Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal? The Rule of Law in an Incoherent World

Ethics and International Affairs

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 293-313

  Hurd, Ian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979626501     PISSN: 08926794     EISSN: 17477093     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S089267941100027X     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. For these debates, see, e.g., Diplomatic Academy of Vienna, The UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect: Policy, Process, and Practice (Vienna: Favorita Papers 01/2010)
2. Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)
3. J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
4. See James Turner Johnson, Ideology, Reason, and the Limitation of War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975)
5. Ian Clark, Legitimacy in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
6. Christine D. Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, 3rd. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
7. See, e.g., Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, UN Ideas That Changed the World (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2009).
8. Controversy over whether the Council is correctly identifying such threats is common-for instance, with respect to the Libyan sanctions in the 1990s. See B. Martenczuk, “The Security Council, the International Court and Judicial Review: What Lessons from Lockerbie?” European Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (1999), pp. 517–547.
9. Gray, International Law and the Use of Force.
10. “Productive” here is used in the sense used by Michael N. Barnett and Raymond Duvall, eds., Power in Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
11. United Nations Security Council Resolution 487.
12. Michael Byers, “Jumping the Gun,” London Review of Books 24, no. 11 (2002), pp. 3–5.
13. See International Court of Justice, Nicaragua Merits, ICJ Reports, June 27, 1986, 94, para. 176.
14. See, generally, Vaughan Lowe and Antonios Tzanakopoulos, “Humanitarian Intervention,” in Rüdiger Wolfrum, ed., Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
15. Philip Alston and Euan MacDonald, eds., Human Rights, Intervention, and the Use of Force (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)
16. Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004)
17. Thomas M. Franck, Recourse to Force: State Action Against Threats and Armed Attacks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
18. Nikolas Sturchler, The Threat of Force in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
19. Ian Hurd, After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the UN Security Council (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).
20. Ian Brownlie, “‘International Law and the Use of Force by States’ Revisited,” Chinese Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (2002), pp. 1–19.
21. Swedish representative at the UN Security Council, cited in Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, pp. 32–33.
22. Bruno Simma et al., eds., The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
23. Corfu Channel, International Court of Justice, 1949.
24. Ruth B. Russell, A History of the UN Charter: The Role of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1958)
25. Lowe and Tzanakopoulos, “Humanitarian Intervention.”
26. Inter-American Democratic Charter, September 11, 2001, Lima, Peru; www.oas.org/charter/docs/resolution1_en_p4.htm.
27. Bardo Fassbender, “Rediscovering a Forgotten Constitution: Notes on the Place of the UN Charter in the International Legal Order,” in Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman, eds., Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)
28. Kristen E. Boon, “Regime Conflicts and the UN Security Council: Applying the Law of Responsibility,” George Washington International Law Review 42, no. 2 (2010)
29. Richard Burchill, “Regional Arrangements as an Expression of Diversity in the International System” (paper presented at the American Society of International Law workshop on international organizations, October 29, 2010, Washington, D.C).
30. Byers, “Jumping the Gun.”
31. Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
32. Brownlie, “International Law,” p. 16
33. Franck, Recourse to Force.
34. See also Bruno Simma, “NATO, the UN, and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects,” European Journal of International Law 10, no. 1 (1999)
35. Anthea Roberts, “Legality vs. Legitimacy: Can Uses of Force Be Illegal but Justified?” in Philip Alston and Euan MacDonald, eds., Human Rights, Intervention, and the Use of Force (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
36. Thomas M. Franck, “Who Killed Article 2(4)? Or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States,” American Journal of International Law 64 (1970), pp. 810, 809.
37. American Journal of International Law., p. 835.
38. Michael Glennon, “The Fog of Law: Self-Defense, Inherence, and Incoherence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25 (2002), pp. 539–58, at 539.
39. See also Michael Glennon, “How International Rules Die,” Georgetown Law Journal 93 (2005), p. 939.
40. Glennon, “The Fog of Law,” p. 540, emphasis added.
41. Michael J. Smith, “Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues,” Ethics & International Affairs 12 (1998), pp. 63–79, at 66.
42. Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, Global Governance and the UN: An Unfinished Journey (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2010)
43. Kofi Annan, cited in Weiss and Thakur, Global Governance and the UN, p. 318.
44. “2005 World Summit Outcome: Fact Sheet”; www.un.org/summit2005/presskit/fact_sheet.pdf; accessed January 10, 2011.
45. Alex J. Bellamy, “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, no. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 143–169.
46. As defined by Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot, The Practice Turn in International Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
47. Paul D. Williams and Alex J. Bellamy, “The Responsibility to Protect and the Crisis in Darfur,” Security Dialogue 36, no. 1 (2005), pp. 27–47.
48. Reported in David D. Kirkpatrick and Kareen Fahim, “Libya Blames Islamic Militants and the West for Unrest,” New York Times, February 28, 2011.
49. Allen Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
50. Fernando R. Tesón, “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention,” in J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 93.
51. UN General Assembly, “An Agenda for Peace,” Report of the Secretary-General, A/47/277, June 17, 1992.
52. Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility to Protect,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (2002), pp. 99–110, at 102.
53. Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
54. Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law., pp. 1–2.
55. Harold Hongju Koh, “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?” Yale Law Journal 106, no. 8 (1997), pp. 2599–2659
56. Oona Hathaway, “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference,” Yale Law Journal 111, no. 3 (2002), pp. 1935–2042
57. Judith Kelley, “Who Keeps International Commitments and Why? The International Criminal Court and Bilateral Non-Surrender Agreements,” American Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (2007), pp. 573–589
58. Emilie Hafner-Burton, Jon Pevehouse, and Jana von Stein, “Human Rights Institutions, Membership, and Compliance” (paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meetings 2009).
59. Kelley, “Who Keeps International Commitments and Why?”
60. Robert Howse and Ruti Teitel, “Beyond Compliance: Rethinking Why International Law Matters,” Global Policy 1, no. 2 (2010), pp. 127–136.
61. See the discussion in Jutta Brunnée and Stephen J. Toope, Legitimacy and Legality in International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).