메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 4 A, 1996, Pages 549-565

Anthropogenic disturbance of Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: Past impacts, present trends, and future predictions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; RHIZOPHORACEAE; VIBRIO;

EID: 0001634796     PISSN: 00063606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2389096     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (195)

References (148)
  • 3
    • 5844298904 scopus 로고
    • Utilidad de algunos índices ecológicos estructurales en el estudio de comunidades marinas de Cuba
    • ALCOLADO, P. 1986. Utilidad de algunos índices ecológicos estructurales en el estudio de comunidades marinas de Cuba. Ciencias Biológicas 11: 61-78.
    • (1986) Ciencias Biológicas , vol.11 , pp. 61-78
    • Alcolado, P.1
  • 6
    • 0024197857 scopus 로고
    • Changing coastal levels of South America and the Caribbean region from tide-gauge records
    • AUBREY, D. G., K. O. EMERY, AND E. UCHUPI. 1988. Changing coastal levels of South America and the Caribbean region from tide-gauge records. Tectonophysics 154: 269-284.
    • (1988) Tectonophysics , vol.154 , pp. 269-284
    • Aubrey, D.G.1    Emery, K.O.2    Uchupi, E.3
  • 7
    • 0002533755 scopus 로고
    • A survey of the ichthyofauna of the mangroves of western Puerto Rico during December 1967-August 1968
    • AUSTIN, H. M. 1971. A survey of the ichthyofauna of the mangroves of western Puerto Rico during December 1967-August 1968. Carib. J. Sci. 11: 427-455.
    • (1971) Carib. J. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 427-455
    • Austin, H.M.1
  • 8
    • 5844333398 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of a Trinidadian mangrove swamp from attempted reclamation
    • G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville
    • BACON, P. R. 1975. Recovery of a Trinidadian mangrove swamp from attempted reclamation. In G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Proceedings of the international symposium on biology and management of mangroves, pp. 805-815. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
    • (1975) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves , pp. 805-815
    • Bacon, P.R.1
  • 9
    • 38249037689 scopus 로고
    • Use of wetlands for tourism in the insular Caribbean
    • _. 1987. Use of wetlands for tourism in the insular Caribbean. Ann. Tour. Res. 14: 104-117.
    • (1987) Ann. Tour. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 104-117
  • 10
    • 5844256337 scopus 로고
    • The role of evaluation in Caribbean wetlands managment
    • A. E. Lugo and B. Bayle (Eds.). Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras
    • _. 1992. The role of evaluation in Caribbean wetlands managment. In A. E. Lugo and B. Bayle (Eds.). Wetlands managment in the Caribbean and the role of forestry and wetlands in the economy, pp. 99-104. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras.
    • (1992) Wetlands Managment in the Caribbean and the Role of Forestry and Wetlands in the Economy , pp. 99-104
  • 12
    • 0007581569 scopus 로고
    • Wetland restoration and rehabilitation in the insular Caribbean
    • M. Moser, R. C. Prentice, and J. Van Vessem (Eds.). Waterfowl and wetland conservation in the 1990s - a global perspective, 12-19 November 1992, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida
    • _. 1993b. Wetland restoration and rehabilitation in the insular Caribbean. In M. Moser, R. C. Prentice, and J. Van Vessem (Eds.). Waterfowl and wetland conservation in the 1990s - a global perspective, pp. 206-209. Proceedings of an IWRB Symposium, 12-19 November 1992, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida.
    • (1993) Proceedings of An IWRB Symposium , pp. 206-209
  • 14
    • 0028164919 scopus 로고
    • Template for evaluation of impacts of sea level rise on Caribbean coastal wetlands
    • _. 1994. Template for evaluation of impacts of sea level rise on Caribbean coastal wetlands. Ecol. Engin. 3: 171-186.
    • (1994) Ecol. Engin. , vol.3 , pp. 171-186
  • 17
    • 0000764854 scopus 로고
    • Tourism in the Caribbean: Impacts on the economic, social and natural environments
    • BEEKHUIS, J. B. 1981. Tourism in the Caribbean: impacts on the economic, social and natural environments. Ambio 19: 325-331.
    • (1981) Ambio , vol.19 , pp. 325-331
    • Beekhuis, J.B.1
  • 18
    • 0028976435 scopus 로고
    • First assessment of hydrocarbon pollution in a mangrove estuary
    • BERNARD, D., J.-J. JEREMIE, AND H. PASCALINE. 1995. First assessment of hydrocarbon pollution in a mangrove estuary. Mar. Poll. Bull. 30: 146-150.
    • (1995) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.30 , pp. 146-150
    • Bernard, D.1    Jeremie, J.-J.2    Pascaline, H.3
  • 19
    • 0001860655 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between Atlantic and Pacific tropical marine coastal ecosystems: Community structure, ecological processes, and productivity
    • BIRKELAND, C. 1987. Comparison between Atlantic and Pacific tropical marine coastal ecosystems: community structure, ecological processes, and productivity. UNESCO Reports in Marine Science 46.
    • (1987) UNESCO Reports in Marine Science 46
    • Birkeland, C.1
  • 20
    • 5844282865 scopus 로고
    • The Caribbean action plan: A framework for sustainable development
    • BLISS-GUEST, P., AND A. RODRIGUEZ. 1981. The Caribbean action plan: a framework for sustainable development. Ambio 10: 346
    • (1981) Ambio , vol.10 , pp. 346
    • Bliss-Guest, P.1    Rodriguez, A.2
  • 21
    • 0020699189 scopus 로고
    • Prehistoric Maya wetland agriculture and the alluvial soils near San Antonio Rio Hondo, Belize
    • BLOOM, P. R., M. POHL, C. BUTTLEMAN, F. WISEMAN, A. COVICH, C. MIKSICEK, J. BALL, AND J. STEIN. 1983. Prehistoric Maya wetland agriculture and the alluvial soils near San Antonio Rio Hondo, Belize. Nature 301: 417-419.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 417-419
    • Bloom, P.R.1    Pohl, M.2    Buttleman, C.3    Wiseman, F.4    Covich, A.5    Miksicek, C.6    Ball, J.7    Stein, J.8
  • 22
    • 5844221415 scopus 로고
    • Mangrove swamps of the Cayman Islands
    • M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • BRUNT, M. A., AND F. J. BURTON. 1994. Mangrove swamps of the Cayman Islands. In M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). The Cayman Islands: natural history and biogeography, pp. 283-305. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1994) The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography , pp. 283-305
    • Brunt, M.A.1    Burton, F.J.2
  • 23
    • 0026564860 scopus 로고
    • Dominance of Tilapia mossambica, an introduced fish species, in three Puerto Rican estuaries
    • BURGER, J., K. COOPER, D. J. GOCHFELD, J. E. SALIVA, C. SAFINA, D. LIPSKY, AND M. GOCHFELD. 1992. Dominance of Tilapia mossambica, an introduced fish species, in three Puerto Rican estuaries. Estuaries 15: 239-245.
    • (1992) Estuaries , vol.15 , pp. 239-245
    • Burger, J.1    Cooper, K.2    Gochfeld, D.J.3    Saliva, J.E.4    Safina, C.5    Lipsky, D.6    Gochfeld, M.7
  • 24
    • 0028177345 scopus 로고
    • The Galeta oil spill. IV. Relationship between sediment and organism hydrocarbon loads
    • BURNS, K. A., AND L. YELLE-SIMMONS. 1994. The Galeta oil spill. IV. Relationship between sediment and organism hydrocarbon loads. Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. 38: 397-412.
    • (1994) Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 397-412
    • Burns, K.A.1    Yelle-Simmons, L.2
  • 25
    • 0027336855 scopus 로고
    • How many years until mangrove ecosystems recover from catastrophic oil spills?
    • _, S. D. GARRITY, AND S. C. LEVINGS. 1993. How many years until mangrove ecosystems recover from catastrophic oil spills? Mar. Poll. Bull. 26(5): 239-248.
    • (1993) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 239-248
    • Garrity, S.D.1    Levings, S.C.2
  • 26
    • 0002710246 scopus 로고
    • Climate and tides of the Cayman Islands
    • M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • BURTON, F. J. 1994. Climate and tides of the Cayman Islands. In M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). The Cayman Islands: natural history and biogeography, pp. 51-60. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1994) The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography , pp. 51-60
    • Burton, F.J.1
  • 27
    • 0015737775 scopus 로고
    • The destruction of mangroves
    • CANESTRI, V., AND O. RUIZ. 1973. The destruction of mangroves. Mar. Poll. Bull. 4: 183-185.
    • (1973) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.4 , pp. 183-185
    • Canestri, V.1    Ruiz, O.2
  • 28
    • 5844307885 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and stability in a Puerto Rican Rhizophora mangle L. forest
    • G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville
    • CANOY, M. J. 1975. Diversity and stability in a Puerto Rican Rhizophora mangle L. forest. In G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Proceedings of the international symposium on biology and management of mangroves, pp. 344-356. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
    • (1975) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves , pp. 344-356
    • Canoy, M.J.1
  • 29
    • 0010503075 scopus 로고
    • Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC
    • CIA. 1995. World Factbook 1994. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC.
    • (1995) World Factbook 1994
  • 30
    • 0025196380 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of spilled crude oil in a tropical marine environment
    • CORREDOR, J. E., J. M. MORRELL, AND C. E. DEL CASTILLO. 1990. Persistence of spilled crude oil in a tropical marine environment. Mar. Poll. Bull. 21: 385-388.
    • (1990) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.21 , pp. 385-388
    • Corredor, J.E.1    Morrell, J.M.2    Del Castillo, C.E.3
  • 32
    • 0028565146 scopus 로고
    • Framework for assessing effects of global climate change on mangrove ecosystems
    • DAVIS, W. P., K. W. THORNTON, AND B. LEVINSON. 1994. Framework for assessing effects of global climate change on mangrove ecosystems. Bull. Marine. Sci. 54: 1045-1058.
    • (1994) Bull. Marine. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 1045-1058
    • Davis, W.P.1    Thornton, K.W.2    Levinson, B.3
  • 33
    • 2042490800 scopus 로고
    • Human impact on the mangrove forests of El Salvador
    • G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville
    • DAUGHERTY, H. E. 1975. Human impact on the mangrove forests of El Salvador. In G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Proceedings of the international symposium on biology and managment of mangroves, pp. 816-824. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
    • (1975) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Managment of Mangroves , pp. 816-824
    • Daugherty, H.E.1
  • 34
    • 5844329597 scopus 로고
    • ¿Ignorancia, inconsciencia o indolencia? Requiem para uru laguna
    • DÍAZ, H., AND M. ZELWER. 1985. ¿Ignorancia, inconsciencia o indolencia? Requiem para uru laguna. Acta Científica Venezolana 36: 203-206.
    • (1985) Acta Científica Venezolana , vol.36 , pp. 203-206
    • Díaz, H.1    Zelwer, M.2
  • 35
    • 4244170920 scopus 로고
    • Effects of an oil spill on the shore of Guanica, Puerto Rico
    • DÍAZ-PFERRER, M. 1962. Effects of an oil spill on the shore of Guanica, Puerto Rico. Deep-Sea Research 2: 855-856.
    • (1962) Deep-Sea Research , vol.2 , pp. 855-856
    • Díaz-Pferrer, M.1
  • 36
    • 0000393229 scopus 로고
    • An 8000 year Holocene sea-level record from Jamaica: Implications for interpretation of Caribbean reef and coastal history
    • DIGERFELDT, G., AND M. D. HENDRY. 1987. An 8000 year Holocene sea-level record from Jamaica: implications for interpretation of Caribbean reef and coastal history. Coral Reefs 5: 165-169.
    • (1987) Coral Reefs , vol.5 , pp. 165-169
    • Digerfeldt, G.1    Hendry, M.D.2
  • 38
    • 5844260491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wetlands of Central America
    • In press. D. F. Whigham, D. DykyfovÁ, and S. Hejny (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • ELLISON, A. M. In press. Wetlands of Central America. In D. F. Whigham, D. DykyfovÁ, and S. Hejny (Eds.). Wetlands of the world, volume 2, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • Wetlands of the World , vol.2
    • Ellison, A.M.1
  • 39
    • 0027329529 scopus 로고
    • Seedling survivorship, growth, and response to disturbance in Belizean mangal
    • _, AND E. J. FARNSWORTH. 1993. Seedling survivorship, growth, and response to disturbance in Belizean mangal. Am. J. Bot. 80: 1137-1145.
    • (1993) Am. J. Bot. , vol.80 , pp. 1137-1145
    • Farnsworth, E.J.1
  • 40
    • 5844298896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Rhizophora mangle saplings on coral cays: Links with the variation in insolation, herbivory, and local sedimentation rate
    • In press.
    • _, and _. In press. Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Rhizophora mangle saplings on coral cays: links with the variation in insolation, herbivory, and local sedimentation rate. J. Ecol. 84.
    • J. Ecol. , vol.84
  • 41
    • 0027837930 scopus 로고
    • Mangrove retreat with rising sea-levels, Bermuda
    • ELLISON, J. C. 1993. Mangrove retreat with rising sea-levels, Bermuda. Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. 37: 75-87.
    • (1993) Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 75-87
    • Ellison, J.C.1
  • 42
    • 0010456245 scopus 로고
    • Climate change and sea-level rise impacts on mangrove ecosystems
    • J. C. Pernetta, R. Leemans, D. Elder and S. Humphreys (Eds.). IUCN, Gland
    • _. 1994. Climate change and sea-level rise impacts on mangrove ecosystems. In J. C. Pernetta, R. Leemans, D. Elder and S. Humphreys (Eds.). Impacts of climate change on ecosystems and species: marine and coastal ecosystems, pp. 11-30. IUCN, Gland.
    • (1994) Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Species: Marine and Coastal Ecosystems , pp. 11-30
  • 43
    • 0026066096 scopus 로고
    • Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise: Holocene analogues and implications
    • _, AND D. R. STODDART. 1991. Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise: Holocene analogues and implications. J. Coastal Res. 7: 151-165.
    • (1991) J. Coastal Res. , vol.7 , pp. 151-165
    • Stoddart, D.R.1
  • 44
    • 0003395110 scopus 로고
    • FAO Forestry Paper No. 112. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
    • FAO. 1993a. Forest resource assessment 1990: tropical countries. FAO Forestry Paper No. 112. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
    • (1993) Forest Resource Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries
  • 45
    • 5644278330 scopus 로고
    • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
    • _. 1993b. 1991 yearbook of fishery statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
    • (1993) 1991 Yearbook of Fishery Statistics
  • 46
    • 0030437525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale-dependent spacial and temporal variability in biogeograpby of mangrove-root epibiont communities
    • FARNSWORTH, E. J., AND A. M. ELLISON. 1996. Scale-dependent spacial and temporal variability in biogeograpby of mangrove-root epibiont communities. Ecol. Monogr. 66: 45-66.
    • (1996) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.66 , pp. 45-66
    • Farnsworth, E.J.1    Ellison, A.M.2
  • 47
    • 5844316854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global patterns of pre-dispersal seed predation in mangrove forests
    • In press
    • _, AND _. In press. Global patterns of pre-dispersal seed predation in mangrove forests. Biotropica.
    • Biotropica
  • 48
    • 3142518560 scopus 로고
    • Ecophysiological response of mangrove seedlings to two facets of climate change
    • abstract
    • _, _, W. K. GONG, AND F. A. BAZZAZ. 1995. Ecophysiological response of mangrove seedlings to two facets of climate change. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 76 (Suppl.): 88 (abstract).
    • (1995) Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. , vol.76 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 88
    • Gong, W.K.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 49
    • 0002392728 scopus 로고
    • Impact of expected climate change on mangroves
    • FIELD, C. D. 1995. Impact of expected climate change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295: 75-81.
    • (1995) Hydrobiologia , vol.295 , pp. 75-81
    • Field, C.D.1
  • 50
    • 0028164686 scopus 로고
    • The Galeta oil spill. I. Long-term effects on the physical structure of the mangrove fringe
    • GARRITY, S. D., S. C. LEVINGS, AND K. A. BURNS. 1994. The Galeta oil spill. I. Long-term effects on the physical structure of the mangrove fringe. Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. 38: 327-348.
    • (1994) Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 327-348
    • Garrity, S.D.1    Levings, S.C.2    Burns, K.A.3
  • 51
    • 0020266515 scopus 로고
    • Oil spills and mangroves: A review of the literature, field and lab studies
    • P. J. Rand (Ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
    • GETTER, C. D. 1982. Oil spills and mangroves: a review of the literature, field and lab studies. In P. J. Rand (Ed.). Land and water issues related to energy development, pp. 303-318. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
    • (1982) Land and Water Issues Related to Energy Development , pp. 303-318
    • Getter, C.D.1
  • 52
    • 0002393154 scopus 로고
    • The recovery and restoration of salt marshes and mangroves following an oil spill
    • J. Cairns, Jr. and A. L. Buikema, Jr. (Eds.). Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham
    • _, G. CINTRÓN, B. DICKS, R. R. LEWIS, III, AND E. D. SENECA. 1984. The recovery and restoration of salt marshes and mangroves following an oil spill. In J. Cairns, Jr. and A. L. Buikema, Jr. (Eds.). Restoration of habitats impacted by oil spills, pp. 65-114. Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham.
    • (1984) Restoration of Habitats Impacted by Oil Spills , pp. 65-114
    • Cintrón, G.1    Dicks, B.2    Lewis III, R.R.3    Seneca, E.D.4
  • 53
    • 0022108217 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dispersed oil on mangroves: Synthesis of a seven-year study
    • _, T. G. BALLOU, AND C. B. KOONS. 1985. Effects of dispersed oil on mangroves: synthesis of a seven-year study. Mar. Poll. Bull. 16: 318-324.
    • (1985) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.16 , pp. 318-324
    • Ballou, T.G.1    Koons, C.B.2
  • 54
    • 5844398075 scopus 로고
    • The boom years in Grand Cayman: Environmental deterioration and conservation
    • M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
    • GIGLIOLI, M. E. C. 1994. The boom years in Grand Cayman: environmental deterioration and conservation. In M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (Eds.). The Cayman Islands: natural history and biogeography, pp. 509-526. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1994) The Cayman Islands: Natural History and Biogeography , pp. 509-526
    • Giglioli, M.E.C.1
  • 55
    • 0002447155 scopus 로고
    • The use of demographic studies in mangrove silviculture
    • GONG, W. K., AND J. E. ONG. 1995. The use of demographic studies in mangrove silviculture. Hydrobiologia 295: 255-261.
    • (1995) Hydrobiologia , vol.295 , pp. 255-261
    • Gong, W.K.1    Ong, J.E.2
  • 56
    • 0008224758 scopus 로고
    • The ascidian fauna of a Jamaican lagoon - 30 years of change
    • GOODBODY, I. 1993. The ascidian fauna of a Jamaican lagoon - 30 years of change. Rev. Biol. Trop. 41: 35-38.
    • (1993) Rev. Biol. Trop. , vol.41 , pp. 35-38
    • Goodbody, I.1
  • 57
    • 0020370049 scopus 로고
    • Global sea level trend in the past century
    • GORNITZ, V., S. LEBEDEFF, AND J. HANSEN. 1982. Global sea level trend in the past century. Science 215: 1611-1614.
    • (1982) Science , vol.215 , pp. 1611-1614
    • Gornitz, V.1    Lebedeff, S.2    Hansen, J.3
  • 58
    • 0029527592 scopus 로고
    • Diversification of Gulf/Caribbean mangrove communities through Cenozoic time
    • GRAHAM, A. 1995. Diversification of Gulf/Caribbean mangrove communities through Cenozoic time. Biotropica 27: 20-27.
    • (1995) Biotropica , vol.27 , pp. 20-27
    • Graham, A.1
  • 59
    • 0347557997 scopus 로고
    • Climate change interactions in the greater Caribbean
    • GRANGER, O. 1991. Climate change interactions in the greater Caribbean. Environ. Prof. 13: 43-58.
    • (1991) Environ. Prof. , vol.13 , pp. 43-58
    • Granger, O.1
  • 62
    • 0037956570 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the historical meteorological record at Key West, Florida (1851-1986) for evidence of trace gas induced climate change
    • G. A. Maul (Ed.). UNEP/IOC Regional Task Team Report
    • HANSON, K., AND G. A. MAUL. 1989. Analysis of the historical meteorological record at Key West, Florida (1851-1986) for evidence of trace gas induced climate change. In G. A. Maul (Ed.). Implications of climatic changes in the wider Caribbean region, pp. 63-71. UNEP/IOC Regional Task Team Report.
    • (1989) Implications of Climatic Changes in the Wider Caribbean Region , pp. 63-71
    • Hanson, K.1    Maul, G.A.2
  • 63
    • 0023771678 scopus 로고
    • Fecal coliforms as indicators in tropical waters, a review
    • HAZEN, T. C. 1988. Fecal coliforms as indicators in tropical waters, a review. Int. J. Tox. Assess. 3: 461-477.
    • (1988) Int. J. Tox. Assess. , vol.3 , pp. 461-477
    • Hazen, T.C.1
  • 64
    • 0022226009 scopus 로고
    • Survey of the mangroves of Puerto Rico. . . a benchmark study
    • HEATWOLE, H. 1985. Survey of the mangroves of Puerto Rico. . . a benchmark study. Carib. J. Sci. 21: 85-99.
    • (1985) Carib. J. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 85-99
    • Heatwole, H.1
  • 65
    • 5844345435 scopus 로고
    • Energy resources in the wider Caribbean
    • HINRICHSEN, D. 1981. Energy resources in the wider Caribbean. Ambio 10: 332-334.
    • (1981) Ambio , vol.10 , pp. 332-334
    • Hinrichsen, D.1
  • 67
    • 0003027316 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation and respiration in roots of one-year-old seedlings of grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh
    • HOVENDEN, M. J., M. CURRAN, M. A. COLE, P. F. E. GOULTER, N. J. SKELTON, AND W. G. ALLAWAY. 1995. Ventilation and respiration in roots of one-year-old seedlings of grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Hydrobiologia 295: 23-29.
    • (1995) Hydrobiologia , vol.295 , pp. 23-29
    • Hovenden, M.J.1    Curran, M.2    Cole, M.A.3    Goulter, P.F.E.4    Skelton, N.J.5    Allaway, W.G.6
  • 68
    • 0021052478 scopus 로고
    • Wetland reclamation in Jamaica
    • HUDSON, B. J. 1983. Wetland reclamation in Jamaica. Carib. Geog. 1: 75-88.
    • (1983) Carib. Geog. , vol.1 , pp. 75-88
    • Hudson, B.J.1
  • 72
    • 0024527433 scopus 로고
    • Coastal resource management in Belize: Potentials and problems
    • KATZ, A. 1989. Coastal resource management in Belize: potentials and problems. Ambio 18: 139-141.
    • (1989) Ambio , vol.18 , pp. 139-141
    • Katz, A.1
  • 75
    • 0028184634 scopus 로고
    • Using mangroves to screen for mutagens in tropical marine environments
    • _, _, R. LOWENSFELD, E. H. KLEKOWSKI, AND J. M. MORELL. 1994b. Using mangroves to screen for mutagens in tropical marine environments. Mar. Poll. Bull. 28: 346-350.
    • (1994) Mar. Poll. Bull. , vol.28 , pp. 346-350
    • Lowensfeld, R.1    Klekowski, E.H.2    Morell, J.M.3
  • 76
    • 5844234264 scopus 로고
    • Mangrove-root communities in a thermally altered area in Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico
    • J. W. Gibbons and R. R. Sharitz (Eds.). U.S.A.E.C. Oak Ridge
    • KOLEHMAINEN, S., T. MORGAN, AND R. CASTRO. 1974. Mangrove-root communities in a thermally altered area in Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico. In J. W. Gibbons and R. R. Sharitz (Eds.). Thermal ecology, pp. 371-390. U.S.A.E.C. Oak Ridge.
    • (1974) Thermal Ecology , pp. 371-390
    • Kolehmainen, S.1    Morgan, T.2    Castro, R.3
  • 79
    • 0028553006 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oil spills on fringing red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle): Losses of mobile species associated with submerged prop roots
    • LEVINGS, S. C., AND S. D. GARRITY. 1994. Effects of oil spills on fringing red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle): losses of mobile species associated with submerged prop roots. Bull. Marine. Sci 54: 782-794.
    • (1994) Bull. Marine. Sci , vol.54 , pp. 782-794
    • Levings, S.C.1    Garrity, S.D.2
  • 80
    • 0028562363 scopus 로고
    • The Galeta oil spill. III. Chronic reoiling, long-ierm toxicity of hydrocarbon residues and effects on epibiota in the mangrove fringe
    • _, _, AND K. A. BURNS. 1994. The Galeta oil spill. III. Chronic reoiling, long-ierm toxicity of hydrocarbon residues and effects on epibiota in the mangrove fringe. Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. 38: 365-395.
    • (1994) Est., Coast. Shelf Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 365-395
    • Burns, K.A.1
  • 81
    • 0342492891 scopus 로고
    • Impact of oil spills on mangrove forests
    • H. J. Teas (Ed.). Dr. W. Junk, The Hague
    • LEWIS, R. R. 1983. Impact of oil spills on mangrove forests. In H. J. Teas (Ed.). Biology and ecology of mangroves, pp. 171-184. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.
    • (1983) Biology and Ecology of Mangroves , pp. 171-184
    • Lewis, R.R.1
  • 82
    • 0000977179 scopus 로고
    • Acropora palmata reef framework: A reliable indicator of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years
    • LIGHTY, R. G., I. G. MACINTYRE, AND R. STUCKENRATH. 1982. Acropora palmata reef framework: a reliable indicator of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years. Coral Reefs 1: 125-130.
    • (1982) Coral Reefs , vol.1 , pp. 125-130
    • Lighty, R.G.1    Macintyre, I.G.2    Stuckenrath, R.3
  • 83
    • 0002646944 scopus 로고
    • The mangrove swamp - An ecosystem in danger
    • LINDEN, O., AND A. JERNELOV. 1980. The mangrove swamp - an ecosystem in danger. Ambio 9: 81-88.
    • (1980) Ambio , vol.9 , pp. 81-88
    • Linden, O.1    Jernelov, A.2
  • 84
    • 0004682308 scopus 로고
    • Contribution a l'étude des pueplements ichtyologiques dans les mangroves de Guadeloupe (Antilles Francaises)
    • LOUIS, M., AND A. GUYARD. 1982. Contribution a l'étude des pueplements ichtyologiques dans les mangroves de Guadeloupe (Antilles Francaises). Bull. Ecol. 13: 9-24.
    • (1982) Bull. Ecol. , vol.13 , pp. 9-24
    • Louis, M.1    Guyard, A.2
  • 86
    • 0001982985 scopus 로고
    • The wetlands of Caribbean islands
    • _, AND S. BROWN. 1988. The wetlands of Caribbean islands. Acta Científica 2: 48-61.
    • (1988) Acta Científica , vol.2 , pp. 48-61
    • Brown, S.1
  • 87
    • 0001768886 scopus 로고
    • The mangrove forests of Puerto Rico and their management
    • G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville
    • _, AND G. CINTRÓN. 1975. The mangrove forests of Puerto Rico and their management. In G. E. Walsh, S. C. Snedaker, and H. J. Teas (Eds.). Proceedings of international symposium on biology and management of mangroves, pp. 825-846. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
    • (1975) Proceedings of International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves , pp. 825-846
    • Cintrón, G.1
  • 88
    • 0002998190 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of mangroves
    • _, AND S. C. SNEDAKER. 1974. The ecology of mangroves. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 39-64.
    • (1974) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.5 , pp. 39-64
    • Snedaker, S.C.1
  • 90
    • 0008359096 scopus 로고
    • Fisheries and aquaculture significance of mangrove swamps with special reference to the Indo-West Pacific region
    • J. F. Muir and R. J. Roberts (Eds.). Croom Helm, London
    • MACINTOSH, D. J. 1982. Fisheries and aquaculture significance of mangrove swamps with special reference to the Indo-West Pacific region. In J. F. Muir and R. J. Roberts (Eds.). Recent advances in aquaculture, pp. 3-85. Croom Helm, London.
    • (1982) Recent Advances in Aquaculture , pp. 3-85
    • Macintosh, D.J.1
  • 91
    • 0001822542 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between tidal forest (mangrove) and commercial shrimp production in Indonesia
    • MARTOSUBROTO, P., AND N. NAAMIN. 1977. Relationship between tidal forest (mangrove) and commercial shrimp production in Indonesia. Mar. Res. Indonesia 18: 81-86.
    • (1977) Mar. Res. Indonesia , vol.18 , pp. 81-86
    • Martosubroto, P.1    Naamin, N.2
  • 92
    • 0005017915 scopus 로고
    • Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Florida) - Spiny lobster
    • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR-EL-82-4
    • MARX, J. M., AND W. F. HERRNKIND. 1986. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Florida) - spiny lobster. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Bio. Rep. 82(11.61). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR-EL-82-4.
    • (1986) U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Bio. Rep. 82(11.61)
    • Marx, J.M.1    Herrnkind, W.F.2
  • 93
    • 0027845899 scopus 로고
    • Sea level rise at Key West, Florida, 1846-1992: America's longest instrument record?
    • MAUL, G. A., AND D. M. MARTIN. 1993. Sea level rise at Key West, Florida, 1846-1992: America's longest instrument record? Geophys. Res. Lett. 20: 1955-1958.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 1955-1958
    • Maul, G.A.1    Martin, D.M.2
  • 94
    • 0028974515 scopus 로고
    • Seedling recruitment patterns in a Belizean mangrove forest: Effects of establishment ability and physico-chemical factors
    • MCKEE, K. L. 1995. Seedling recruitment patterns in a Belizean mangrove forest: effects of establishment ability and physico-chemical factors. Oecologia 101: 448-460.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.101 , pp. 448-460
    • Mckee, K.L.1
  • 96
    • 0018474957 scopus 로고
    • Release of trace metals in sewage sludge and the subsequent uptake by members of a turtle grass mangrove ecosystem
    • MONTGOMERY, J. R., AND M. T. PRICE. 1979. Release of trace metals in sewage sludge and the subsequent uptake by members of a turtle grass mangrove ecosystem. Env. Sci. Tech. 13: 546-549.
    • (1979) Env. Sci. Tech. , vol.13 , pp. 546-549
    • Montgomery, J.R.1    Price, M.T.2
  • 97
    • 0022168129 scopus 로고
    • Effects of waterlogging and salinity on plant-water relations and on the accumulation of solutes in three mangrove species
    • NAIDOO, G. 1985. Effects of waterlogging and salinity on plant-water relations and on the accumulation of solutes in three mangrove species. Aquat. Bot. 22: 133-143.
    • (1985) Aquat. Bot. , vol.22 , pp. 133-143
    • Naidoo, G.1
  • 98
    • 0242700182 scopus 로고
    • The response of mangroves to man-induced environmental stress
    • E. J. F. Wood and R. E. Johannes (Eds.). Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam
    • ODUM, W. E., AND R. E. JOHANNES. 1975. The response of mangroves to man-induced environmental stress. In E. J. F. Wood and R. E. Johannes (Eds.). Tropical marine pollution, pp. 52-62. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
    • (1975) Tropical Marine Pollution , pp. 52-62
    • Odum, W.E.1    Johannes, R.E.2
  • 99
    • 0001635578 scopus 로고
    • Coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves: Their interaction in the coastal zones of the Caribbean
    • OGDEN, J. C., AND E. H. GLADFELTER. 1983. Coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves: their interaction in the coastal zones of the Caribbean. UNESCO Reports in Marine Science 23.
    • (1983) UNESCO Reports in Marine Science 23
    • Ogden, J.C.1    Gladfelter, E.H.2
  • 100
    • 0027373670 scopus 로고
    • Mangroves - A carbon source and sink
    • ONG, J. E. 1993. Mangroves - a carbon source and sink. Chemosphere 27: 1097-1107.
    • (1993) Chemosphere , vol.27 , pp. 1097-1107
    • Ong, J.E.1
  • 101
    • 0029526158 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of mangrove conservation and management
    • _. 1995. The ecology of mangrove conservation and management. Hydrobiologia 295: 343-351.
    • (1995) Hydrobiologia , vol.295 , pp. 343-351
  • 103
    • 0028161021 scopus 로고
    • Holocene sea-level rise and the fate of mangrove forests within the wider Caribbean region
    • PARKINSON, R. W., R. D. DELAUNE, AND J. R. WHITE. 1994. Holocene sea-level rise and the fate of mangrove forests within the wider Caribbean region. J. Coastal Res. 10: 1077-1086.
    • (1994) J. Coastal Res. , vol.10 , pp. 1077-1086
    • Parkinson, R.W.1    Delaune, R.D.2    White, J.R.3
  • 105
    • 0042794153 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and fish community structure in a Central American mangrove embayment
    • PHILLIPS, P.C. 1981. Diversity and fish community structure in a Central American mangrove embayment. Rev. Biol. Trop. 29: 227-236.
    • (1981) Rev. Biol. Trop. , vol.29 , pp. 227-236
    • Phillips, P.C.1
  • 107
    • 0022872312 scopus 로고
    • Secular trends of relative sea-level (RSL) changes indicated by tide-gauge records
    • PIRAZZOLI, P. A. 1986. Secular trends of relative sea-level (RSL) changes indicated by tide-gauge records. J. Coastal Res., Special Issue 1: 1-126.
    • (1986) J. Coastal Res. , Issue.1 SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 1-126
    • Pirazzoli, P.A.1
  • 108
    • 0024156189 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: A conceptual overview and generic framework
    • PRESTON, E. M., AND B. L. BEDFORD. 1988. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework. Environ. Manage. 12: 565-583.
    • (1988) Environ. Manage. , vol.12 , pp. 565-583
    • Preston, E.M.1    Bedford, B.L.2
  • 113
    • 0019728010 scopus 로고
    • Environment and public health in the Caribbean
    • REID, R. 1981. Environment and public health in the Caribbean. Ambio 10: 312-317.
    • (1981) Ambio , vol.10 , pp. 312-317
    • Reid, R.1
  • 114
    • 0006941208 scopus 로고
    • The Caribbean Sea: A large marine ecosystem in crisis
    • K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, and B. D. Gold (Eds.). AAAS, Washington, DC
    • RICHARDS, W. J., AND J. A. BOHNSACK. 1990. The Caribbean Sea: a large marine ecosystem in crisis. In K. Sherman, L. M. Alexander, and B. D. Gold (Eds.). Large marine ecosystems: patterns, processes, and yields, pp. 44-53. AAAS, Washington, DC
    • (1990) Large Marine Ecosystems: Patterns, Processes, and Yields , pp. 44-53
    • Richards, W.J.1    Bohnsack, J.A.2
  • 115
    • 0024856894 scopus 로고
    • Autecology of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in tropical waters
    • RIVERA, S., T. LUGO, AND T. C. HAZEN. 1989. Autecology of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in tropical waters. Wat. Res. 23: 923-931.
    • (1989) Wat. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 923-931
    • Rivera, S.1    Lugo, T.2    Hazen, T.C.3
  • 116
    • 0019813661 scopus 로고
    • Marine and coastal environmental stress in the wider Caribbean region
    • RODRIGUEZ, A. 1981. Marine and coastal environmental stress in the wider Caribbean region. Ambio 10: 283-294.
    • (1981) Ambio , vol.10 , pp. 283-294
    • Rodriguez, A.1
  • 118
    • 0027084695 scopus 로고
    • Hurricanes and mangrove regeneration: Effects of Hurricane Joan, October 1988, on the vegetation of Isla del Venado, Bluefields, Nicaragua
    • ROTH, L. C. 1992. Hurricanes and mangrove regeneration: effects of Hurricane Joan, October 1988, on the vegetation of Isla del Venado, Bluefields, Nicaragua. Biotropica 24: 275-284.
    • (1992) Biotropica , vol.24 , pp. 275-284
    • Roth, L.C.1
  • 119
    • 0042193569 scopus 로고
    • New record of the mangrove Pelliciena rhizophorae (Theaceae) on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua
    • _, AND A. GRIJALVA. 1991. New record of the mangrove Pelliciena rhizophorae (Theaceae) on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. Rhodora 93: 183-186.
    • (1991) Rhodora , vol.93 , pp. 183-186
    • Grijalva, A.1
  • 120
    • 0005931926 scopus 로고
    • Oil pollution damage observed in tropical communities along the Atlantic seaboard of Panama
    • RÜTZLER, K., AND W. STERRER. 1970. Oil pollution damage observed in tropical communities along the Atlantic seaboard of Panama. BioScience 20: 222-224.
    • (1970) BioScience , vol.20 , pp. 222-224
    • Rützler, K.1    Sterrer, W.2
  • 121
    • 34250146312 scopus 로고
    • Global status of mangrove ecosystems
    • SAENGER, P., E. HEGERL, AND J. DAVIE. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. The Environmentalist 3 (Suppl. 3): 1-88.
    • (1983) The Environmentalist , vol.3 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 1-88
    • Saenger, P.1    Hegerl, E.2    Davie, J.3
  • 123
    • 0024813756 scopus 로고
    • Origins of cultivation around the Gulf of Paria, notheastern Venezuela
    • SANOJA, M. 1989. Origins of cultivation around the Gulf of Paria, notheastern Venezuela. Nat. Geo. Res. 5: 446-458.
    • (1989) Nat. Geo. Res. , vol.5 , pp. 446-458
    • Sanoja, M.1
  • 124
    • 5844298903 scopus 로고
    • Aporte de materia orgánica del manglar al ecosistema acuático de lagunas costeras en Cuba
    • SANSÓN, G. G., AND R. L. RUEDA. 1982. Aporte de materia orgánica del manglar al ecosistema acuático de lagunas costeras en Cuba. Rev. Invest. Mar. 3: 3-32.
    • (1982) Rev. Invest. Mar. , vol.3 , pp. 3-32
    • Sansón, G.G.1    Rueda, R.L.2
  • 127
    • 0024921123 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of seed predation in tropical tidal forests from three continents
    • SMITH, T. J., III, H. T. CHAN, C. C. MCIVOR, AND M. B. ROBBLEE. 1989. Comparisons of seed predation in tropical tidal forests from three continents. Ecology 70: 146-151.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 146-151
    • Smith III, T.J.1    Chan, H.T.2    Mcivor, C.C.3    Robblee, M.B.4
  • 128
    • 0028083823 scopus 로고
    • Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes
    • _, M. B. ROBBLEE, H. R. WANLESS, AND T. W. DOYLE. 1994. Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes. BioScience 44: 256-262.
    • (1994) BioScience , vol.44 , pp. 256-262
    • Robblee, M.B.1    Wanless, H.R.2    Doyle, T.W.3
  • 129
    • 0029500354 scopus 로고
    • Mangroves and climate change in the Florida and Caribbean region: Scenarios and hypotheses
    • SNEDAKER, S. C. 1995. Mangroves and climate change in the Florida and Caribbean region: Scenarios and hypotheses. Hydrobiologia 295: 43-49.
    • (1995) Hydrobiologia , vol.295 , pp. 43-49
    • Snedaker, S.C.1
  • 130
    • 2642710762 scopus 로고
    • Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise - Holocene analogues and implications - discussion
    • _, J. F. MEEDER, M. S. ROSS, AND R. G. FORD. 1994. Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise - Holocene analogues and implications - discussion. J. Coastal Res. 10: 497-498.
    • (1994) J. Coastal Res. , vol.10 , pp. 497-498
    • Meeder, J.F.1    Ross, M.S.2    Ford, R.G.3
  • 131
    • 24844474614 scopus 로고
    • Forest types of the Caribbean islands, part I
    • STEHLÉ, H. 1945. Forest types of the Caribbean islands, part I. Carib. For. 6, Suppl.
    • (1945) Carib. For. , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Stehlé, H.1
  • 132
    • 0004149102 scopus 로고
    • A nursery ground for four tropical Penaeus species: Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico
    • STONER, A. W. 1988. A nursery ground for four tropical Penaeus species: Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 42: 133-141.
    • (1988) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.42 , pp. 133-141
    • Stoner, A.W.1
  • 133
    • 0028683879 scopus 로고
    • Dieback and mortality in red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., in southwest Puerto Rico
    • TATTAR, T. A., E. J. KLEKOWSKI, AND A. I. STERN. 1994. Dieback and mortality in red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L., in southwest Puerto Rico. Arbor. J. 18: 419-429.
    • (1994) Arbor. J. , vol.18 , pp. 419-429
    • Tattar, T.A.1    Klekowski, E.J.2    Stern, A.I.3
  • 134
  • 136
    • 84953612141 scopus 로고
    • Intertidal vegetation and commercial yields of penaied shrimp
    • TURNER, R. E. 1977. Intertidal vegetation and commercial yields of penaied shrimp. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106: 411-416.
    • (1977) Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. , vol.106 , pp. 411-416
    • Turner, R.E.1
  • 137
    • 0026906084 scopus 로고
    • Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implication to carbon budget of tropical ecosystems
    • TWILLEY, R. R., R. CHEN, AND T. HARGIS. 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implication to carbon budget of tropical ecosystems. Water, Air, Soil Poll. 64: 265-288.
    • (1992) Water, Air, Soil Poll. , vol.64 , pp. 265-288
    • Twilley, R.R.1    Chen, R.2    Hargis, T.3
  • 138
    • 0002293065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in tropical estuaries: Perspectives of mangrove ecosystems
    • H. A. Moooey, J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala, E.-D. Schulze (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • _, S. C. SNEDAKAR, A. YANEZ-ARANCIBIA, AND E. MEDINA. 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in tropical estuaries: perspectives of mangrove ecosystems. In H. A. Moooey, J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala, E.-D. Schulze (Eds.). Functional roles of biodiversity: global perspectives, pp. 327-370. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
    • (1996) Functional Roles of Biodiversity: Global Perspectives , pp. 327-370
    • Snedakar, S.C.1    Yanez-Arancibia, A.2    Medina, E.3
  • 139
    • 36749069214 scopus 로고
    • Assessment and monitoring of climatic change impacts on mangrove ecosystems
    • UNEP. 1994. Assessment and monitoring of climatic change impacts on mangrove ecosystems. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 154.
    • (1994) UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 154
  • 140
    • 0002918144 scopus 로고
    • Growth and regeneration of white mangrove in Puerto Rico
    • WADSWORTH, F. H. 1959. Growth and regeneration of white mangrove in Puerto Rico. Carib. For. 20: 59-71.
    • (1959) Carib. For. , vol.20 , pp. 59-71
    • Wadsworth, F.H.1
  • 142
    • 0026650948 scopus 로고
    • Implications for climate and sea level of revised IPCC emissions scenarios
    • WIGLEY, T. M. L., AND S. C. B. RAPER. 1992. Implications for climate and sea level of revised IPCC emissions scenarios. Nature 357: 293-300.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.357 , pp. 293-300
    • Wigley, T.M.L.1    Raper, S.C.B.2
  • 143
    • 0026000115 scopus 로고
    • Conservation of the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endangered West Indian Species
    • WILEY, J., W. POST, AND A. CRUZ. 1991. Conservation of the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, an endangered West Indian Species. Biol. Conserv. 55: 119-138.
    • (1991) Biol. Conserv. , vol.55 , pp. 119-138
    • Wiley, J.1    Post, W.2    Cruz, A.3
  • 144
    • 0023519244 scopus 로고
    • Caribbean marine resources: A report on economic opportunities
    • WILSON, A. M. 1987. Caribbean marine resources: a report on economic opportunities. Oceanus 30: 33-41.
    • (1987) Oceanus , vol.30 , pp. 33-41
    • Wilson, A.M.1
  • 145
    • 0345713976 scopus 로고
    • Observaciones sobre el hallazgo de Pelliciera rhizophorae (Theaceae) en el caribe columbiano
    • WINOGRAD, M. 1983. Observaciones sobre el hallazgo de Pelliciera rhizophorae (Theaceae) en el caribe columbiano. Biotropica 15: 297-298.
    • (1983) Biotropica , vol.15 , pp. 297-298
    • Winograd, M.1
  • 146
    • 5844398074 scopus 로고
    • Mangroves de Colombia: Particularites biologiques et economiques
    • _. 1987. Mangroves de Colombia: particularites biologiques et economiques. Gaussenia 3: 11-43.
    • (1987) Gaussenia , vol.3 , pp. 11-43
  • 147
    • 0007573359 scopus 로고
    • Hydrodynamics of tropical coastal marine systems
    • D. Connell and D. Hawker (Eds.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton
    • WOLANSKI, E. 1992. Hydrodynamics of tropical coastal marine systems. In D. Connell and D. Hawker (Eds.). Pollution in tropical aquatic systems, pp. 3-27. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton.
    • (1992) Pollution in Tropical Aquatic Systems , pp. 3-27
    • Wolanski, E.1
  • 148
    • 0020377188 scopus 로고
    • Geomorphology and development of mangrove swamps, Grand Cayman Island, West Indies
    • WOODROFFE, C. D. 1982. Geomorphology and development of mangrove swamps, Grand Cayman Island, West Indies. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32: 381-398.
    • (1982) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 381-398
    • Woodroffe, C.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.