Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View

Annual Review of Neuroscience

Volumn 39, Issue , 2016, Pages 149-170

  Heilbronner, Sarah R ^a   Hayden, Benjamin Y ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Conflict; DACC; Executive control; Monitoring; Neuroeconomics; Reward

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MAPPING; CINGULATE SULCUS; DORSAL ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX; FEAR; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LEARNING; MOTOR CONTROL; NERVE CELL; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROMONITORING; NONHUMAN; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REWARD; SELF CONTROL; ANIMAL; CINGULATE GYRUS; COGNITION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; GYRUS CINGULI; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NEURONS; REWARD;

EID: 84979518009     PISSN: 0147006X     EISSN: 15454126     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013952     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Ainslie G. 1975. Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychol. Bull. 82: 463-96
2. Akkal D, Bioulac B, Audin J, Burbaud P. 2002. Comparison of neuronal activity in the rostral supplementary and cingulate motor areas during a task with cognitive and motor demands. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15: 887-904
3. Alexander WH, Brown JW. 2011. Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor. Nat. Neurosci. 14: 1338-44
4. Amaral D, Price J. 1984. Amygdalo-cortical projections in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Comp. Neurol. 230: 465-96
5. Amiez C, Joseph JP, Procyk E. 2005. Anterior cingulate error-related activity is modulated by predicted reward. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21: 3447-52
6. Amiez C, Joseph JP, Procyk E. 2006. Reward encoding in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 16: 1040-55
7. Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. 2004. Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8: 170-77
8. Barbas H, Pandya DN. 1989. Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 286: 353-75
9. Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. 2013. The valuation system: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. NeuroImage 76: 412-27
10. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. 2000. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 10: 295-307
11. Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Walton ME, Rushworth MF. 2007. Learning the value of information in an uncertain world. Nat. Neurosci. 10: 1214-21
12. Blanchard TC, Hayden BY. 2014. Neurons in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex signal postdecisional variables in a foraging task. J. Neurosci. 34: 646-55
13. Blanchard TC, Strait CE, Hayden BY. 2015. Ramping ensemble activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during persistent commitment to a decision. J. Neurophysiol. 114: 2439-49
14. Boorman ED, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Rushworth MF. 2009. How green is the grass on the other side? Frontopolar cortex and the evidence in favor of alternative courses of action. Neuron 62: 733-43
15. Boorman ED, RushworthMF, BehrensTE. 2013. Ventromedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex adopt choice and default reference frames during sequential multi-alternative choice. J. Neurosci. 33: 2242-53
16. Botvinick MM. 2007. Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7: 356-66
17. BotvinickMM, Braver TS, BarchDM, CarterCS, Cohen JD. 2001. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol. Rev. 108: 624-52
18. Brass M, Haggard P. 2007. To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control. J. Neurosci. 27: 9141-45
19. Brown JW, Braver TS. 2005. Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 307: 1118-21
20. Bryden DW, Johnson EE, Tobia SC, Kashtelyan V, Roesch MR. 2011. Attention for learning signals in anterior cingulate cortex. J. Neurosci. 31: 18266-74
21. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. 2000. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4: 215-22
22. Cai X, Padoa-Schioppa C. 2012. Neuronal encoding of subjective value in dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex. J. Neurosci. 32: 3791-808
23. Calhoun AJ, Hayden BY. 2015. The foraging brain. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 5: 24-31
24. Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD. 1998. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280: 747-49
25. Chang SWC, Gariepy JF, Platt ML. 2013. Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 16: 243-50
26. Chudasama Y, Daniels TE, GorrinDP, Rhodes SE, Rudebeck PH, Murray EA. 2013. The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in choices based on reward value and reward contingency. Cereb. Cortex 23: 2884-98
27. Cowen SL, McNaughton BL. 2007. Selective delay activity in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat: contribution of sensorimotor information and contingency. J. Neurophysiol. 98: 303-16
28. Croxson PL, Walton ME, O'Reilly JX, Behrens TE, Rushworth MF. 2009. Effort-based cost-benefit valuation and the human brain. J. Neurosci. 29: 4531-41
29. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. 1995. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 118: 279-306
30. Dum RP, Strick PL. 1991. The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J. Neurosci. 11: 667-89
31. Dum RP, Strick PL. 1992. Medial wall motor areas and skeletomotor control. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2: 836-39
32. Dum RP, Strick PL. 2002. Motor areas in the frontal lobe of the primate. Physiol. Behav. 77: 677-82
33. Duncan J. 2001. An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 820-29
34. Durstewitz D, Vittoz NM, Floresco SB, Seamans JK. 2010. Abrupt transitions between prefrontal neural ensemble states accompany behavioral transitions during rule learning. Neuron 66: 438-48
35. Ebitz RB, Platt ML. 2015. Neuronal activity in primate dorsal anterior cingulate cortex signals task conflict and predicts adjustments in pupil-linked arousal. Neuron 85: 628-40
36. Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R. 2011. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15: 85-93
37. Euston DR, Gruber AJ, McNaughton BL. 2012. The role of medial prefrontal cortex in memory and decision making. Neuron 76: 1057-70
38. Evenden JL. 1999. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology 146: 348-61
39. Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Blanke L. 1990. Effects of errors in choice reaction tasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention. Psychophysiol. Brain Res. 1: 192-95
40. FitzGerald TH, Seymour B, Dolan RJ. 2009. The role of human orbitofrontal cortex in value comparison for incommensurable objects. J. Neurosci. 29: 8388-95
41. Floden D, Stuss DT. 2006. Inhibitory control is slowed in patients with right superior medial frontal damage. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18: 1843-49
42. ForstmannBU, BrassM, Koch I, Von Cramon DY. 2006. Voluntary selection of task sets revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18: 388-98
43. Fried I, Mukamel R, Kreiman G. 2011. Internally generated preactivation of single neurons in human medial frontal cortex predicts volition. Neuron 69: 548-62
44. Fuster JM. 1973. Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: neuronal correlates of transient memory. J. Neurophysiol. 36: 61-78
45. Gehring WJ, Goss B, Coles MG, Meyer DE, Donchin E. 1993. A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol. Sci. 4: 385-90
46. Gehring WJ, Willoughby AR. 2002. The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 295: 2279-82
47. GembaH, SasakiK, Brooks V. 1986. 'Error' potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area 24) of monkeys during motor learning. Neurosci. Lett. 70: 223-27
48. Goldman-Rakic PS. 1988. Topography of cognition: Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11: 137-56
49. Hadland KA, Rushworth MF, Gaffan D, Passingham RE. 2003. The anterior cingulate and reward-guided selection of actions. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 1161-64
50. Hare TA, Camerer CF, Rangel A. 2009. Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science 324: 646-48
51. Hare TA, Schultz W, Camerer CF, O'Doherty JP, Rangel A. 2011. Transformation of stimulus value signals into motor commands during simple choice. PNAS 108: 18120-25
52. Hayden BY. 2016. Time discounting and time preference in animals: A critical review. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 23: 39-53
53. Hayden BY, Heilbronner SR, Pearson JM, Platt ML. 2011. Surprise signals in anterior cingulate cortex: neuronal encoding of unsigned reward prediction errors driving adjustment in behavior. J. Neurosci. 31: 4178-87
54. Hayden BY, Pearson JM, Platt ML. 2009. Fictive reward signals in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 324: 948-50
55. Hayden BY, Pearson JM, Platt ML. 2011. Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment. Nat. Neurosci. 14: 933-39
56. Hayden BY, Platt ML. 2010. Neurons in anterior cingulate cortex multiplex information about reward and action. J. Neurosci. 30: 3339-46
57. Heilbronner SR, Haber SN. 2014. Frontal cortical and subcortical projections provide a basis for segmenting the cingulum bundle: implications for neuroimaging and psychiatric disorders. J. Neurosci. 34: 10041-54
58. Hillman KL, Bilkey DK. 2010. Neurons in the rat anterior cingulate cortex dynamically encode cost-benefit in a spatial decision-making task. J. Neurosci. 30: 7705-13
59. HolroydCB, ColesMG. 2002. The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol. Rev. 109: 679-709
60. Holroyd CB, McClure SM. 2015. Hierarchical control over effortful behavior by rodent medial frontal cortex: A computational model. Psychol. Rev. 122: 54-83
61. Holroyd CB, Yeung N. 2012. Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16: 122-28
62. Horst NK, Laubach M. 2012. Working with memory: evidence for a role for the medial prefrontal cortex in performance monitoring during spatial delayed alternation. J. Neurophysiol. 108: 3276-88
63. Hoshi E, Sawamura H, Tanji J. 2005. Neurons in the rostral cingulate motor area monitor multiple phases of visuomotor behavior with modest parametric selectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 94: 640-56
64. Hosokawa T, Kennerley SW, Sloan J, Wallis JD. 2013. Single-neuron mechanisms underlying cost-benefit analysis in frontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 33: 17385-97
65. Hyman JM, Ma L, Balaguer-Ballester E, Durstewitz D, Seamans JK. 2012. Contextual encoding by ensembles of medial prefrontal cortex neurons. PNAS 109: 5086-91
66. Isomura Y, Ito Y, Akazawa T, Nambu A, Takada M. 2003. Neural coding of "attention for action" and "response selection" in primate anterior cingulate cortex. J. Neurosci. 23: 8002-12
67. Ito S, Stuphorn V, Brown JW, Schall JD. 2003. Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding. Science 302: 120-22
68. Jocham G, Neumann J, Klein TA, Danielmeier C, Ullsperger M. 2009. Adaptive coding of action values in the human rostral cingulate zone. J. Neurosci. 29: 7489-96
69. Johnston K, LevinHM, KovalMJ, Everling S. 2007. Top-down control-signal dynamics in anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex neurons following task switching. Neuron 53: 453-62
70. Jung MW, Baeg EH, Kim MJ, Kim YB, Kim JJ. 2008. Plasticity and memory in the prefrontal cortex. Rev. Neurosci. 19: 29-46
71. Kennerley SW, Behrens TE, Wallis JD. 2011. Double dissociation of value computations in orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 14: 1581-89
72. Kennerley SW, Dahmubed AF, Lara AH, Wallis JD. 2009. Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21: 1162-78
73. Kennerley SW, Wallis JD. 2009. Encoding of reward and space during a working memory task in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate sulcus. J. Neurophysiol. 102: 3352-64
74. Kennerley SW, Wallis JD. 2009. Evaluating choices by single neurons in the frontal lobe: outcome value encoded across multiple decision variables. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29: 2061-73
75. Kennerley SW, Walton ME, Behrens TE, Buckley MJ, Rushworth MF. 2006. Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 9: 940-47
76. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2004. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023-26
77. Kesner RP. 2000. Subregional analysis of mnemonic functions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Psychobiology 28: 219-28
78. Knoch D, Fehr E. 2007. Resisting the power of temptations: the right prefrontal cortex and self-control. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1104: 123-34
79. Kolling N, Behrens TE, Mars RB, Rushworth MF. 2012. Neural mechanisms of foraging. Science 336: 95-98
80. Kurzban R, Duckworth A, Kable JW, Myers J. 2013. An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. Behav. Brain Sci. 36: 661-79
81. Lapish CC, Durstewitz D, Chandler LJ, Seamans JK. 2008. Successful choice behavior is associated with distinct and coherent network states in anterior cingulate cortex. PNAS 105: 11963-68
82. Lavenex P, Suzuki WA, Amaral DG. 2002. Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: Projections to the neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 447: 394-420
83. Levy DJ, Glimcher PW. 2012. The root of all value: A neural common currency for choice. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22: 1027-38
84. Lim SL, O'Doherty JP, Rangel A. 2011. The decision value computations in the vmPFC and striatum use a relative value code that is guided by visual attention. J. Neurosci. 31: 13214-23
85. Luk C-H, Wallis JD. 2009. Dynamic encoding of responses and outcomes by neurons in medial prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 29: 7526-39
86. Luk CH, Wallis JD. 2013. Choice coding in frontal cortex during stimulus-guided or action-guided decisionmaking. J. Neurosci. 33: 1864-71
87. Ma L, Hyman JM, Phillips AG, Seamans JK. 2014. Tracking progress toward a goal in corticostriatal ensembles. J. Neurosci. 34: 2244-53
88. Matelli M, Luppino G, Rizzolatti G. 1991. Architecture of superior andmesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 311: 445-62
89. MatsumotoK, SuzukiW, TanakaK. 2003. Neuronal correlates of goal-basedmotor selection in the prefrontal cortex. Science 301: 229-32
90. Matsumoto K, Tanaka K. 2004. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in achieving goals. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14: 178-85
91. Matsumoto M, Matsumoto K, Abe H, Tanaka K. 2007. Medial prefrontal cell activity signaling prediction errors of action values. Nat. Neurosci. 10: 647-56
92. Maunsell JHR. 2004. Neuronal representations of cognitive state: reward or attention? Trends Cogn. Sci. 8: 261-65
93. McCoy AN, Crowley JC, Haghighian G, Dean HL, Platt ML. 2003. Saccade reward signals in posterior cingulate cortex. Neuron 40: 1031-40
94. Michelet T, Bioulac B, Langbour N, Goillandeau M, Guehl D, Burbaud P. 2015. Electrophysiological correlates of a versatile executive control system in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 26: 1684-97
95. Milad MR, Quirk GJ. 2002. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature 420: 70-74
96. Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischl B, Rauch SL. 2007. A role for the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in fear expression. Biol. Psychiatry 62: 1191-94
97. Miller EK, Cohen JD. 2001. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24: 167-202
98. Morecraft RJ, Van Hoesen GW. 1998. Convergence of limbic input to the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. Bull. 45: 209-32
99. Nakamura K, Roesch MR, Olson CR. 2005. Neuronal activity in macaque SEF and ACC during performance of tasks involving conflict. J. Neurophysiol. 93: 884-908
100. Narayanan NS, Cavanagh JF, Frank MJ, Laubach M. 2013. Common medial frontal mechanisms of adaptive control in humans and rodents. Nat. Neurosci. 16: 1888-95
101. Narayanan NS, Horst NK, Laubach M. 2006. Reversible inactivations of rat medial prefrontal cortex impair the ability to wait for a stimulus. Neuroscience 139: 865-76
102. Narayanan NS, Laubach M. 2006. Top-down control of motor cortex ensembles by dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuron 52: 921-31
103. Niki H, Watanabe M. 1979. Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey. Brain Res. 171: 213-24
104. Norman D, Shallice T. 1986. Attention to action: willed and automatic control of behavior. In Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 4, ed. R Davidson, R Schwartz, D Shapiro, pp. 1-18. New York: Plenum
105. Padoa-Schioppa C, Assad JA. 2006. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value. Nature 441: 223-26
106. Papez JW. 1937. A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 38: 725-43
107. Parent MA, Amarante LM, Liu B, Weikum D, Laubach M. 2015. The medial prefrontal cortex is crucial for the maintenance of persistent licking and the expression of incentive contrast. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 9: 23
108. Parvizi J, Rangarajan V, ShirerWR, Desai N, GreiciusMD. 2013. The will to persevere induced by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate gyrus. Neuron 80: 1359-67
109. Passetti F, Chudasama Y, Robbins TW. 2002. The frontal cortex of the rat and visual attentional performance: dissociable functions of distinct medial prefrontal subregions. Cereb. Cortex 12: 1254-68
110. Passingham RE, Bengtsson SL, Lau HC. 2010. Medial frontal cortex: from self-generated action to reflection on one's own performance. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14: 16-21
111. Passingham RE, Wise SP. 2012. The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Evolution, and the Origin of Insight. London: Oxford Univ. Press
112. Paus T. 2001. Primate anterior cingulate cortex: where motor control, drive and cognition interface. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 417-24
113. Paxinos G, Huang XF, Toga AW. 2000. The Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. San Diego, CA: Academic
114. Peters J, Buchel C. 2010. Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions. Neuron 66: 138-48
115. Petrides M, Pandya DN. 1994. Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and the macaque frontal cortex. In Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 9, ed. F Boller, J Grafman, pp. 17-58. Amsterdam: Elsevier
116. Picard N, Strick PL. 1996. Motor areas of the medial wall: A review of their location and functional activation. Cereb. Cortex 6: 342-53
117. Picton TW, Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Shallice T, Binns MA, Gillingham S. 2007. Effects of focal frontal lesions on response inhibition. Cereb. Cortex 17: 826-38
118. Platt ML, Glimcher PW. 1999. Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Nature 400: 233-38
119. Prévost C, Pessiglione M, Météreau E, Cléry-Melin M-L, Dreher J-C. 2010. Separate valuation subsystems for delay and effort decision costs. J. Neurosci. 30: 14080-90
120. Price DD. 2000. Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 288: 1769-72
121. Procyk E, Tanaka YL, Joseph JP. 2000. Anterior cingulate activity during routine and non-routine sequential behaviors in macaques. Nat. Neurosci. 3: 502-8
122. Procyk E, Wilson CRE, Stoll FM, Faraut MCM, Petrides M, Amiez C. 2016. Midcingulate motor map and feedback detection: converging data from humans and monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 26: 467-76
123. Quilodran R, RotheM, Procyk E. 2008. Behavioral shifts and action valuation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Neuron 57: 314-25
124. Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, MacLeod AM, Pardo JV, et al. 1994. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb. Cortex 4: 8-26
125. Rudebeck PH, Behrens TE, Kennerley SW, Baxter MG, Buckley MJ, et al. 2008. Frontal cortex subregions play distinct roles in choices between actions and stimuli. J. Neurosci. 28: 13775-85
126. Rudebeck PH, Buckley MJ, Walton ME, Rushworth MFS. 2006. A role for the macaque anterior cingulate gyrus in social valuation. Science 313: 1310-12
127. Rudebeck PH, Walton ME, Smyth AN, Bannerman DM, Rushworth MF. 2006. Separate neural pathways process different decision costs. Nat. Neurosci. 9: 1161-68
128. Rushworth MF, Hadland KA, Gaffan D, Passingham RE. 2003. The effect of cingulate cortex lesions on task switching and working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15: 338-53
129. Rushworth MF, Noonan MP, Boorman ED, Walton ME, Behrens TE. 2011. Frontal cortex and rewardguided learning and decision-making. Neuron 70: 1054-69
130. RushworthMF, Walton M, Kennerley S, Bannerman D. 2004. Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8: 410-17
131. Sallet J, Quilodran R, Rothe M, Vezoli J, Joseph JP, Procyk E. 2007. Expectations, gains, and losses in the anterior cingulate cortex. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7: 327-36
132. Schall JD, Stuphorn V, Brown JW. 2002. Monitoring and control of action by the frontal lobes. Neuron 36: 309-22
133. Seo H, Lee D. 2007. Temporal filtering of reward signals in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during a mixed-strategy game. J. Neurosci. 27: 8366-77
134. SeoH, Lee D. 2009. Behavioral and neural changes after gains and losses of conditioned reinforcers. J. Neurosci. 29: 3627-41
135. Shen C, Ardid S, Kaping D, Westendorff S, Everling S, Womelsdorf T. 2015. Anterior cingulate cortex cells identify process-specific errors of attentional control prior to transient prefrontal-cingulate inhibition. Cereb. Cortex 25: 2213-28
136. Shenhav A, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. 2013. The expected value of control: An integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron 79: 217-40
137. Shenhav A, Straccia MA, Cohen JD, BotvinickMM. 2014. Anterior cingulate engagement in a foraging context reflects choice difficulty, not foraging value. Nat. Neurosci. 17: 1249-54
138. Sheth SA, Mian MK, Patel SR, Asaad WF, Williams ZM, et al. 2012. Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation. Nature 488: 218-21
139. Shidara M, Richmond BJ. 2002. Anterior cingulate: single neuronal signals related to degree of reward expectancy. Science 296: 1709-11
140. Shima K, Aya K, Mushiake H, Inase M, Aizawa H, Tanji J. 1991. Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimbmovements. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 188-202
141. Shima K, Tanji J. 1998. Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward. Science 282: 1335-38
142. Stephens DW, Anderson D. 2001. The adaptive value of preference for immediacy: when shortsighted rules have farsighted consequences. Behav. Ecol. 12: 330-39
143. Stott JJ, Redish AD. 2014. A functional difference in information processing between orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum during decision-making behaviour. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 369: 20130472
144. Strait CE, Blanchard TC, Hayden BY. 2014. Reward value comparison via mutual inhibition in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neuron 82: 1357-66
145. Strait CE, Sleezer BJ, Blanchard TC, Azab H, Castagno MD, Hayden BY. 2015. Neuronal selectivity for spatial positions of offers and choices in five reward regions. J. Neurophysiol. 115: 1098-111
146. Strait CE, Sleezer BJ, Hayden BY. 2015. Signatures of value comparison in ventral striatum neurons. PLOS Biol. 13: e1002173
147. Tow PM, Whitty C. 1953. Personality changes after operations on the cingulate gyrus in man. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 16: 186
148. Turken AU, Swick D. 1999. Response selection in the human anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2: 920-24
149. Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY. 2001. Subprocesses of performance monitoring: A dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. NeuroImage 14: 1387-401
150. Van Hoesen GW, Morecraft RJ, Vogt BA. 1993. Connections of the monkey cingulate cortex. See Vogt & Gabriel 1993, pp. 249-84
151. Van Veen V, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2001. Anterior cingulate cortex, conflict monitoring, and levels of processing. NeuroImage 14: 1302-8
152. Vogt BA. 2009. Cingulate Neurobiology and Disease. London: Oxford Univ. Press
153. Vogt BA, Finch DM, Olson CR. 1992. Functional hetereogeneity in cingulate cortex: the anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cereb. Cortex 2: 435-43
154. Vogt BA, Gabriel M. 1993. Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus: A Comprehensive Handbook. Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer
155. Vogt BA, Nimchinsky EA, Vogt LJ, Hof PR. 1995. Human cingulate cortex: surface features, flat maps, and cytoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 359: 490-506
156. Vogt BA, Pandya DN. 1987. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: II. Cortical afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 262: 271-89
157. Vogt BA, Pandya DN, Rosene DL. 1987. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 262: 256-70
158. Vogt BA, Vogt L, Farber NB, Bush G. 2005. Architecture and neurocytology of monkey cingulate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 485: 218-39
159. Wallis JD, Rich EL. 2011. Challenges of interpreting frontal neurons during value-based decision-making. Front. Neurosci. 5: 124
160. Walton M, Kennerley S, Bannerman D, Phillips P, Rushworth MF. 2006. Weighing up the benefits of work: behavioral and neural analyses of effort-related decision making. Neural Netw. 19: 1302-14
161. Wang S-H, Tse D, Morris RG. 2012. Anterior cingulate cortex in schema assimilation and expression. Learn. Mem. 19: 315-18
162. Warden MR, SelimbeyogluA, Mirzabekov JJ, Lo M, Thompson KR, et al. 2012. Aprefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge. Nature 492: 428-32
163. Williams ZM, Bush G, Rauch SL, Cosgrove GR, Eskandar EN. 2004. Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. Nat. Neurosci. 7: 1370-75
164. Wilson RC, Takahashi YK, Schoenbaum G, Niv Y. 2014. Orbitofrontal cortex as a cognitive map of task space. Neuron 81: 267-69
165. Wunderlich K, Rangel A, O'Doherty JP. 2009. Neural computations underlying action-based decisionmaking in the human brain. PNAS 106: 17199-92