Energy storage in the energy transition context: A technology review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 65, Issue , 2016, Pages 800-822

  Gallo, A B ^a   Simoes Moreira J R ^a   Costa, H K M ^a   Santos, M M ^a   Moutinho dos Santos, E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Electricity storage; Renewable energy integration; Sustainable energy systems

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY POLICY; FOSSIL FUELS; FUEL STORAGE; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES;

ELECTRICITY STORAGES; ENERGY SECTOR; ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES; ENERGY TRANSITIONS; POWER; RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATIONS; RENEWABLE SOURCES; SUSTAINABLE ENERGY; SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS; TECHNOLOGY REVIEW;

ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE;

EID: 84979082237     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.028     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. [1] IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2014.
2. [2] Ed Dlugokencky and Pieter Tans, NOAA/(ESRL) 〈www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/〉 ((Last accessed): 20/09/2015).
3. [3] European Commission. The 2015 international climate change agreement: shaping international climate policy beyond 2020, COM(2013) 167. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission; March 26, 2013.
4. [4] Global Wind Energy Council. Global Wind Report. Annual Market Update 2014. Brussels, Belgium: Global Wind Energy Council; March 2015.
5. [5] REN21. Renewables 2015 Global Status Report. Paris, France: Renewables energy policy network for the 21st century; 2012.
6. [6] International Energy Agency (IEA). Technology roadmap: solar photovoltaic energy. 2014, OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
7. [7] GlobalData. Solar PV Module Value Chain – Market Size, Average Price, Market Share and Key Country Analysis to 2020. London, UK: GlobalData; October 2014.
8. [8] International Energy Agency (IEA), World energy outlook 2013. 2013, OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
9. [9] Pickard, W.F., Shen, A.Q., Hansing, N.J., Parking the power: strategies and physical limitations for bulk energy storage in supply–demand matching on a grid whose input power is provided by intermittent sources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13:8 (2009), 1934–1945.
10. [10] Evans, A., Strezov, V., Evans, T., Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:6 (2012), 4141–4147.
11. [11] Denholm, P., Hand, M., Grid flexibility and storage required to achieve very high penetration of variable renewable electricity. Energy Policy 39:3 (2011), 1817–1830.
12. [12] International Energy Agency (IEA), Empowering variable renewables – options for flexible electricity systems. 2008, OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
13. [13] International Energy Agency (IEA), Harnessing variable renewables – a guide to the balancing change. 2011, OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
14. [14] Kondziella, H., Bruckner, T., Flexibility requirements of renewable energy based electricity systems – a review of research results and methodologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53 (2016), 10–22.
15. [15] Milborrow, D., Impacts of wind on electricity systems with particular reference to Alberta. Tech. rep. Ottawa. 2004, Canadian Wind Energy Association, Canada.
16. [16] Doherty, R., O'Malley, M., A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity. IEEE Trans Power Syst 20:2 (2005), 587–595.
17. [17] Ela E, Kirby B. Ercot event on February 26, 2008: Lessons learned. Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-500-43373. Golden, USA: National Renewable Energy Lab; 2008.
18. [18] Lund, P.D., Lindgren, J., Mikkola, J., Salpakari, J., Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45 (2015), 785–807.
19. [19] Paatero, J.V., Lund, P.D., Effects of large-scale photovoltaic power integration on electricity distribution networks. Renew Energy 32 (2007), 216–234.
20. [20] Holttinen, H., Wind integration: experience, issues and challenges. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ 1 (2012), 243–255.
21. [21] Lipman, T., Ramos, R., Kammen, D., (Technical Report) An assessment of battery and hydrogen energy storage systems integrated with wind energy resources in California, 2005, University of California, Berkley, Berkley, USA.
22. [22] Korpaas, M., Greiner, C., Opportunities for hydrogen production in connection with wind power in weak grids. Renew Energy 33:6 (2008), 1199–1208.
23. [23] Scorah, H., Sopinka, A., van Kooten, G.C., The economics of storage, transmission and drought: integrating variable wind power into spatially separated electricity grids. Energy Econ 34 (2012), 536–541.
24. [24] Schaber, K., Steinke, F., Hamacher, T., Transmission grid extensions for the integration of variable renewable energies in Europe: who benefits where?. Energy Policy 43 (2012), 123–135.
25. [25] Järventausta, P., Repo, S., Rautiainen, A., Partanen, J., Smart grid power system control in distributed generation environment. Annu Rev Control 34:2 (2010), 277–286.
26. [26] Steinke, F., Wolfrum, P., Grid vs. storage in a 100% renewable Europe. Renew Energy 50 (2013), 826–832.
27. [27] Denholm, P., Improving the technical, environmental and social performance of wind energy systems using biomass-based energy storage. Renew Energy 31:9 (2006), 1355–1370.
28. [28] Louka, P., Galanis, G., Siebert, N., Kariniotakis, G., Katsafados, P., Kallos, G., Pytharoulis, I., Improvements in wind speed forecasts for wind power prediction purposes using Kalman filtering. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 96:12 (2008), 2348–2362.
29. [29] Ulbricht, R., Fischer, U., Lehner, W., Donker, H., Optimized renewable energy forecasting in local distribution networks. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser, 2013, 262–266.
30. [30] Liu, H., Erdem, E., Shi, J., Comprehensive evaluation of ARMA–GARCH(-M) approaches for modeling the mean and volatility of wind speed. Appl Energy 88 (2011), 724–732.
31. [31] Jacobsen, H.K., Zvingilaite, E., Reducing the market impact of large shares of intermittent energy in Denmark. Energy Policy 38:7 (2010), 3403–3413.
32. [32] Finn, P., Fitzpatrick, C., Demand side management of industrial electricity consumption: promoting the use of renewable energy through real-time pricing. Appl Energy 113 (2014), 11–21.
33. [33] Stadler, I., Power grid balancing of energy systems with high renewable energy penetration by demand response. Util Policy 16 (2008), 90–98.
34. [34] Moura, P.S., De Almeida, A.T., The role of demand-side management in the grid integration of wind power. Appl Energy 87 (2010), 2581–2588.
35. [35] Martinez-Duart, J.M., Hernandez-Moro, J.M., Serrano-Calle, J., Gomez-Calvet, S., Casanova-Molina M, R., New frontiers in sustainable energy production and storage. Vacuum, 2015, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.05.027.
36. [36] Díaz-González, F., Sumper, A., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., Villafáfila-Robles, R., A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:4 (2012), 2154–2171.
37. [37] Hall, P.J., Bain, E.J., Energy-storage technologies and electricity generation. Energy Policy 36:12 (2008), 4352–4355.
38. [38] Hadjipaschalis, I., Poullikkas, A., Efthimiou, V., Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13:6–7 (2009), 1513–1522.
39. [39] Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., Techno-economic analysis of different energy storage technologies, energy storage - technologies and applications. Zobaa, A., (eds.) Energy storage – technologies and applications, 2013, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia ISBN: 978-953-51-0951-8.
40. [40] Chen, H., Cong, T.N., Yang, W., Tan, C., Li, Y., Ding, Y., Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review. Progr Nat Sci 19:3 (2009), 291–312.
41. [41] Zakeri, B., Syri, S., Electrical energy storage systems: a comparative life cycle cost analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42 (2015), 569–596.
42. [42] Dell, R.M., Rand, D.A.J., Energy storage – a key technology for global energy sustainability. J Power Sources 100 (2001), 2–17.
43. [43] Ferreira, H.L., Garde, R., Fulli, G., Kling, W., Lopes, J.P., Characterisation of electrical energy storage technologies. Energy 53 (2013), 288–298.
44. [44] Beaudin, M., Zareipour, H., Schellenberglabe, A., Rosehart, W., Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: an updated review. Energy Sustain Dev 14:4 (2010), 302–314.
45. [45] Lund, H., Andersen, A.N., Østergaard, P.A., Mathiesen, B.V., Connolly, D., From electricity smart grids to smart energy systems – a market operation based approach and understanding. Energy 42:1 (2012), 96–102.
46. [46] Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Pican, E., Leahy, M., The technical and economic implications of integrating fluctuating renewable energy using energy storage. Renew Energy 43 (2012), 47–60.
47. [47] Østergaard, P.A., Comparing electricity, heat and biogas storages’ impacts on renewable energy integration. Energy 37:1 (2012), 255–262.
48. [48] Mathiesen, B.V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P.A., Möller, B., et al. Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Appl Energy 145 (2015), 139–154.
49. [49] The Economist. Germany's energy transformation – Energiewende. London, UK: The Economist Newspaper Ltd; July 28th, 2012. 〈http://www.economist.com/node/21559667〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
50. [50] Maddaloni, J., Rowe, A., van Kooten, G., Network constrained wind integration on Vancouver Island. Energy Policy 36:2 (2008), 591–602.
51. [51] Kim, J.-H., Shcherbakova, A., Common failures of demand response. Energy 36 (2011), 873–880.
52. [52] Zafirakis, D., Chalvatzis, K.J., Baiocchi, G., Daskalakis, G., Modeling of financial incentives for investments in energy storage systems that promote the large-scale integration of wind energy. Appl Energy 105 (2013), 138–154.
53. [53] Benitez, L.E., Benitez, P.C., van Kooten, G.C., The economics of wind power with energy storage. Energy Econ 30:4 (2008), 1973–1989.
54. [54] Grünewald, P.H., Cockerill, T.T., Contestabile, M., Pearson, P.J.G., The socio-technical transition of distributed electricity storage into future networks – system value and stakeholder views. Energy Policy 50 (2012), 449–457.
55. [55] Toledo, O.M., Oliveira Filho, D., ASAC, Diniz, Distributed photovoltaic generation and energy storage systems: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:1 (2010), 506–511.
56. [56] Hill, C.A., Such, M.C., Chen, D., Gonzalez, J., Grady, W.M., Battery energy storage for enabling integration of distributed solar power generation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3:2 (2012), 850–857.
57. [57] Battke, B., Schmidt, T.S., Grosspietsch, D., Hoffmann, V.H., A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25 (2013), 240–250.
58. [58] Deane, J.P., Ó Gallachóir, B.P., McKeogh, E.J., Techno-economic review of existing and new pumped hydro energy storage plant. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:4 (2010), 1293–1302.
59. [59] Denholm, P., King, J.C., Kutcher, C.F., Wilson, P.P.H., Decarbonizing the electric sector: combining renewable and nuclear energy using thermal storage. Energy Policy 44 (2012), 301–311.
60. [60] Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), EPRI–DOE Handbook of energy storage for transmission and distribution applications. 2003, EPRI, Palo Alto, USA.
61. [61] Eyer, J., Electric utility transmission and distribution upgrade deferral benefits from modular electricity storage. Sandia Report SAND2009-4070, 2009, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA.
62. [62] Sundararagavan, S., Baker, E., Evaluating energy storage technologies for wind power integration. Sol Energy 86:9 (2012), 2707–2717.
63. [63] Hasan, N.S., Hassan, M.Y., Majid, M.S., Rahman, H.A., Review of storage schemes for wind energy systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 21 (2013), 237–247.
64. [64] Madlener, R., Latz, J., Economics of centralized and decentralized compressed air energy storage for enhanced grid integration of wind power. Appl Energy 101 (2013), 299–309.
65. [65] Tan, X., Li, Q., Wang, H., Advances and trends of energy storage technology in Microgrid. Electr Power Energy Syst 44:1 (2013), 179–191.
66. [66] Kloess, M., Zach, K., Bulk electricity storage technologies for load-leveling operation – an economic assessment for the Austrian and German power market. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 59 (2014), 111–122.
67. [67] Kazempour, S.J., Moghaddam, M.P., Haghifam, M.R., Yousefi, G.R., Electric energy storage systems in a market-based economy: comparison of emerging and traditional technologies. Renew Energy 34:12 (2009), 2630–2639.
68. [68] Karellas, S., Tzouganatos, N., Comparison of the performance of compressed-air and hydrogen energy storage systems: Karpathos island case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29 (2014), 865–882.
69. [69] Yang, Z., Zhang, J., Kintner-Meyer, M.C.W., Lu, X., Choi, D., Lemmon, J.P., Liu, J., Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chem Rev 111:5 (2011), 3577–3613.
70. [70] Lund, H., Salgi, G., The role of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in future sustainable energy systems. Energy Convers Manag 50:5 (2009), 1172–1179.
71. [71] Larsen, T., Pedersen, A.S., Berg, B., Rudmose, C., Yde, L., Nielsen, L.H., et al. Strategy for storage and distribution of energy – a strategy for research, development, demonstration and commercialization 2015–2025. (June), 2015, The Danish Partnership For Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
72. [72] Sandia National Laboratories and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Global Energy Storage Database. 〈http://www.energystorageexchange.org/〉 ((Last accessed): 20/09/2015).
73. [73] Simbolotti G, R. Kempener Electricity Storage. Technology Policy Brief E18. IEA-ETSAP and IRENA; 2012.
74. [74] EASE (European Association for the Storage of Energy), (EERA (European Energy Research Alliance). Joint EASE/EERA recommendations for a European Energy Storage Technology Development Roadmap towards 2030 – Technical Annex. Brussels, Belgium: EASE/EERA; 2013.
75. [75] Agrawal, P., Nourai, A., Markel, L., Fioravanti, R., Gordon, P., Tong, N., Huff, G., Characterization and assessment of novel bulk storage technologies. Sandia Report SAND2011–3700, 2011, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA.
76. [76] Gravity Power. Grid Scale Energy Storage. 〈http://www.gravitypower.net/〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
77. [77] Pimm, A.J., Garvey, S.D., Drew, R.J., Shape and cost analysis of pressurized fabric structures for subsea compressed air energy storage. Proc Inst Mech Eng C: J Mech Eng Sci 225:5 (2011), 1027–1043.
78. [78] Pimm, A.J., Garvey, S.D., de Jong, M., Design and testing of Energy Bags for underwater compressed air energy storage. Energy 66 (2014), 496–508.
79. [79] Hydrostor. Underwater Compressed Air Energy Storage – Islands & Microgrid White Paper; 2013. 〈http://www.homerenergy.com/microgrid-white-papers.html〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
80. [80] White, L., Theophilus Redivivus. Technol Cult 5:2 (1964), 224–233.
81. [81] Bitterly, J.G., Flywheel technology: past, present, and 21st century projections. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Mag 13 (1998), 13–16.
82. [82] Motor Trend. The GYROBUS: Something New Under the Sun?, Motor Trend 1952;January:37.
83. [83] Centre for Low Carbon Futures, Liquid air in the energy and transport systems. Opportunities for industry and innovation in the UK. 2013, University of Birmingham.
84. [84] Stöver B, Alekseev A, Stiller C. Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) Development Status and Benchmarking with other Storage Technologies. Power-Gen Europe 2014. http://pennwell.websds.net/2014/cologne/pge/slideshows/T7S6O30-slides.pdf (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
85. [85] Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., Clarke, J., Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation. Appl Energy 137 (2015), 511–536.
86. [86] Highview Power Storage. Cryogen: a mature product; now a new means of energy storage. 〈http://www.imeche.org/docs/default-source/2011-press-releases/Highview_2pager.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
87. [87] Holt W. Scotland: A case study for liquid air storage. Highview Power Storage. Summary Report; 2013. 〈http://www.liquidair.org.uk/case-studies/〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
88. [88] Barbour, E., An investigation into the potential of energy storage to tackle intermittency in renewable energy generation. 2013, University Of Edinburg, Edinburg, UK.
89. [89] Desrues, T., Ruer, J., Marty, P., Fourmigué, J.F., A thermal energy storage process for large scale electric applications. Appl Therm Eng 30:5 (2009), 425–432.
90. [90] Ruer J, Sibaud E, Desrues T, Muguerra P. Pumped Heat Energy Storage. General Presentation. Saipem; 2010. http://www.keynergie.com/articles/paper%20phs-paper.pdf (Last accessed: 21/09/2015).
91. [91] Thess, A., Thermodynamic efficiency of pumped heat electricity storage. Phys Rev Lett, 111(11), 2013 110602-1-5.
92. [92] White, A., Parks, G., Markides, C.N., Thermodynamic analysis of pumped thermal electricity storage. Appl Therm Eng 53:2 (2013), 291–298.
93. [93] ARUP. Five-minute guide to electricity storage technologies; 2012. 〈http://publications.arup.com/Publications/F/Five_minute_guide_electricity_storage_technologies.aspx〉 (Last accessed: 21/09/2015).
94. [94] Proctor, P., Energy storage: a potential game changer and enabler for meeting our future energy needs?. 2014, Energy Technologies Institute (ETI), Loughborough, UK.
95. [95] Isis Innovation Ltd. Pumped Heat Electricity Storage (PHES) Project. University of Oxford. 〈http://isis-innovation.com/licence-details/pumped-heat-electricity-storage-phes-technology/〉 (Last accessed: 21/09/2015).
96. [96] Drouilhet S., Johnson B.L. A Battery Life Prediction Method for Hybrid Power Applications.The 35th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reno,USA;1997.
97. [97] Ning, G., White, R.E., Popov, B.N., A generalized cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries. J Electrochim Acta 51:10 (2006), 2012–2022.
98. [98] Linden, D., Reddy, T.B., Secondary batteries – introduction. 3rd ed. Linden, D., Reddy, T.B., (eds.) Handbook of batteries, Chapter 22., 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
99. [99] Rydh, C.J., Sandén, B.A., Energy analysis of batteries in photovoltaic systems. Part I: performance and energy requirements. Energy Convers Manag 46:11–12 (2005), 1957–1979.
100. [100] Krivik, P., Baca, P., Electrochemical energy storage. Zobaa, A., (eds.) Energy storage – technologies and applications, 2013, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia ISBN: 978-953-51-0951-8.
101. [101] Albright G, J. Edie, S. Al-Hallaj A Comparison of Lead Acid to Lithium-ion in Stationary Storage Applications. AllCell Technologies LLC 2012. 〈http://www.batterypoweronline.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Lead-acid-white-paper.pdf〉 ((Last accessed): 21/02/2016).
102. [102] Victron Energy. Gel and AGM Batteries. Product brochure. 〈https://www.victronenergy.com/upload/documents/Datasheet-GEL-and-AGM-Batteries-EN.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
103. [103] Albertus, P., Christensen, J., Newman, J., Modeling side reactions and nonisothermal effects in nickel metal-hydride batteries. J Electrochem Soc 155:1 (2008), A48–A60.
104. [104] Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J.T., Yushin, G., Li-ion battery materials: present and future. Mater Today 18:5 (2015), 252–264.
105. [105] Chen, J., Recent progress in advanced materials for lithium ion batteries. Materials 6 (2013), 156–183.
106. [106] Whittingham, M.S., Lithium batteries and cathode materials. Chem Rev 104 (2004), 4271–4301.
107. [107] Dahn J., Ehrlich G.M. Lithium-ion Batteries. Chapter 26. In: Reddy T.B. editor, Linden D., editor emeritus. Handbook of Batteries. 4th ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
108. [108] Scrosati, B., Hassoun, J., Lithium batteries: status and future. Chan, K., Li, C.V., (eds.) Electrochemically enabled sustainability – devices, materials and mechanisms for energy conversion, Chapter 3., 2014, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
109. [109] Deng, D., Li-ion batteries: basics, progress, and challenges. Energy Sci Eng 3:5 (2015), 385–418.
110. [110] Buchmann, I., Batteries in a portable world: a handbook on rechargeable batteries for non-engineers. 3rd ed., 2011, Cadex Electronics Inc, Richmond, Canada.
111. [111] Burke, A., Miller, M., Performance characteristics of lithium-ion batteries of various chemistries for plug-in hybrid vehicles. (Working Paper Series), 2009, Institute of Transportation Studies.
112. [112] Bradbury K. Energy Storage Technology Review; 2010 〈http://www.kylebradbury.org/〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
113. [113] Schlumberger Energy Institute (SBC). Electricity Storage Factbook. Leading the Energy Transition; 2013. 〈https://www.sbc.slb.com/SBCInstitute/Publications/ElectricityStorage.aspx〉 (Last accessed: 20/09/2015).
114. [114] NGK Insulators Ltd. NAS Sodium Sulfur Battery Energy Storage System. History of NAS Battery Development. 〈https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/why/history.html〉 (Last accessed: 22/09/2015).
115. [115] Fuchs, G., Lunz, B., Leuthold, M., Sauer, D.U., Technology overview on electricity storage. Overview on the potential and on the deployment perspectives of electricity storage technologies, 2012, Institut Für Stromrichtertechnik Und Elektrische Antriebe (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
116. [116] Abele, A., Elkind, E., Intrator, J., Washom, B., 2020 strategic analysis of energy storage in California. Sacramento. 2011, California Energy Commission, USA.
117. [117] Meridian International Research. The Sodium Nickel Chloride “Zebra” Battery. In: 2007: Peak Oil The Electric Vehicle Imperative Market Analysis Technology Assessment. Martainville, France: Meridian International Research; 2005.
118. [118] FIAMM. FIAMM SoNick. 〈http://www.fiammsonick.com/〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
119. [119] Cavanagh, K., Ward, J.K., Behrens, S., Bhatt, A.I., Ratnam, E.L., Oliver, E., Hayward, J., Electrical energy storage: technology overview and applications. EP154168, 2015, CSIRO, Newcastle, Australia.
120. [120] Miraldi A.K., Restello S. Sodium Metal Chloride Battery Safety in Standby Applications. International Stationary Battery Conference, Battcon; 2013.
121. [121] Dustmann, C.H., Bito, A., Safety. Garche, J., Dyer, C., Moseley, P., Ogumi, Z., Rand, D., Scrosati, B., (eds.) Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources, 4, 2009, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Nederland.
122. [122] Bindner, H., Ekman, C., Gehrke, O., Isleifsson, F., Characterization of vanadium flow battery, revised, 2012, Risø DTU, Roskilde, Denmark.
123. [123] Soloveichik, G.L., Battery technologies for large-scale stationary energy storage. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2 (2011), 503–527.
124. [124] Soloveichik, G.L., Flow batteries: current status and trends. Chem Rev 115:20 (2015), 11533–11558.
125. [125] Dennenmoser, M., Status and potential of redox flow batteries. Presentation at Inter Solar 2012/ PV Energy World. 2012, Fraunhofer Institute For Solar Energy Systems ISE, Munich, Germany 〈http://www.intersolar.de/fileadmin/Intersolar_Europe/Besucher_Service_2012/PV_ENERGY_WORLD/120613-4-PVEW-Dennenmoser-Fraunhofer-ISE.pdf〉 Last accessed: 21/02/2016.
126. [126] Chalamala, B.R., Soundappan, T., Fisher, G.R., Anstey, M.R., Viswanathan, V.V., Perry, M.L., Redox flow batteries: an engineering perspective. Proc IEEE 102:6 (2014), 976–999.
127. [127] Prudent Energy. VRB Systems. Product brochure. 2011. 〈http://www.pdenergy.com/pdfs/Prudent_Energy_Product_Brochure_2011.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
128. [128] P. de Boer, J. Raadschelders Flow batteries. Leonardo ENERGY; 2007. 〈http://www.leonardo-energy.org/sites/leonardo-energy/files/root/pdf/2007/Briefing%20paper%20-%20Flow%20batteries.pdf〉 ((Last accessed): 21/02/2016).
129. [129] Hatzell, K.B., Boota, M., Kumbur, E.C., Gogotsia, Y., Flowable conducting particle networks in redox-active electrolytes for grid energy storage. J Electrochem Soc 162:5 (2015), A5007–A5012.
130. [130] Akhil A.A., Huff G., Currier A.B., Kaun B.C., Rastler D.M., Chen S.B., Cotter A.L., Bradshaw D.T., Gauntlett W.D. DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA. Sandia Report SAND2013–5131. Albuquerque, USA: Sandia National Laboratories; 2013.
131. [131] Abraham, K.M., A brief history of non-aqueous metal-air batteries. ECS Trans 3:42 (2008), 67–71.
132. [132] Das, S.K., Laub, S., Archer, L.A., Sodium–oxygen batteries: a new class of metal–air batteries. J Mater Chem A 2 (2014), 12623–12629.
133. 2) battery. Nat Mater 12 (2013), 228–232.
134. [134] Xia, C., Black, R., Fernandes, R., Adams, B., Nazar, L.F., The critical role of phase-transfer catalysis in aprotic sodium oxygen batteries. Nat Chem 7 (2015), 496–501.
135. [135] Li, Y., Gong, M., Liang, Y., Feng, J., Kim, J.E., Wang, H., Hong, G., Zhang, B., Dai, H., Advanced zinc-air batteries based on high-performance hybrid electrocatalysts. Nat Commun, 4, 2013, 1805.
136. [136] European Commission. Materials Roadmap Enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies. Commission Staff Working Paper, COM(2011) 1609. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission; 2011.
137. [137] Armand, M., Tarascon, J.M., Building better batteries. Nature, 2008, 652–657.
138. [138] Shukla, A.K., Banerjee, A., Ravikumar, M.K., Lead–carbon hybrid ultracapacitors and their applications. Chan, K., Li, C.V., (eds.) Electrochemically enabled sustainability – devices, materials and mechanisms for energy conversion, Chapter 8., 2014, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
139. [139] Burke A. Electrochemical Capacitors. Chapter 39. In: Reddy T.B. editor, Linden D., editor emeritus. Handbook of Batteries. 4th ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
140. [140] González, A., Goikolea, E., Barrena, J.A., Mysyk, R., Review on supercapacitors: technologies and materials. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58 (2016), 1189–1206.
141. [141] Wang, G., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev 41 (2012), 797–828.
142. [142] Dubal, D.P., Ayyad, O., Ruiz, V., Gómez-Romero, P., Hybrid energy storage: the merging of battery and supercapacitor chemistries. Chem Soc Rev 44 (2015), 1777–1790.
143. [143] Cericola, D., Kötz, R., Hybridization of rechargeable batteries and electrochemical capacitors: principles and limits. Electrochim Acta 72 (2012), 1–17.
144. [144] Hsu, C.S., Lee, W.J., Superconducting magnetic energy storage for power system applications. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 29:5 (1993), 990–996.
145. [145] Lorenzen, H.W., Brammer, U., Harke, M., Rosenbauer, F., Small and fast-acting SMES systems. Seeber, B., (eds.) Handbook of applied superconductivity, 2, 1998, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, UK.
146. [146] Schoenung, S.M., Hassenzahl, W.V., Long- vs. short-term energy storage technologies analysis - a life-cycle cost study. Sandia Report SAND2003-2783, 2003, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA.
147. [147] General Electric Industrial Systems, American Superconductor. d-SMES folder. 〈http://www.cocier.org/memoriascosmer2013/Modulo%205/CM5_5/GE_DSMES.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
148. [148] Abdurrahman M, Baker S, Keshavamurty B, Jacobs M. Energy storage as a transmission asset. PJM Tech Rep, 2012.https://www.pjm.com/ /media/markets-ops/advanced-tech-pilots/xtreme-power-storage-as-transmission.ashx (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
149. [149] Modern Power Systems. Distributed SMES: a new technology supporting active grid management. 〈http://www.modernpowersystems.com/features/featuredistributed-smes-a-new-technology-supporting-active-grid-management/〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
150. [150] Nagaya, S., Hirano, N., Kondo, M., Tanaka, T., Nakabayashi, H., Shikimachi, K., et al. Development and performance results of 5 MVA SMES for bridging instantaneous voltage dips. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 14:2 (2004), 699–704.
151. [151] Bray, J.W., Superconductors in applications; some practical aspects. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 19:3 (2009), 2533–2539.
152. [152] ABB., ARPA-E Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System with Direct Power Electronics Interface. 〈http://arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=slick-sheet-project/magnetic-energy-storage-system〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
153. [153] Tai-Yang, ARPA-E Research Company (TYRC). Novel, Low-Cost, High-Field Conductor for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage. 〈http://arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=slick-sheet-project/high-power-low-cost-superconducting-cable〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
154. [154] Blanchard JP. Environmental Issues Associated with Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage (SMES) Plants. In: Proceedings of the 24th Intersoc Energy Convers Eng Conf (IECEC’89), 1989;4. p. 1777–82.
155. [155] Polk, C., Boom, R.W., Eyssa, Y.M., Superconductive Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) external fields and safety considerations. IEEE Trans Magn 28:1 (1992), 478–481.
156. [156] Grond L, Schulze P, Holstein J. Systems analyses Power to Gas: A technology review. DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability. Groningen, Nederland: KEMA; 2013.
157. [157] International Energy Agency (IEA), Technology Roadmap: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. 2015, OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
158. [158] Zittel, W., Wurster, R., Bolkow, L., Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen. Hydrogen in the energy sector. 1996, Systemtechnik Gmbitt, Sömmerda, Germany.
159. [159] Ragheb M. Hydride Alloys for Hydrogen Storage. In: Energy Storage and Conveyance – Bridging the Supply-Demand Gap. Urbana-Champaign, USA: University of Illinois; 2011.
160. [160] Tozzini, V., Pellegrini, V., Prospects for hydrogen storage in graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:1 (2013), 80–89.
161. [161] Auer J, Keil J. State-of-the-art electricity storage systems. DB Research. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Deutsche Bank; 2012.
162. [162] Sterner, M., Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy systems. 2009, Kassel University Press, Kassel, Germany 〈http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-89958-798-2.volltext.frei.pdf〉 Last accessed: 22/09/2015.
163. [163] Verdegaal, W., Business models for power-to-gas/liquids – potential, challenges and uncertainties. Sunfire. Presentation at Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Brainstorming Workshop “Sustainable Fuels from Renewable Energies”. 2013, IASS Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
164. [164] Harp G., Tran K.C., Sigurbjornsson O., Bergins C., Buddenberg T., Drach I., Koytsoumpa E.I. Application of Power to Methanol Technology to Integrated Steelworks for Profitability, Conversion Efficiency, and CO2 Reduction. Paper presented at METEC & 2nd European Steel Technology and Application Days (ESTAD). Düsseldorf, Germany: METEC & 2nd ESTAD; 2015. 〈http://www.metec-estad2015.com/papers2015final/P643.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 22/09/2015).
165. [165] Bilfinger Industrial Technologies / sunfire – Power-to-Liquids Fact Sheet. 〈http://www.sunfire.de/en/kreislauf/power-to-liquids〉 (Last accessed: 22/09/2015).
166. [166] Herron, J.A., Kim, J., Upadhye, A.A., Huber, G.W., Maravelias, C.T., A general framework for the assessment of solar fuel technologies. Energy Environ Sci 8 (2015), 126–157.
167. 2 using solar-thermal energy: process development and techno-economic analysis. Energy Environ Sci 4 (2011), 3122–3132.
168. 2 using solar-thermal energy: system level analysis. Energy Environ Sci 5 (2012), 8417–8429 (|).
169. [169] Haije, W.G., Geerlings, H., Efficient production of solar fuel using existing large scale production technologies. Environ Sci Technol 45:20 (2011), 8609–8610.
170. [170] Furler, P., Solar thermochemical CO₂ and H₂O splitting via Ceria Redox Reactions. 2014, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 10.3929/ethz-a-010207593.
171. [171] van de Sanden R. Energy storage in CO2 neutral fuels: a plasma perspective. Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER). EU 2050 Power Lab; 2014. https://www.kivi.nl/eu2050powerlab (Last accessed: 22/09/2015).
172. [172] Newman, J., Hoertz, P.G., Bonino, C.A., Trainham, J.A., Review: an economic perspective on liquid solar fuels. J Electrochem Soc 159:10 (2012), A1722–A1729.
173. [173] Ribas VE, JRH, Rodrigues, J.R. Simões-Moreira The Use of Concentrated Solar Power in Steam Gasification of Biomass. In: 15th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering, 2014, Belém. Anais do 15th ENCIT. RJ: ABCM; 2014.
174. [174] A. Hauer Thermal Energy Storage. Technology Policy Brief E17. IEA-ETSAP and IRENA; 2012.
175. [175] Abedin, A.H., Rosen, M.A., A critical review of thermochemical energy storage systems. Open Renew Energy J 4 (2011), 42–46.
176. [176] Trausel, F., de Jong, A., Cuypers, R., A review on the properties of salt hydrates for thermochemical storage. Energy Procedia 48 (2014), 447–452.
177. [177] Tescari, S., Agrafiotis, C., Breuer, S., de Oliveira, L., Puttkamer, M.N., Roeb, M., Sattler, C., Thermochemical solar energy storage via redox oxides: materials and reactor/heat exchanger concepts. Energy Procedia 49 (2014), 1034–1043.
178. [178] Connolly D. A Review of Energy Storage Technologies For the integration of fluctuating renewable energy. Connolly D, PhD Project. Limerick, Ireland: University of Limerick; 2010.
179. [179] Johnson M, Danielson D, Gyuk I. Grid-Sscale Energy Storage. Arpa-E Pre-Summit Workshop Presentation; 2010.
180. [180] Motto ER, Yamamoto M. New High Power Semiconductors: High Voltage IGBTs and GCTs. Proc Power Int Electron Conf 1998 (PCIM’98). p. 296–302.
181. [181] Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options – A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits. 2010, EPRI, Palo Alto, USA.
182. [182] Eyer, J., Corey, G., Energy Storage for the electricity grid: benefits and market potential assessment guide. Sandia Report SAND2010-0815, 2010, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, USA.
183. [183] Ibrahim, H., Ilinca, A., Perron, J., Energy storage systems – characteristics and comparisons. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12:5 (2008), 1221–1250.
184. [184] Battke, B., Schmidt, T.S., Cost-efficient demand-pull policies for multi-purpose technologies – the case of stationary electricity storage. Appl Energy 155 (2015), 334–348.
185. [185] Canales, F.A., Beluco, A., Mendes, C.A.B., Pumped storage hydropower in Brazil and the world: application and perspectives. REGET 19:2 (2015), 1230–1249.
186. [186] Zuculin S, Pinto MARRC, Barbosa PSF. A Retomada do Conceito de Usinas Hidrelétricas Reversíveis no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. 〈http://www.eletronorte.gov.br/opencms/export/sites/eletronorte/seminarioTecnico/arquivos/Artigo_UHR_zuculin_mirian_paulo_SEMINARIO_ELETRONORTE_nov_2014.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
187. [187] Qadrdan, M., Abeysekera, M., Chaudry, M., Wu, J., Jenkins, N., Role of power-to-gas in an integrated gas and electricity system in Great Britain. Int J Hydrog Energy 40 (2015), 5763–5775.
188. [188] Gahleitner, G., Hydrogen from renewable electricity: an international review of power-to-gas pilot plants for stationary applications. Int J Hydrog Energy 38 (2013), 2039–2061.
189. [189] Varone, A., Ferrari, M., Power to liquid and power to gas: an option for the German Energiewende. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45 (2015), 207–218.
190. [190] Scholz, R., Beckmann, M., Pieper, C., Muster, M., Weber, R., Considerations on providing the energy needs using exclusively renewable sources: energiewende in Germany. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 35 (2014), 109–125.
191. [191] Schiebahn S, T Grube, M Robinius, V Tietze, B Kumar, D. Stolten Power-to-gas: Technological overview, systems analysis and economic assessment for a case study in Germany.
192. [192] Siemens. New approach for energy storage. Solutions for power to gas. Process news – The magazine for the process industry. Number 1; 2014. 〈http://www.industry.siemens.com/topics/global/en/magazines/process-news/archive/Documents/en/process-news-2014–1_en.pdf〉 (Last accessed: 21/02/2016).
193. [193] Coelho, V.N., Coelho, I.M., Coelho, B.N., Cohen, M.W., Reis, A.J.R., Silva, S.M., et al. Multi-objective energy storage power dispatching using plug-in vehicles in a smart-microgrid. Renew Energy 89 (2016), 730–742.
194. [194] Hu, J., Morais, H., Souza, T., Lind, M., Electric vehicle fleet management in smartgrids: a review of services, optimization and control aspects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 56 (2016), 1207–1226.
195. [195] Ehsani, M., Falahi, M., Lotfifard, S., Vehicle to grid services: potential and applications. Energies 5 (2012), 4076–4090.
196. [196] Panwar, L.K., Reddy, K.S., Kumar, R., Panigrahi, B.K., Vyas, S., Strategic Energy Management (SEM) in a micro grid with modern grid interactive electric vehicle. Energy Convers Manag 106 (2015), 41–52.
197. [197] Noori, M., Zhao, Y., Onat, N.C., Gardner, S., Tatari, O., Light-duty electric vehicles to improve the integrity of the electricity grid through Vehicle-to-Grid technology: analysis of regional net revenue and emissions savings. Appl Energy 168 (2016), 146–158.
198. [198] Morse S, Glitman K. Electric vehicles as grid resourcesin ISO-NE and Vermont. Tech rep.Vermont Energy Investment Corporation; 2014.
199. [199] Schuller, A., Flath, C.M., Gottwalt, S., Quantifying load flexibility of electric vehicles for renewable energy integration. Appl Energy 151 (2015), 335–344.
200. [200] Moradi, M.H., Eskandari, M., Hosseinian, S.M., Cooperative control strategy of energy storage systems and micro sources for stabilizing microgrids in different operation modes. Electr Power Energy Syst 78 (2016), 390–400.
201. [201] Ikeda, S., Ooka, R., Metaheuristic optimization methods for a comprehensive operating schedule of battery, thermal energy storage, and heat source in a building energy system. Appl Energy 151 (2015), 192–205.