Wind integration: Experience, issues, and challenges

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 243-255

  Holttinen, Hannele ^a  

^a VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANTS; ELECTRICITY-CONSUMPTION; GRID CONNECTIONS; GRID INFRASTRUCTURES; INSTALLED CAPACITY; PENETRATION LEVEL; POWER PLANT CAPACITIES; TRANSMISSION CAPACITIES;

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORKS; INTEGRATION; INVESTMENTS; WEATHER FORECASTING; WIND POWER;

POWER PLANTS;

EID: 84877795179     PISSN: 20418396     EISSN: 2041840X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wene.18     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Holttinen H, Meibom P, Orths A, van Hulle F, Lange B, O'Malley M, Pierik J, Ummels B, Tande JO, Estanqueiro A, et al. Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power. Final report, IEA WIND Task 25. VTT Tiedotteita-Research Notes 2493. Phase one 2006-2008. Espoo, VTT; 2009. 200 p. + app. 29 p. Available at: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2009/T2493.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
2. Milligan M, Porter K, DeMeo E, Denholm P, Holttinen H, Kirby B, Miller N, Mills A, O'Malley M, Schuerger M.Wind power myths debunked. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2009, 7:89-99. DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2009.934268.
3. O'Malley M, Flynn D, Holttinen H, Outhred H, van Hulle F, Bazilian M, Denny E, Infield D, Keane A, Power M, et al. Integration of RE into electric power systems. In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Seyboth K, Matschoss P, Kadner S, Zwickel T, Eickemeier P, Hansen G, Schlömer S, et al., eds. Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Cambridge/New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2011, p. 1075.
4. Lundsager P, Baring-Gould I. Isolated systems with wind power. In: Ackermann T, ed. Wind Power in Power Systems. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons; 2005, Ch. 14.
5. Caralis G, Zervos A. Analysis of the combined use of wind and pumped storage systems in autonomous Greek islands. Renew Power Gener. 1:49-60.
6. International Energy Agency. Empowering variable renewables. options for flexible electricity systems; 2008. Available at: http://www.iea.org/g8/2008/Empowering_Variable_Renewables.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
7. International Energy Agency. Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge. Paris, France: OECD/IEA; 2011. Available at: www.iea.org. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
8. Söder L, Hofmann L, Orths A, Holttinen H, Wan Y.-H, Tuohy A. Experience from wind integration in some high penetration areas. IEEE Trans Energy Convers. 2007, 22:4-12.
9. EirGrid, Annual renewable report: powering a sustainable future. Dublin, Ireland: Eirgrid; 2010, 32. Available at: http://www.eirgrid.com/media/Annual%20Renewable%20Report%202010.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
10. Wiser R, O'Malley M, Infield D, Smith JC, Holttinen H. Near-term grid integration issues. In: IPCC Special Report on Renewables (SRREN). Cambridge/New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2011, Ch. 7.5.
11. Estanqueiro A, Mateus CB, Pestana R. Operational experience of extreme wind penetrations. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants. Québec City, Canada: Energynautics; 2010, 34-39. Available at: www.windintegrationworkshop.org. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
12. Morales A, Robe X, Sala M, Prats P, Aguerri C, Torres E. Advanced grid requirements for the integration of wind farms into the Spanish transmission system. Renew Power Gener. 2008, 2:47-59.
13. Smith JC, Milligan M, DeMeo E, Parsons B. Utility wind integration and operating impact state of the art. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2007, 22:900-908.
14. Söder L, Holttinen H. On methodology for modelling power system impact on power systems. Int J Global Energy Issues. 2008, 29:181-198.
15. Milligan M, Ela E, Lew D, Corbus D, Wan Y. Advancing wind integration study methodologies: implications of higher levels of wind. In: Presented at WindPower. Dallas, TX; 2010. Available as NREL/CP-550-48944, 46 p. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48944.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
16. Corbus D, Schuerger M, Roose L, Strickler J, Surles T, Manz D, Burlingame D, Woodford D. Oahu wind integration and transmission study: summary report, 2010. NREL/TP-5500-48632. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/48632.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
17. EirGrid. All island TSO facilitation of renewables studies, prepared for Eirgrid by Ecofys. Dublin, Ireland: Eirgrid; 2010, 77 pp. Available at: http://www.eirgrid.com/renewables/facilitationofrenewables/. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
18. All Island Grid Study. Workstream 4: Analysis of Impacts and Benefits. Dublin, Ireland: Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources and UK Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment; 2008, 82.
19. Holttinen H. Overview of integration studies-methodologies and results. In: Ackermann T, ed. Wind Power in Power Systems. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2011 (In press). Available at: http://www.windpowerinpowersystems.info. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
20. EWIS European Wind Integration Study. Towards a successful integration of wind power in European electricity grids. Final Report TREN/07/FP6EN/S07.70123/038509, 2010, 182. Available at: http://www.wind-integration.eu/downloads/library/EWIS_Final_Report.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
21. van Hulle F, Tande JO, Uhlen K, Warland L, Korpås M, Meibom P, Sörensen P, Morthorst PE, Cutululis N, Giebel G, et al. Tradewind Integrating Wind, Developing Europe's Power Market for the Large Scale Integration of Wind. Brussels, Belgium: Tradewind; 2009. Available at: http://www.trade-wind.eu/fileadmin/documents/publications/Final_Report.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
22. EWITS (Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study). Prepared for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory by EnerNex, 2011, 242. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/47078.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
23. Western Wind and Solar Integration Study. Prepared for NREL by GE Energy. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2010, 536 Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/wwsis.html. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
24. Smith JC, Osborn D, Zavadil R, Lasher W, Gómez-Lázaro E, La Mancha C, Trötscher T, Tande JO, Korpås M, Van Hulle F, et al. Transmission planning for wind energy: status and prospects. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants. Québec City, Canada: Energynautics; 2010, 371-382. Available at: www.windintegrationworkshop.org. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
25. Tsili M, Papathanassiou S. A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms. Renew Power Gener. 3:308-332.
26. Dena. Planning of the grid integration of wind energy in Germany onshore and offshore up to the year 2020 (Dena Grid study), 2005 Deutsche Energie-Agentur Dena, March 2005. English summary and full German version. Available at: http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Energiedienstleistungen/Dokumente/dena-grid_study_summary.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
27. FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, US. Order 661-A. Available at: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/gi/wind.asp. (Accessed December 12, 2005).
28. Giebel G, Brownsword R, Kariniotakis G, Dernhard M, Draxl C. The state of the art in short-term prediction of wind power: a literature overview. Deliverable D-1.2 of Anemos.plus, 2011. Available at: http://www.prediktor.dk/publ/GGiebelEtAl-StateOfTheArtInShortTermPrediction_ANEMOSplus_2011.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
29. Lange M, Focken U, Meyer R, Denhardt M, Ernst B, Berster F. Optimal combination of different numerical weather models for improved wind power predictions. In: Sixth International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power and Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms. Delft, The Netherlands; 2006.
30. Gil A, de la Torre M, Dominguez T, Rivas R. Influence of wind energy forecast in deterministic and probabilistic sizing of reserves. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants. Québec City, Canada: Energynautics; 2010, 83-88. Available at: www.windintegrationworkshop.org. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
31. Eto, Undrill JH, Mackin J, Daschmans P, Williams R, Haney B, Hunt B, Ellis R, Illian J, Martinez HC, et al. Use of frequency response metrics to assess the planning and operating requirements for reliable integration of variable renewable generation. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-4142E, Berkeley, CA; 2010.
32. Dobschinski J, De Pascalis E, Wessel A, von Bremen L, Lange B, Rohrig K, Saint-Drenan Y-M. The potential of advanced shortest-term forecasts and dynamic prediction intervals for reducing the wind power induced reserve requirements. In: European Wind Energy Conference EWEC'2010. Warsaw, Poland; 2010.
33. EnerNex/WindLogics 2006. Minnesota Wind Integration Study Final Report. Vol I. Prepared for Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, Nov. 2006. Available at: http://www.puc.state.mn.us/portal/groups/public/documents/pdf_files/000664.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
34. Porter K, Intermittency Analysis Project Team. Intermittency Analysis Project: Summary of Final Results. California Energy Commission, PIER Research Development & Demonstration Program. 2007. CEC-500-2007-081. Available at: http://www.uwig.org/CEC-500-2007-081.pdf.
35. Strbac G, Shakoor A, Black M, Pudjianto D, Bopp T. Impact of wind generation on the operation and development of the UK electricity systems. Electr Power Syst Res. 77:1143-1238.
36. Holttinen H. The impact of large scale wind power production on the Nordic electricity system. PhD dissertation. VTT Publications 554. Espoo, Finland; VTT Processes, 2004, 82 p. + app. 111 p. Available at: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2004/P554.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
37. ILEX, UCD, QUD, UMIST. Operating reserve requirements as wind power penetration increases in the Irish electricity system. Dublin, Ireland: Sustainable Energy Ireland; 2004.
38. Axelsson U, Murray R, Neimane V. 4000 MW wind power in Sweden-impact on regulation and reserve requirements. Elforsk Report 05:19, Stockholm; 2005. Available at: http://www.elforsk.se. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
39. Ackermann T, Ancell G, Diness Borup L, Børre Eriksen P, Ernst B, Groome F, Lange M, Möhrlen C, Orths AG, O'Sullivan J. Where the wind blows. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 2009, 72009:65-75.
40. Sensfuß F, Ragwitz M, Genoese M. The merit-order effect: a detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany. Energy Policy. 36:3076-3084.
41. Munksgaard J, Morthorst PE. Wind power in the Danish liberalized power market-policy measures, price impact and investor incentives. Energy Policy. 2008, 36:3940-3947.
42. Clifford E, Clancy M. 2011. Impact of wind generation on wholesale electricity costs in 2011 SEI and Eirgrid, 2011. Available at http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Statistics_Publications/Energy_Modelling_Group/Impact_of_Wind_Generation_on_Wholesale_Elec_Costs/Impact_of_Wind_Generation_on_Wholesale_Electricity_Costs_in_2011.pdf.
43. Jónsson T, Pinson P, Madsen H. On the market impact of wind energy forecasts. Energy Econ. 2010, 32:313-320.
44. UKERC, 2006. The costs and impacts of intermittency: an assessment of the evidence on the costs and impacts of intermittent generation on the British electricity network. Imperial College, London: Energy Research Centre; 2006. ISBN 1 90314 404 3.
45. Meibom P, Weber C, Barth R, Brand H. Operational costs induced by fluctuating wind power production in Germany and Scandinavia. Renew Energy Gener. 2009, 3:75-83.
46. Milligan M, Kirby B. Calculating wind integration costs: separating wind energy value from integration cost impacts. NREL Technical report TP-550-46275; 2009. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/46275.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
47. Ilex Energy, Strbac G. Quantifying the system costs of additional renewables in 2020. DTI 2002.
48. Zavadil R. Wind integration study for public service company of Colorado. 2006. Available at: http://www.uwig.org/CRPWindIntegrationStudy.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
49. EnerNex/WindLogics. Xcel North study (Minnesota Department of Commerce), 2004. Available at: http://www.uwig.org/XcelMNDOCStudyReport.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
50. Shiu H, Milligan M, Kirby Jackson B. K. 2006. California Renewables Portfolio Standard Renewable Generation Integration Cost Analysis. California Energy Commission, PIER Public Interest Energy Research Programme.
51. PacifiCorp. Integrated Resource Planning, 2005. Available at: http://www.pacificorp.com/es/irp.html. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
52. Holttinen H, Meibom P, Orths A, Lange M, O'Malley M, Tande JO, Estanqueiro A, Gomez E, Söder L, Strbac G, et al. Impacts of large amounts of wind power on design and operation of power systems, results of IEA collaboration. Wind Energy. 2011, 14:179-192. DOI:10.1002/we.410.
53. Dudurych IM. Statistical analysis of frequency response of island power system under increasing wind penetration. In: Power and Energy Society General Meeting. Minneapolis, MN: IEEE; 2010, 1-29.
54. Ummels BC, Pelgrum E, Kling WL. Integration of large-scale wind power and use of energy storage in the netherlands' electricity supply. Renew Power Gener. 2008, 2:34-46. DOI:10.1049/iet-rpg:20070056
55. Denholm P, Ela E, Kirby B, Milligan M. The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation. NREL Report No. TP-6A2-47187, 2010, 61 pp. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47187.pdf.
56. Denholm P, Hand M. Grid flexibility and storage required to achieve very high penetration of variable renewable electricity. Energy Policy. 2011; 39.
57. Nyamdash B, Denny E, O'Malley M. The viability of balancing wind generation with large-scale energy storage. Energy Policy. 2010, 38:7200-7208.
58. Black M, Strbac G. Value of bulk energy storage for managing wind power fluctuations. IEEE Trans Energy Convers. 2007, 22:197-205.
59. Grid 25. A strategy for the development of Ireland's electricity grid for a sustainable and competitive future. Eirgrid, Dublin, Ireland; 2008, 47 p. Available at: http://www.eirgrid.com/media/Grid%2025.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
60. Dena Grid Study II. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into the German Power Supply System Until 2020. Deutsche Energie-Agentur Dena, 2010. Available at: http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Sonstiges/Dokumente/Summary_dena_Grid_Study_II.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
61. ENTSO-E: Ten-Year Network Development Plan 2010-2020. European network of transmission system operators for electricity, 2010. Available at: https://www.entsoe.eu/index.php?id=232. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
62. American Transmission Company. 10 Year Assessment, 2008. Available at: www.atc10yearplan.com. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
63. Jupe SCE, Michiorri PC, Taylor A. Coordinated output control of multiple distributed generation schemes. Renew Power Gener. 2010, 4:283-297.
64. Wiser R, Bolinger M, Barbose G, Darghouth N, Hoen B, Mills A, Seel J, Porter K, Buckley M, Fink S. 2011 Wind technologies market report. USDoE, July 2011. Available at: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/ems/reports/lbnl-4820e.pdf. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
65. Keane A, Milligan M, Dent CJ, Hasche B, D'Annunzio C, Dragoon K, Holttinen H, Samaan N, Söder L, O'Malley M. Capacity value of wind power. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2011, 26:564-572.
66. GE Energy The effects of integrating wind power on transmission system planning, reliability, and operations. Report on Phase 2, Prepared for The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, City, State; 2005. Available at: http://www.nyiso.com/public/services/planning/special_studies.jsp. (Accessed May 14, 2012).
67. Tande JO, Korpås M. Impact of large scale wind power on system adequacy in a regional hydro-based power system with weak interconnections. In: Proceedings of Nordic Wind Power Conference NWPC, Espoo, Finland; 2006, 22-23.
68. Amelin M. Comparison of capacity credit calculation methods for conventional power plants and wind power. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2006, 24:685-691.