Perils of police action: A cautionary tale from US data sets

Injury Prevention

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 27-32

  Miller, Ted R ^a,b   Lawrence, Bruce A ^a   Carlson, Nancy N ^c   Hendrie, Delia ^b   Randall, Sean ^b   Rockett, Ian R H ^d   Spicer, Rebecca S ^a  

^a PACIFIC INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND EVALUATION   (United States)

^b CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA   (United States)

^d WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CAUSE OF DEATH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POLICE; RACISM; SOCIAL JUSTICE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; THEORETICAL MODEL; TRENDS; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CAUSE OF DEATH; DATASETS AS TOPIC; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, THEORETICAL; POLICE; RACISM; SOCIAL JUSTICE; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84979528863     PISSN: 13538047     EISSN: 14755785     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042023     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement, Administration of Justice. Task force report: the police. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1967;19671:142.
2. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Commission Report. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1968.
3. Collins A. Shielded from justice: police brutality and accountability in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998.
4. Lersch KM, Bazley T, Mieczkowski T, et al. Police use of force and neighbourhood characteristics: an examination of structural disadvantage, crime, and resistance. Policing Soc 2008;18:282–300.
5. Supreme Court of the United States. United States v. Price et al., 383. US 787, 86. S. Ct. 1152; 1966. US LEXIS 1963, 1966.
6. Klahm CF, Tillyer R. Understanding police use of force: a review of the evidence. Southwest J Crim Justice 2010;7:214–39.
7. Garner JH, Maxwell CD, Heraux CG. Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police. Justice Q 2002;19:705–46.
8. Police Executive Research Forum. Re-Engineering Training on Police Use of Force. Critical Issues in Policing Series. Washington DC: PERF, 2015.
9. Police Executive Research Forum. Guiding Principles on Use of Force. Critical Issues in Policing Series. Washington DC: PERF, 2016.
10. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, et al. Police killings and police deaths are public health data and can be counted. PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001915.
11. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 2014—Expanded Homicide Data. Secondary Crime in the United States, 2014—Expanded Homicide Data 2015. https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide
12. Somashekhar S, Rich S. Final tally: Police shot and killed 986 people in 2015. The Washington Post 6. January 2016.
13. Swaine J, Laughland O, Lartey J, et al. Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths. The Guardian 31. December 2015.
14. Hyland S, Langton L, Davis E. Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002–11. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015.
15. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Secondary Nationwide Inpatient Sample November 2015 2015. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp
16. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Secondary Nationwide Emergency Department Sample January 2016. 2016. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nedsoverview.jsp
17. Lawrence BA, Miller TR, Weiss HB, et al. Issues in using state hospital discharge data in injury control research and surveillance. Accid Anal Prev 2007;39:319–25.
18. MacKenzie EJ, Sacco WJ. ICDMAP- 90. Software: user’s guide. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University and Tri-Analytics, 1997.
19. Lawrence BA, Miller TR. Medical and work loss cost estimation methods for the WISQARS cost of injury module. Final Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Calverton, MD: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2014.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), Nonfatal Injury Data. Secondary Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), Nonfatal Injury Data 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/nonfatal.html
21. Banks D, Couzens L, Blanton C, et al. Arrest-Related Deaths Program Assessment. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015.
22. Loftin C, Wiersema B, McDowall D, et al. Underreporting of justifiable homicides committed by police officers in the United States, 1976–1998. Am J Public Health 2003;93:1117–21.
23. Planty M, Burch AM. Arrest-related deaths program: data quality profile. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015.
24. Barber C, Azrael D, Cohen A, et al. Homicides by police: comparing counts from The National Violent Death Reporting System, vital statistics, and supplementary homicide reports. Am J Public Health 2016;106:922–7.
25. Guardian T. The Counted: People killed by police in the United States. Secondary The Counted: People killed by police in the United States 2016. http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2015/jun/01/the-counted-police-killings-us-database
26. Rainey DY, Runyan CW. Newspapers: a source for injury surveillance? Am J Public Health 1992;82:745–6.
27. Guard A, Gallagher SS. Heat related deaths to young children in parked cars: an analysis of 171 fatalities in the United States, 1995–2002. Inj Prev 2005;11:33–7.
28. Fine PR, Jones CS, Wrigley JM, et al. Are newspapers a viable source for intentional injury surveillance data? South Med J 1998;91:234–42.
29. Berchialla P, Scarinzi C, Snidero S, et al. Information extraction approaches to unconventional data sources for “Injury Surveillance System”: the case of newspapers clippings. J Med Syst 2012;36:475–81.
30. Baullinger J, Quan L, Bennett E, et al. Use of Washington State newspapers for submersion injury surveillance. Inj Prev 2001;7:339–42.
31. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 2012—Expanded Homicide Data. Secondary Crime in the United States, 2012—Expanded Homicide Data 2013. https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/ expandhomicidemain
32. Langton L, Durose M. Police Behavior during traffic and street stops, 2011. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013.
33. Fuatagavi LS, Perrone P. Crime in Hawaii 2012: a review of uniform crime reports. Honolulu, HI: Department of the Attorney General, Crime Prevention & Justice Assistance Division, Research & Statistics Branch, 2013.
34. Alabama Statistical Analysis Center. Crime in Alabama 2012. Montgomery, AL: Alabama Criminal Justice Information Center, 2013.
35. Lindsay L. Annual report 2012. New York: Criminal Court of the City of New York, 2013.
36. Kelly RW. Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City (Jan 1–Dec 31, 2012). New York: City of New York Police Department, 2013.
37. Lindsay L. Annual Report 2014. New York: Criminal Court of the City of New York, 2015.
38. Bratton WJ. Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City (Jan 1–Dec 31, 2014). New York: City of New York Police Department, 2015.
39. Eith C, Durose MR. Contacts between police and the public, 2008. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice, 2011.
40. Kindy K, Elliott K. 987 people were shot and killed by police this year. The Washington Post 2016.
41. Office of Justice Programs. Study of Deaths Following Electro Muscular Disruption. Special Report NCJ 233432. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice, 2011.
42. Maltz M. Bridging Gaps in Police Data, NCJ 176365. Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.
43. Frydl K, Skogan W, National Research Council. Fairness and effectiveness in policing: the evidence. Washington DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
44. Kochel TR, Wilson DB, Mastrofski SD. Effect of suspect race on officers’ arrest decisions. Criminol 2011;49:473–512.
45. Correll J, Keesee T. Racial bias in the decision to shoot? The Police Chief 2009:54–57.
46. Lange JE, Johnson MB, Voas RB. Testing the racial profiling hypothesis for seemingly disparate traffic stops on the New Jersey Turnpike. Justice Q 2005;22:193–223.
47. Lundman RJ, Kowalski BR. Speeding while black? Assessing the generalizability of Lange et al.’s (2001, 2005) New Jersey Turnpike speeding survey findings. Justice Q 2009;26:504–27.
48. Tillyer R, Engel RS. Racial differences in speeding patterns: exploring the differential offending hypothesis. J Crim Justice 2012;40:285–95.
49. Block M. ‘The Talk’. How parents of all backgrounds tell kids about the police. In: Martin M, ed. All things considered. National Public Radio, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2014/09/05/346137530/the-talk-how-parents-of-all-backgrounds-tell-kidsabout- the-police (accessed 3. Jun 2016).
50. Finkelstein EA, Corso PC, Miller TR, et al. Incidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States, 2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
51. Harris CJ. Police use of improper force: a systematic review of the evidence. Vict Offender 2009;4:25–41.
52. Klockars CB. The idea of police. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1985.
53. Bittner E. The functions of the police in modern society. Washington DC: National Institute of Mental Health, Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency, 1970.
54. Alpert GP, Dunham RG. Understanding police use of force: Officers, suspects, and reciprocity. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
55. MacDonald JM, Manz PW, Alpert GP, et al. Police use of force: examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance. J Crim Justice 2003;31:119–27.
56. Prenzler T, Porter L, Alpert GP. Reducing police use of force: case studies and prospects. Aggress Violent Behav 2013;18:343–56.
57. Smith M, Kaminski R, Alpert G, et al. A Multi-Method Evaluation of Police Use of Force Outcomes: Final Report to The National Institute of Justice, Document 231177, 2010.
58. Annest J, Hedegaard H, Chen L, et al. Proposed framework for presenting injury data using ICD-10-CM external cause of injury codes. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014.