response to global climate change. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 76 (2008), 1–13.
3. 2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent. Mar. Environ. Res. 99 (2014), 9–15.
4. Armitage, R.A., Highfield, E.W., Brody, D.S., Louchouarn, P., The contribution of mangrove expansion to salt marsh loss on the Texas Gulf Coast. PLoS One 10 (2015), 1–17, 10.1371/journal.pone.0125404.
5. 2. Plant Cell Environ. 20 (1997), 1158–1166.
6. Barber, B.J., Behrens, P.J., Effects of elevated temperature on seasonal in situ leaf productivity of Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König and Syringodium filiforme Kützing. Aquat. Bot. 22 (1985), 61–69.
7. Barko, J.W., Smart, R.M., Comparative influences of light and temperature on the growth and metabolism of selected submersed fresh water macrophytes. Ecol. Mono. 51 (1981), 219–236.
8. Baustian, J.J., Mendelssohn, I.A., Hester, M.W., Vegetation's importance in regulating surface elevation in a coastal salt marsh facing elevated rates of sea level rise. Global Change Biol. 18 (2012), 3377–3382.
9. Bayley, S.E., Creed, I.F., Sass, G.Z., Wong, A.S., Frequent regime shifts in trophic states in shallow lakes on the Boreal Plain: Alternative unstable states?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52 (2007), 2002–2012.
10. Beckage, B., Platt, W.J., Slocum, M.G., Panko, B., Influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on fire regimes in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 84 (2003), 3124–3130, 10.1093/cvr/cvu015.
11. Beklioglu, M., Water level control over submerged macrophyte development in five shallow lakes of Mediterranean Turkey. Arch. Hydrobiol. 166 (2006), 535–556.
12. Berns, D.M., Physiological responses of Thalassia testudinum and Ruppia maritima to experimental salinity levels. 63 pp M.S. Thesis, 2003, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
13. Best, E.P.H., Visser, H.W., Seasonal growth of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. in mesotrophic Lake Vechten (Netherlands) in relation to insolation, temperature and reserve carbohydrates. Hydrobiologia 148 (1987), 231–244.
14. Birch, W.R., Birch, M., Succession and pattern of tropical intertidal seagrasses in Cockle Bay, Queensland, Australia: a decade of observations. Aquat. Bot. 19 (1984), 343–367.
15. Björk, M., Short, F., Mcleod, E., Beer, S., Managing Seagrasses for Resilience to Climate Change. 2008, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
16. Blindow, I., Schütte, M., Elongation and mat formation of Chara aspera under different light and salinity conditions. Gulati, R., Lammens, E., De Pauw, N., Van Donk, E., (eds.) Shallow Lakes in a Changing World, 2007, Springer, Netherlands, 69–76.
17. Boers, P., Studying the phosphorus release from the Loosdrecht Lakes sediments: using a continuous flow system. Aquat. Ecol. 20 (1986), 51–60.
18. Bouraoui, F., Grizzetti, B., Granlund, K., Rekolainen, S., Bidoglio, G., Impact of climate change on the water cycle and nutrient losses in a Finnish catchment. Clim. Change 66 (2004), 109–126.
19. 2. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44 (1993), 309–332, 10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001521.
20. Bucak, T., Saraoglu, E., Levi, E.E., Tavsanoglu, U.N., Çakiroglu, A.I., Jeppesen, E., Beklioglu, M., The influence of water level on macrophyte growth and trophic interactions in eutrophic Mediterranean shallow lakes: a mesocosm experiment with and without fish. Freshwater Biol. 57 (2012), 1631–1642.
21. Burdick, D.M., Short, F.T., Wolf, J., An index to assess and monitor the progression of the wasting disease in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 94 (1993), 83–90.
22. Burkett, V., Kusler, J., Climate change: potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 36 (2000), 313–320, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04270.x.
23. Cahoon, D.R., Hensel, P., High-resolution global assessment of mangrove responses to sea-level rise: a review. Gilman, E., (eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Responses to Relative Sea Level Rise and Other Climate Change Effects, 13 July 2006, Catchments to Coast, Society of Wetland Scientists 27th International Conference, 9–14 July 2006, Cairns Convention Centre, Cairns, Australia, 2006, Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Honolulu, HI, USA, 9–17 (ISBN: 1-934061-03-4).
24. Campbell, S.J., McKenzie, L.J., Kerville, S.P., Photosynthetic responses of seven tropical seagrasses to elevated seawater temperature. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 330 (2006), 455–468.
25. Cao, Y., Neif, É.M., Li, W., Coppens, J., Filiz, N., Lauridsen, T.L., Davidson, T.A., Søndergaard, M., Jeppesen, E., How biomass and vegetative growth of macrophytes cope with heat waves after long-term adaptation to different temperatures: a mesocosm study. Clim. Res., 2016, 10.3354/cr01352.
26. Chang, H.J., Water quality impacts of climate and land use changes in southeastern Pennsylvania. Prof. Geogr. 56 (2004), 240–257.
27. Charles, H., Dukes, J.S., Effects of warming and altered precipitation on plant and nutrient dynamics of a New England salt marsh. Ecol. Appl. 19 (2009), 1758–1773.
28. 2 enhances biological contributions to elevation change in coastal wetlands by offsetting stressors associated with sea-level rise. J. Ecol. 97 (2009), 67–77.
29. Childers, D.L., A synthesis of long-term research by the Florida Coastal Everglades LTER Program. Hydrobiologia 569 (2006), 531–544, 10.1007/s10750-006-0154-8.
30. Chmura, G.L., What do we need to assess the sustainability of the tidal salt marsh carbon sink?. Ocean Coastal Manag. 83 (2011), 25–31, 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.006.
31. Christensen, J., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Kolli, R., Kwon, W.-T., Laprise, R., Magaña Rueda, V., Mearns, L., Menéndez, C., Räisänen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A., Whetton, P., et al. Regional climate projections. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., (eds.) Climate Change 2007: The Physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
32. Clough, B.F., Andrews, T.J., Cowan, I.R., Physiological processes in mangroves. Clough, B., (eds.) Mangrove Ecosystems in Australia: Structure, Function and Management, 1982, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 193–210.
33. Cole, J.J., Caraco, N.F., Kling, G.W., Kratz, T.K., Carbon-dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science 265 (1994), 1568–1570.
34. Collier, C.J., Waycott, M., Temperature extremes reduce seagrass growth and induce mortality. Mar. Poll. Bull. 83 (2014), 483–490.
35. Collier, C.J., Uthicke, S., Waycotta, M., Thermal tolerance of two seagrass species at contrasting light levels: implications for future distribution in the Great Barrier Reef. Limnol. Oceanogr 56:6 (2011), 2200–2210.
36. Coppens, J., Hejzlar, J., Šorf, M., Jeppesen, E., Erdoğan, Ş., Scharfenberger, U., Mahdy, A., Nõges, P., Tuvikene, A., Baho, D., Trigal, C., Papastergiadou, E., Stefanidis, K., Olsen, S., Beklioğlu, M., The influence of nutrient loading, climate and water depth on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in shallow lakes: a pan-European mesocosm experiment. Hydrobiologia, 2015, 1–20.
37. 2 in situ. Plant Cell Environ. 19 (1996), 127–137.
38. Díaz-Almela, E., Marbá, N., Duarte, C.M., Consequences of Mediterranean warming events in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering records. Global Change Biol. 13 (2007), 224–235.
39. Díaz-Almela, E., Marbá, N., Martínez, R., Santiago, R., Duarte, C.M., Seasonal dynamics of Posidonia oceanica in Magalluf Bay (Mallorca: Spain): temperature effects on seagrass mortality. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54 (2009), 2170–2182.
40. Everglades, the Ecosystem and Its Restoration. Davis, S.M., Ogden, J.C., (eds.), 1994, St. Lucie Press, p. 834.
41. Davis, J.A., McGuire, M., Halse, S.A., Hamilton, D., Horwitz, P., McComb, A.J., Froend, R.H., Lyons, M., Sim, L., What happens when you add salt: predicting impacts of secondary salinisation on shallow aquatic ecosystems by using an alternative-states model. Aust. J. Bot. 51 (2003), 715–724.
42. De Bakker, N.V.J., Van Bodegom, P.M., Van De Poll, W.H., Boelen, P., Nat, E., Rozema, J., Aerts, R., Is UV-B radiation affecting charophycean algae in shallow freshwater systems?. New Phytol. 166 (2005), 957–966.
43. De Leeuw, J., Olff, H., Bakker, J.P., Year-to-year variation in peak above-ground biomass of six salt-marsh angiosperm communities as related to rainfall deficit and inundation frequency. Aquat. Bot. 36 (1990), 139–151.
44. DeLaune, R.D., Jugsujinda, A., Peterson, G.W., Patrick, W.H. Jr., Impact of Mississippi River freshwater reintroduction on enhancing marsh accretionary processes in a Louisiana estuary. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 58 (2003), 653–662, 10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00177-X.
45. Donnelly, J.P., Bertness, M.D., Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98 (2001), 14218–14223.
46. Doody, J., ‘Coastal squeeze' − an historical perspective. J. Coastal Conserv. 10 (2004), 129–138.
47. Duke, N.C., Ball, M.C., Ellison, J.C., Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 7 (1998), 27–47.
48. Ellison, A.M., Farnsworth, E.J., Anthropogenic disturbance of Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: past impacts, present trends, and future prediction. Biotropica 28 (1996), 549–565.
49. Ellison, A.M., Farnsworth, E.J., Simulated sea level change alters anatomy physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia 112 (1997), 435–446.
50. Ellison, J., How South Pacific mangroves may respond to predicted climate change and sea level rise. Gillespie, A., Burns, W., (eds.) Climate Change in the South Pacific: Impacts and Responses in Australia, New Zealand, and Small Islands States, 2000, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 289–301 (Chapter 15).
51. Erickson, J.E., Megonigal, J.P., Peresta, G., Drake, B.G., Salinity and sea level mediate elevated CO2 effects on C3-C4 plant interactions and tissue nitrogen in a Chesapeake Bay tidal wetland. Global Change Biol. 13 (2007), 202–215.
52. Erwin, K.L., Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland restoration in a changing world. Wetlands Ecol. Manag. 17 (2009), 71–84, 10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1.
53. Eslami-Andargoli, L., Dale, P., Sipe, N., Chaseling, J., Mangrove expansion and rainfall patterns in Moreton Bay Southeast Queensland, Australia. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 85 (2009), 292–298.
54. FAO, The World's Mangroves, 1980–2005: A Thematic Study in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. 2007, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 77p.
55. 2 alters anatomy physiology, growth and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia 108 (1996), 599–609.
56. Farooq, M., Suresh Babu, G., Ray, R.S., Misra, R.B., Shankar, U., Hans, R.K., Sensitivity of duckweed (Lemna major) to ultraviolet-B radiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276 (2000), 970–973.
57. Ferrati, R., Canziani, G.A., Moreno, D.R., Estero del Ibera: hydrometeorological and hydrological characterization. Ecol. Model. 183 (2005), 3–15.
58. Field, C., Impacts of expected climte change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), 75–81.
59. Fitzgerald, D.M., Fenster, M.S., Argow, B.A., Buynevich, I.V., Coastal impacts due to sea-level rise. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 36 (2008), 601–647.
60. Garrard, S.L., Beaumont, N.J., The effect of ocean acidification on carbon storage and sequestration in seagrass beds; a global and UK. Mar. Poll. Bull. 86 (2014), 138–146.
61. Gedan, K.B., Bertness, M.D., Experimental warming causes rapid loss of plant diversity in New England salt marshes. Ecol. Lett. 12 (2009), 842–848, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01337.x.
62. Gedan, K.B., Altieri, A.H., Bertness, M.D., Uncertain future of New England salt marshes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 434 (2011), 229–237, 10.3354/meps09084.
63. Germ, M., Mazej, Z., Gaberščik, A., Häder, D.-P., The influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on Batrachium trichophyllum and Potamogeton alpinus—aquatic macrophytes with amphibious character. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 66 (2002), 37–46.
64. Gray, A.J., Mogg, R.J., Climate impacts on pioneer saltmarsh plants. Clim. Res. 18 (2001), 105–112.
65. Hanelt, D., Hawes, I., Rae, R., Reduction of UV-B radiation causes an enhancement of photoinhibition in high light stressed aquatic plants from New Zealand lakes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 84 (2006), 89–102.
66. Hargeby, A., Blindow, I., Hansson, L.A., Shifts between clear and turbid states in a shallow lake: multi-causal stress from climate: nutrients and biotic interactions. Arch. Hydrobiol. 161 (2004), 433–454.
67. Hatton, R.S., DeLaune, R.D., Patrick, W.H. Jr., Sedimentation, accretion, and subsidence in marshes of Barataria Basin, Louisiana. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28 (1983), 494–502.
68. Henry, M.K., Twilley, R.R., Soil development in a coastal Louisiana wetland during a climate-induced vegetation shift from salt marsh to mangrove. J. Coastal Res. 29 (2013), 1273–1283.
69. Herbert, E.R., Boon, P., Burgin, A.J., Neubauer, S.C., Franklin, R.B., Ardón, M., Hopfensperger, K.N., Lamers, L.P.M., Gell, P., A global perspective on wetland salinization: ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands. Ecosphere, 6, 2015, art206.
70. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Bruno, J.F., The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Science 328 (2010), 1523–1528, 10.1126/science.1189930.
71. Howari, F.M., Jordan, B.R., Bouchouche, N., Wyllie-Echeverria, S., Field and remote sensing assessment of mangrove forests and seagrass beds in the northwest part of the United Arab Emirates. J. Coastal Res. 25 (2009), 48–56.
72. IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M., (eds.), 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA (1535 pp).
73. 2 in the field. Plant Cell Environ. 23 (2000), 597–607, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00583.x.
74. James, K., Hart, B., Effect of salinity on four freshwater macrophytes. Mar. Freshwater Res. 44 (1993), 769–777.
75. Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Kanstrup, E., Petersen, B., Eriksen, R.B., Hammershøj, M., Mortensen, E., Jensen, J.P., Have, A., Does the impact of nutrients on the biological structure and function of brackish and freshwater lakes differ. Hydrobiologia 275–276 (1994), 15–30.
76. Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Søndergaard, M., Kristoffersen, K., Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes. 1998, Springer-Verlag, New York.
77. Jeppesen, E., Kronvang, B., Meerhoff, M., Søndergaard, M., Hansen, K.M., Andersen, H.E., Lauridsen, T.L., Beklioglu, M., Özen, A., Olesen, J.E., Climate change effects on runoff, catchment phosphorus loading and lake ecological state, and potential adaptations. J. Environ. Qual. 38 (2009), 1930–1941.
78. Jeppesen, E., Moss, B., Bennion, H., Carvalho, L., DeMeester, L., Feuchtmayr, H., Friberg, N., Gessner, M.O., Hefting, M., Lauridsen, L., Liboriussen, L., Malmquist, H., May, L., Meerhoff, M., Olafsson, J.S., Soons, M.B., Verhoeven, J.T.A., Interaction of climate change and eutrophication. Kernan, M., Battarbee, R.W., Moss, B., (eds.) Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems, 2010, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Malaysia, 119–151.
79. Jeppesen, E., Kronvang, B., Olesen, J., Audet, J., Søndergaard, M., Hoffmann, C., Andersen, H., Lauridsen, T., Liboriussen, L., Larsen, S., Beklioglu, M., Meerhoff, M., Özen, A., Özkan, K., Climate change effects on nitrogen loading from cultivated catchments in Europe: implications for nitrogen retention, ecological state of lakes and adaptation. Hydrobiologia 663 (2011), 1–21.
80. Jimenez, K.L., Starr, G., Staudhammer, C.L., Schedlbauer, J.L., Loescher, H.W., Malone, S.L., Oberbauer, S.F., Carbon dioxide exchange rates from short- and long-hydroperiod Everglades freshwater marsh. J. Geophys. Res., 117(G4), 2012, G04009, 10.1029/2012JG002117.
81. Johnson, W.C., Millet, B.V., Voldseth, R.A., Gutenspergen, G.R., Haugle, D.E., Vulnerability of northern prairie wetlands to climate change. BioScience 55 (2005), 863–872.
82. Jones, W., Price, S.D., Initial Everglades Depth Estimation Network (EDEN) Digital Elevation Model Research and Development. U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2007-1034: Reston, VA. http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/2007-1034/. (No. 2007-1034)., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/2007-1034/.
83. Kahn, A.E., Durako, M.J., Thalassia testudinum seedling responses to changes in salinity and nitrogen levels. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 335 (2006), 1–12.
84. Kaldy, J.E., Effect of temperature and nutrient manipulations on eelgrass Zostera marina L. from the Pacific Northwest, USA. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 453 (2014), 108–115.
85. Keddy, P.A., Wetland Ecology Principles and Conservation. 2000, Cambridge University Press, New York (614 pp).
86. Kim, K., Choi, J., Ryu, J., Jeong, H.J., Lee, K., Park, M.G., Kim, K.Y., Observation of typhoon-induced seagrass die-off using remote sensing. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 154 (2015), 111–121.
87. Kirwan, L.M., Megonigal, J.P., Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise. Nature 504 (2013), 53–60.
88. Kirwan, L.M., Mudd, M.S., Response of salt-marsh carbon accumulation to climate change. Nature 489 (2012), 550–554, 10.1038/nature11440.
89. Kirwan, L.M., Guntenspergen, R.G., Morris, T.J., Latitudinal trends in Spartina alterniflora productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change. Global Change Biol. 15 (2009), 1982–1989, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01834.x.
90. Kirwan, M.L., Guntenspergen, G.R., D'Alpaos, A., Morris, J.T., Mudd, S.M., Temmerman, S., Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 2010, L23401, 10.1029/2010GL045489.
91. Kosten, S., Kamarainen, A., Jeppesen, E., van Nes, E.H., Peeters, E.T.H.M., Mazzeo, N., Sass, L., Hauxwell, J., Hansel-Welch, N., Lauridsen, T.L., Søndergaard, M., Bachmann, R.W., Lacerot, G., Scheffer, M., Climate-related differences in the dominance of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes. Global Change Biol. 15 (2009), 2503–2517.
92. 2 emissions from lakes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, 2010, GB2007.
93. Kosten, S., Jeppesen, E., Huszar, V.L.M., Mazzeo, N., Van Nes, E.H., Peeters, E.T.H.M., Scheffer, M., Ambiguous climate impacts on the competition between submerged macrophytes and phytoplankton in shallow lakes. Freshwater Biol. 56 (2011), 1540–1553.
94. Kotta, J., Möller, T., Orav-Kotta, T., Pärnoja, M., Realized niche width of a brackish water submerged aquatic vegetation under current environmental conditions and projected influences of climate change. Mar. Environ. Res. 102 (2014), 88–101.
95. KrauseJensen, D., SandJensen, K., Light attenuation and photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 (1998), 396–407.
96. Lamers, L., Govers, L., Janssen, I., et al. Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin—a review. Front. Plant Sci. 4 (2013), 1–14, 10.3389/fpls.2013.00268.
97. 2 levels limited by nitrogen induced plant species shift. Nature 466 (2010), 96–99.
98. 2 stimulates marsh elevation gain, counterbalancing sea level rise. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106 (2009), 6182–6186.
99. 2, nitrogen fertilization, and sea level rise. Global Change Biol. 19 (2013), 1495–1503, 10.1111/gcb.12147.
100. Lee, K.S., Park, S.R., Kim, Y.K., Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: a review. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 350 (2007), 144–175.
101. Lessa, G., Masselink, G., Evidence of a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand from the sedimentary record of a macrotidal barrier and paleoestuary system in northwestern Australia. J. Coastal Res. 22 (2006), 100–112.
102. Li, J.H., Erickson, J.E., Peresta, G., Drake, B.G., Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in a Chesapeake Bay wetland under carbon dioxide enrichment. Global Change Biol. 16 (2010), 234–245.
103. Lirman, D., Cropper, W.P., The Influence of salinity on seagrass growth, survivorship, and distribution within Biscayne Bay Florida: field, experimental, and modeling studies. Estuaries 26 (2003), 131–141.
104. Loughland, R.A., Saenger, P., Luker, G., Siddiqui, K., Saji, B., Belt, M., Crawford, K., Changes in the coastal zone of Abu Dhabi determined using satellite images (1972–2003). Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag. 10 (2007), 301–308.
105. Lovelock, C.E., Ellison, J.C., Vulnerability of mangroves and intertidal wetlands of the Greater Barrier Reef to climate change. Johnson, J.E., Marshall, P.A., (eds.) Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment, 2007, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Australia, 237–269.
106. Lugo, A.E., Snedaker, S.C., The ecology of mangroves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5 (1974), 39–64.
107. Lugo, A.E., Brown, S., Brinson, M.M., Concepts in wetland ecology. Lugo, A.E., Brinson, M.M., Brown, S., (eds.) Forest Wetlands: Ecosystems of the World, vol. 15, 1990, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 53–85.
108. Malone, S.L., Staudhammer, C.L., Oberbauer, S.F., Olivas, P., Ryan, M.G., Schedlbauer, J.L., et al. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) enhances CO2 exchange rates in freshwater marsh ecosystems in the Florida Everglades. PLoS One, 9(12), 2014, e115058, 10.1371/journal.pone.0115058.
109. Malone, S.L., Keough, C., Staudhammer, C.L., Ryan, M.G., Parton, W.J., Olivas, P., et al. Ecosystem resistance in the face of climate change: a case study from the freshwater marshes of the Florida Everglades. Ecosphere, 6, 2015, 10.1890/ES14-00404.1 (art57-23).
110. Marba, N., Duarte, C.M., Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality. Global Change Biol., 2010, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02130.x.
111. Marba, N., Gallegos, M.E., Merino, M., Duarte, C.M., Vertical growth of Thalassia testudinum: seasonal and interannual variability. Aquat. Bot. 47 (1994), 1–11.
112. McKee, K.L., Mendelssohn, I.A., Response of a freshwater marsh plant community to increased salinity and increased water level. Aquat. Bot. 34 (1989), 301–316.
113. McKee, D., Hatton, K., Eaton, J.W., Atkinson, D., Atherton, A., Harvey, I., Moss, B., Effects of simulated climate warming on macrophytes in freshwater microcosm communities. Aquat. Bot. 74 (2002), 71–83.
114. McKee, K., Mendelssohn, I., Materne, M., Acute salt marsh die-back in the Mississippi River deltaic plain −a drought-induced phenomenon?. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 13:1 (2004), 65–73.
115. McKee, K.L., Cahoon, D.R., Feller, I., Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 16 (2007), 545–556.
116. 2, climate, and sea level. Global Change Ecol. Wetlands 1 (2012), 63–96, 10.1007/978-94.
117. McLeod, E., Salm, R.V., Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate Change. 2006, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 64p.
118. Mitsch, W.J., Gosselink, J.G., Wetlands. fourth edition, 2007, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
119. Moore, G.E., Gilmer, B.F., Schill, S.R., Distribution of mangrove habitats of Grenada and the Grenadines. J. Coastal Res., 2014, 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00187.1.
120. Moore, K.A., Shields, E.C., Parrish, D.B., Impacts of varying estuarine temperature and light conditions on Zostera marina (eelgrass) and its interactions with Ruppia maritima (widgeon grass). Estuaries Coasts, 2014, 10.1007/s12237-013-9667-3.
121. Moore, G.E., Grizzle, R.E., Ward, K.M., Alshihi, R.M., Distribution, pore water chemistry and stand characteristics of the mangroves of the United Arab Emirates. J. Coastal Res. 31 (2015), 957–963, 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00142.1.
122. Morris, J.T., Sundareshwar, P.V., Nietch, C.T., Kjerfve, B., Cahoon, D.R., Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea-levels. Ecology 83 (2002), 2869–2877.
123. Moss, B., Kosten, S., Meerhoff, M., Battarbee, R.W., Jeppesen, E., Mazzeo, N., Havens, K., Lacerot, G., Liu, Z., De Meester, L., Paerl, H.W., Scheffer, M., Allied attack: climate change and nutrient pollution. Inland Waters 18 (2011), 101–105.
124. Murphy, K.J., Plant communities and plant diversity in softwater lakes of Northern Europe. Aquat. Bot. 73 (2002), 287–324.
125. Najjar, R.G., Walker, H.A., Anderson, P.J., Barron, E.J., Bord, R.J., Gibson, J.R., et al. The potential impacts of climate change on the mid-Atlantic coastal region. Clim. Res. 14 (2000), 219–233.
126. Nejrup, L.B., Pedersen, M.F., Effects of salinity and water temperature on the ecological performance of Zostera marina. Aquat. Bot. 88 (2008), 239–246.
127. Netten, J.C., Arts, G.H.P., Gylstra, R., Van Nes, R.E.H., Scheffer, M., Roijackers, R.M.M., Effect of temperature and nutrients on the competition between free-floating Salvinia natans and submerged Elodea nuttallii in mesocosms. Fundam. Appl. Limnol. 177 (2010), 125–132.
128. Netten, J., Van Zuidam, J., Kosten, S., Peeters, E.T.H.M., Differential response to climatic variation of free-floating and submerged macrophytes in ditches. Freshwater Biol. 56 (2011), 1761–1768.
129. Neubauer, S.C., Ecosystem responses of a tidal freshwater marsh experiencing saltwater intrusion and altered hydrology. Estuaries Coasts 36 (2013), 491–507, 10.1007/s12237-011-9455-x.
130. Noe, G.B., Zedler, J.B., Variable rainfall limits the germination of upper intertidal marsh plants in southern California. Estuaries 24 (2001), 30–40.
131. Novak, A.B., Short, F.T., Leaf reddening in seagrasses. Bot. Mar. 53 (2010), 93–97.
132. Novak, A.B., Short, F.T., Leaf reddening in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in relation to anthocyanins, seagrass physiology and morphology and plant protection. Mar. Biol. 155 (2011), 1403–1416.
133. Novak, A.B., Short, F.T., Transient and permanent leaf reddening in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Bull. Mar. Sci. 88 (2012), 305–315.
134. Nyman, J.A., Walters, R.J., Delaune, R.D., Patrick, W.H. Jr., Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 69 (2006), 370–380.
135. Oviatt, C.A., The changing ecology of temperate coastal waters during a warming trend. Estuaries 27 (2004), 895–904.
136. Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P., Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., Hegerl, G., Howden, M., Jiang, K., Jimenez Cisneroz, B., Kattsov, V., Lee, H., Mach, K.J., Marotzke, J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Meyer, L., Minx, J., Mulugetta, Y., O'Brien, K., Oppenheimer, M., Pereira, J.J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Plattner, G.K., Pšrtner, H.O., Power, S.B., Preston, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Reisinger, A., Riahi, K., Rusticucci, M., Scholes, R., Seyboth, K., Sokona, Y., Stavins, R., Stocker, T.F., Tschakert, P., van Vuuren, D., van Ypserle, J.P., Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Pachauri, R., Meyer, L., (eds.) Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (151 p., ISBN: 978-92-9169-143-2).
137. 2 enrichment: possible impacts of climate change and potential for remediation of coastal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 344 (2007), 1–13.
138. Pan, J., Jiang, X., Li, X., Cong, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, W., Han, H., Luo, S., Yang, G., Influence of temperature and salinity on germination of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) seeds. J. Ocean Univ. China 10 (2011), 147–152.
139. Patrick, D.A., Boudreau, N., Bozic, Z., Carpenter, G.S., Langdon, D.M., LeMay, S.R., Martin, S.M., Mourse, R.M., Prince, S.L., Quinn, K.M., Effects of climate change on late-season growth and survival of native and non-native species of watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spp.): implications for invasive potential and ecosystem change. Aquat. Bot. 103 (2012), 83–88.
140. Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Bein, A., Dedeken, M., Oberti, P., Orsini, A., Santucci, J.-F., Short, F., Dynamic of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in the northwestern Mediterranean: could climate change be to blame?. C. R. Biol. 338 (2015), 484–493.
141. Piechota, J.A.D., Dracup, J.A., Drought and regional hydrologic variation in the United States: associations with the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Water Resour. Res. 32 (1996), 1359–1373.
142. Poff, N.L., Hart, D.D., How dams vary and why it matters for the emerging science of dam removal. BioScience 52 (2002), 659–668.
143. Polidoro, B., Carpenter, K., Collins, L., Duke, N., Ellison, A., Ellison, J., Farnsworth, E., Fernando, E., Kathiresan, K., Koedam, N., Livingstone, S., Miyagi, T., Moore, G., Nam, V., Ong, J., Primavera, J., Salmo, S., Sanciangco, J., Sukardjo, S., Wang, Y., Yong, J., The loss of species: mangrove extinction risk and failure of critical ecosystem services. PLoS One 5 (2010), 1–10.
144. Pu, R., Bell, S., Meyer, C., Mapping and assessing seagrass bed changes in Central Florida's west coast using multitemporal Landsat™ imagery. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 149 (2014), 68–79.
145. Rae, R., Hanelt, D., Hawes, I., Sensitivity of freshwater macrophytes to UV radiation: relationship to depth zonation in an oligotrophic New Zealand lake. Mar. Freshwater Res. 52 (2001), 1023–1032.
146. Rahmstorf, S., A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science 315 (2007), 368–370.
147. Ralph, P.J., Photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to thermal stress. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 171 (1998), 123–130.
148. Rasheed, M.A., McKenna, S.A., Carter, A.B., Coles, R.G., Contrasting recovery of shallow and deep water seagrass communities following climate associated losses in tropical north Queensland, Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 83 (2014), 491–499.
149. Reddy, K.R., DeLaune, R.D., Biogeochemistry of Wetlands: Science and Applications. 2008, CRC Press, Boca Raton (774 pp).
150. Redfield, C.A., Ontogeny of a salt marsh estuary. Science 147 (1965), 50–55.
151. Reusch, T.B.H., Ehlers, A., Hämmerli, A., Worm, B., Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005), 2826–2831.
152. Rooney, N., Kalff, J., Inter-annual variation in submerged macrophyte community biomass and distribution: the influence of temperature and lake morphometry. Aquat. Bot. 68 (2000), 321–335.
153. Russell, B.D., Connell, S.D., Uthicke, S., Muehllehner, N., Fabricius, K.E., Hall-Spencer, J.M., Future seagrass beds: can increased productivity lead to increased carbon storage?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 73 (2013), 463–469, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.031.
154. Saintilan, N., Wilton, K., Changes in the distribution of mangroves and salt marshes in Jervis Bay, Australia. Wetland Ecol. Manag. 9 (2001), 409–420.
155. Saintilan, N., Wilson, N., Rogers, K., Rajkaran, A., Krauss, W.K., Mangrove expansion and salt marsh decline at mangrove poleward limits. Global Change Biol. 20 (2014), 147–157.
156. Salo, T., Pedersen, M.F., Boström, C., Population specific salinity tolerance in eelgrass (Zostera marina). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 461 (2014), 425–429.
157. Sandoval-Gil, J.M., Marín-Guirao, L., Ruiz, J.M., The effect of salinity increase on the photosynthesis, growth and survival of the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 115 (2012), 260–271.
158. Saunders, M.I., Leon, J., Phinn, S.R., Callaghan, D.P., O'Brien, K.R., Roelfsema, C.M., Lovelock, C.E., Lyons, M.B., Mumby, P.J., Coastal retreat and improved water quality mitigate losses of seagrass from sea level rise. Global Change Biol. 19 (2013), 2569–2583, 10.1111/gcb.12218.
159. Scavia, D., Field, J.C., Boesch, D.F., Buddemeier, R.W., Burkett, V., Cayan, D.R., Fogarty, M., Harwell, M.A., Howarth, R.W., Mason, C., Reed, D.J., Royer, T.C., Sallenger, A.H., Titus, J.G., Climate change impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25 (2002), 149–164.
160. Scheffer, M., De Redelijkheid, M.R., Noppert, F., Distribution and dynamics of submerged vegetation in a chain of shallow eutrophic lakes. Aquat. Bot. 42 (1992), 199–216.
161. Schippers, P., Vermaat, J.E., de Klein, J., Mooij, W.M., The effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide elevation on plant growth in freshwater ecosystems. Ecosystems 7 (2004), 63–74.
162. Sharpe, J.P., Baldwin, H.A., Tidal marsh plant community response to sea-level rise: a mesocosm study. Aquat. Bot. 101 (2012), 34–40, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2012.03.015.
163. Global Seagrass Research Methods. Short, F.T., Coles, R.G., (eds.), 2001, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
164. Short, F.T., Neckles, H., The effects of global climate change on seagrasses. Aquat. Bot. 63 (1999), 169–196.
165. Short, F.T., A simulation model of the seagrass production system. Phillips, R.C., McRoy, C.P., (eds.) Handbook of Seagrass Biology: An Ecosystem Perspective, 1980, Garland STPM Press, NY, 275–295.
166. Sim, L., Chambers, J., Davis, J., Ecological regime shifts in salinised wetland systems: I. Salinity thresholds for the loss of submerged macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 573 (2006), 89–107.
167. Smith, S.M., Multi-decadal changes in salt marshes of Cape Cod, MA: photographic analyses of vegetation loss, species shifts and geomorphic change. Northeastern Nat. 16 (2009), 183–208.
168. Smolders, A.J.P., Lamers, L.M.P., Lucassen, E., Van der Velde, G., Roelofs, J.G.M., Internal eutrophication: how it works and what to do about it—a review. Chem. Ecol. 22 (2006), 93–111.
169. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Alley, R.B., Berntsen, T., Bindoff, N.L., Chen, Z., Chidthaisong, A., Gregory, J.M., Hegerl, G.C., Heimann, M., Hewitson, B., Hoskins, B.J., Joos, F., Jouzel, J., Kattsov, V., Lohmann, U., Matsuno, T., Molina, M., Nicholls, N., Overpeck, J., Raga, G., Ramaswamy, V., Ren, J., Rusticucci, M., Somerville, R., Stocker, T.F., Whetton, P., Wood, R.A., Wratt, D., Technical summary. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., (eds.) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
170. Speelman, E.N., van Kempen, M.M.L., Barke, J., Brinkhuis, H., Reichart, G.J., Smolders, A.J.P., Roelofs, J.G.M., Sangiorgi, F., de Leeuw, J.W., Lotter, A.F., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., The Eocene arctic Azolla bloom: environmental conditions, productivity and carbon drawdown. Geobiology 7 (2009), 155–170.
171. Spierenburg, P., Lucassen, E.C.H.E.T., Lotter, A.F., Roelofs, J.G.M., Could rising aquatic carbon dioxide concentrations favour the invasion of elodeids in isoetid-dominated softwater lakes?. Freshwwater Biol. 54 (2009), 1819–1831.
172. Spierenburg, P., Lucassen, E.C.H.E.T., Lotter, A.F., Roelofs, J.G.M., Competition between isoetids and invading elodeids at different concentrations of aquatic carbon dioxide. Freshwater Biol. 55 (2010), 1274–1287.
173. Stafford-Bell, R.E., Charitonb, A.A., Robinson, R.W., Germination and early-stage development in the seagrass, Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Asch. in response to multiple stressors. Aquat. Bot. 128 (2016), 18–25.
174. Stillman, R.A., Wood, K.A., Gilkerson, W., Elkinton, E., Black, J.M., Ward, D.H., Petrie, M., Predicting effects of environmental change on a migratory herbivore. Ecosphere, 6, 2015, 114, 10.1890/ES14-00455.1.
175. Stitt, M., Krapp, A., The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: the physiological and molecular background. Plant Cell Environ. 22 (1999), 583–621, 10.1046/j. 1365-30401999.00386.x.
176. Strehlow, K., Davis, J., Sim, L., Chambers, J., Halse, S., Hamilton, D., Horwitz, P., McComb, A., Froend, R., Temporal changes between ecological regimes in a range of primary and secondary salinised wetlands. Hydrobiologia 552 (2005), 17–31.
177. Stutz, S., Borel, C.M., Fontana, S.L., Tonello, M.S., Holocene changes in trophic states of shallow lakes from the Pampa plain of Argentina. Holocene 22 (2012), 1263–1270.
178. Sutter, L.A., Chambersb, R.M., Perry, J.E. III, Seawater intrusion mediates species transition in low salinity tidal marsh vegetation. Aquat. Bot. 122 (2015), 32–39.
179. Terrados, J., Ros, J., Production dynamics in a macrophyte dominated ecosystem: The Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain). Oecologia Aquat. 10 (1991), 255–270.
180. Thom, R., Southard, S., Borde, A., Climate-linked mechanisms driving spatial and temporal variations in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) growth and assemblage structure in Pacific Northwest estuaries, USA. Huang, W., Hagen, S.C., (eds.) Climate Change Impacts on Surface Water Systems, 2014, Coconut Creek, Florida) (J. Coast. Res., Special Issue, 68, 1-11, ISSN 0749-0208).
181. Todd, M.J., Muneepeerakul, R., Miralles-Wilhelm, F., Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Possible climate change impacts on the hydrological and vegetative character of Everglades National Park, Florida. Ecohydrology 5 (2012), 326–336, 10.1002/eco.223.
182. Tomlinson, P.B., The Botany of Mangroves. 1986, Cambridge University Press (431 pp).
183. Torquemada, Y.F., Durako, M.J., Lizaso, J.L.S., Effects of salinity and possible. interactions with temperature and pH on growth and photosynthesis of Halophila johnsonii Eiseman. Mar. Biol. 148 (2005), 251–260.
184. Valiela, I., Bowen, J., York, J., Mangrove forests: one of the world's threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51 (2001), 807–815.
185. Van Dobben, H.F., Slim, P.A., Past and future plant diversity of a coastal wetland driven by soil subsidence and climate change. Global Change 110 (2012), 597–618, 10.1007/s10584-011-0118-5.
186. Varjo, E., Liikanen, A., Salonen, V.-P., Martikainen, P.J., A new gypsum-based technique to reduce methane and phosphorus release from sediments of eutrophied lakes: (gypsum treatment to reduce internal loading). Water Res. 37 (2003), 1–10.
187. Veraart, A.J., de Klein, J.J.M., Scheffer, M., Warming can boost denitrification disproportionately due to altered oxygen dynamics. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e18508.
188. Vincent, W.F., Roy, S., Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and aquatic primary production: damage, protection, and recovery. Environ. Rev. 1 (1993), 1–12.
189. Walker, D.I., McComb, A.J., Seasonal variation in the production, biomass and nutrient status of Amphibolis antarctica (Labill.) Sonder ex Aschers. and Posidonia australis Hook.f. in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Aquat. Bot. 31 (1988), 259–275.
190. Walton, T.L., Projected sea level rise in Florida. Ocean Eng. 34 (2007), 1832–1840, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2007.02.003.
191. 2 studies: past, present and future. Tree Physiol. 19:4–5 (1999), 211–220, 10.1093/treephys/19.4-5.211.
192. Waycott, M., Duarte, C.M., Carruthers, T.J.B., Orth, R.J., Dennison, W.C., Olyarnik, S., Calladine, A., Fourqurean, J.W., Heck, K.L. Jr., Hughes, A.R., Kendrick, G.A., Kenworthy, W.J., Short, F.T., Williams, S.L., Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (PNAS) 106 (2009), 12377–12381.
193. Weisner, S.E.B., John, A.S., Håkan, S., Mechanisms regulating abundance of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes. Oecologia 109 (1997), 592–599.
194. 2 emissions from boreal lakes derived from hydrologic inorganic carbon inputs. Nat. Geosci. 8 (2015), 933–936, 10.1038/ngeo2582.
195. 2 and plant growth. Oecologia 44 (1979), 68–74, 10.1007/BF00346400.
196. Zedler, J.B., Kercher, S., Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30 (2005), 39–74, 10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248.
197. Zedler, J.B., Freshwater impacts in normally hypersaline marshes. Estuaries 6 (1983), 346–355.
198. Zhang, X., Odgaard, R., Olesen, B., Lauridsen, T.L., Liboriussen, L., Søndergaard, M., Liu, Z., Jeppesen, E., Warming shows differential effects on late-season growth and competitive capacity of Elodea canadensis and Potamogeton crispus in shallow lakes. Inland Waters 5 (2015), 421–432.
199. van Katwijk, M.M., Vergeer, L.H.T., Schmitz, G.H.W., Roelofs, J.G.M., Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 157 (1999), 159–173 (1997).