Heat related deaths to young children in parked cars: An analysis of 171 fatalities in the United States, 1995-2002

Injury Prevention

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 33-37

  Guard, A ^a,b   Gallagher, S S ^a  

^a EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT CENTER   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CAR; CHILD CARE; CLASSIFICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRIVER; FATALITY; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEAT INJURY; HUMAN; INFANT; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LAW; MALE; NEWBORN; ONLINE SYSTEM; POLICY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SAFETY; SEAT; STANDARDIZATION; TEMPERATURE; TIME; TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT; UNITED STATES; VICTIM;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AUTOMOBILES; CHILD CARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HEAT; HEAT STROKE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MOTOR VEHICLES; PLAY AND PLAYTHINGS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 13844251832     PISSN: 13538047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/ip.2003.004044     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Roberts KB, Roberts EC. The automobile and heat stress. Pediatrics 1976;58:101-4.
2. Wadlington WB, Tucker AL Jr, Fly F, et al. Heat stroke in infancy. Am J Dis Child 1976;130:1250-1.
3. Hassall IB. Small children left alone in parked cars. N Z Med J 1983;96:25.
4. King K, Negus K, Vance JC. Heat stress in motor vehicles: a problem in infancy. Pediatrics 1981;68:579-82.
5. Surpure JS. Heat-related illness and the automobile. Ann Emerg Med 1982;11:263-5.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat-related deaths - United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:558-60.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat-related illnesses and deaths - Missouri, 1998 and United States, 1979-1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:469-73.
8. Gibbs, LI, Lawrence DW, Kohn MA. Heat exposure in an enclosed automobile. J La State Med Soc 1995;147:545-6.
9. Tzunuki-Hayakawa K, Tochihara Y, Ohnaka T. Thermoregulation during heat exposure of young children compared to their mothers. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995;72:12-17.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Injuries and deaths among children left unattended in or around motor vehicles - United States, July 2000-June 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:570-2.
11. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Data collection study: deaths and injuries resulting from certain non-traffic and non-crash events. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, 2004.
12. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) description. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/ncsa/fars.html (accessed 10 April 2001).
13. Hayden GJ, Gerberich SG, Maldonado G. Fatal farm injuries: a five-year study utilizing a unique surveillance approach to investigate the concordance of reporting between two data sources. J Occup Environ Med 1995;37:571-7.
14. Rainey DY, Runyan, CW. Newspapers: a source for injury surveillance? Am J Public Health 1992;82:745-6.
15. Voight B, Lapidus G, Zavoski R, et al. Injury reporting in Connecticut newspapers. Inj Prev 1998;4:292-4.
16. Baullinger J, Quan L, Bennett E, et al. Use of Washington State newspapers for submersion injury surveillance. Inj Prev 2001;7:339-42.
17. Nexis. News Library, Easytrac, Electric Library, New York Times archive, NewsFinder, CARL, RocketNews and Google.
18. Child-fatal-L, hosted by Cornell University, serving child protection and child fatality review team professionals; Injury-L, hosted by West Virginia University, serving injury prevention professionals, and STIPDA-L, the list of the State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association.
19. Bonnie RJ, Fulco CE, Liverman CT. Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment. Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999:50.
20. Bruskin Goldring Research. Child safety survey conducted for National Safe Kids Campaign. Washington, DC: Bruskin Goldring Research, 1999.
21. Hakuhodo Institute of Life and Living. Japanese ethical standards of the 1990s, 1997.Available at: http://www.athill.com/english/English/no3/3_hill5.html (accessed 1 May 2002).
22. California Unattended Kids + Cars Expert Panel. Recommendations. San Francisco: CA, 2001.
23. McLoughlin E, Fennell J. The power of survivor advocacy: making car trunks escapable. Inj Prev 2000;6:167-70.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fatal car trunk entrapment involving children - United States, 1987-1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47:1019-22.
25. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal motor vehicle safety standards: interior trunk release final rule. Federal Register 2000;65:63014-21.
26. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA develops child carseat safety device. Press release, 5 February 2002. Hampton, VA: Langley Research Center, 2002.
27. KidsnCars website. Available at: http://www.kidsncars.org (accessed 15 August 2002).