Imaging in hepatocellular carcinoma: Radiologic assessment

Advances in Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue , 2015, Pages 33-44

  Bargellini, Irene ^a   Battaglia, Valentina ^a   Caramella, Davide ^a   Bartolozzi, Carlo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PISA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Computed tomography; Contrastenhanced ultrasound; Diagnosis; Diffusion weighted imaging; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MR contrast agents; Personalized medicine; Screening; Staging; Treatment evaluation; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; GLYCOGEN;

ARTICLE; ASCITES; BILE DUCT DILATATION; COMORBIDITY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; HUMAN; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; METASTASIS; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR INVASION; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 84978870154     PISSN: 22113495     EISSN: 22113509     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12166-6_4     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Forner A, Reig ME, de Lope CR, Bruix J (2010) Current strategy for staging and treatment: the BCLC update and future prospects. Semin Liver Dis 30(1):61–74
2. Theise ND, Park YN, Kojiro M (2002) Dysplastic nodules and hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Liver Dis 6:497–512
3. International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia (2009) Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia. Hepatology 49:658–664
4. Bartolozzi C, Battaglia V, Bargellini I et al (2013) Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of 102 nodules in cirrhosis: correlation with histological findings on explanted livers. Abdom Imaging 38(2):290–296
5. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C et al (2008) Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 47:97–104
6. Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M et al (2010) The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 59(5):638–644
7. European Association for the Study of the Liver; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (2012) EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 56:908–943
8. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53:1020–1022
9. Omata M, Lesmana LA, Tateishi R et al (2010) Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 4:439–474
10. Kim K, Kim CS, Han YM et al (2009) Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: gadoxetic acidenhanced 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging versus multi-detector row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 33:844–850
11. Leoni S, Piscaglia F, Golfieri R et al (2010) The impact of vascular and nonvascular findings on the noninvasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma based on the EASL and AASLD criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 105(3):599–609
12. Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N et al (2005) Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42:27–34
13. Roskams T (2011) Anatomic pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on prognosis and response to therapy. Clin Liver Dis 15:245–259
14. Park MJ, Kim YK, Lee MH, Lee JH (2013) Validation of diagnostic criteria using gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging for small hepatocellular carcinoma (≤ 2.0 cm) in patients with hepatitis-induced liver cirrhosis. Acta Radiol 54(2):127–136
15. Kim YK, Lee WJ, Park MJ, Kim SH, Rhim H, Choi D (2012) Hypovascular hypointense nodules on hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images in patients with cirrhosis: potential of DW imaging in predicting progression to hypervascular HCC. Radiology 265(1):104–114
16. Park MJ, Kim YK, Lee MW et al (2012) Small hepatocellular carcinomas: improved sensitivity by combining gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging patterns. Radiology 264(3):761–770
17. Ichikawa T, Cederle MP, Grazioli L, Marsh W (2000) Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: pre- and posttherapy evaluation with CT and MR imaging. Radiology 217:145–151
18. Gourtsoyianni S, Papanikolaou N, Yarmenitis S et al (2008) Respiratory gated diffusionweighted imaging of the liver: value of apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in the differentiation between most commonly encountered benign and malignant focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol 18:486–492
19. Narita M, Hatano E, Arizono S et al (2009) Expression of OATP1B3 determines uptake of Gd-EOBDTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 44:793–798
20. Kitao A, Zen Y, Matsui O et al (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma: signal intensity at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging—correlation with molecular transporters and histopathologic features. Radiology 256:817–826
21. Kim SH, Kim SH, Lee J et al (2009) Gadoxetic-acid enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1675–1681
22. Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M et al (2008) Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology 47:82–89
23. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R et al (1996) Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 334:693–699
24. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM et al (2001) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 33(6):1394–1403
25. Mazzaferro V, Llovet JM, Miceli R et al (2009) Metroticket Investigator Study Group. Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria: a retrospective, exploratory analysis. Lancet Oncol 10(1):35–43
26. Yao FY, Kerlan RK Jr, Hirose R et al (2008) Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 48(3):819–827
27. Ravaioli M, Grazi GL, Piscaglia F et al (2008) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of down-staging in patients initially outside the Milan selection criteria. Am J Transplant 8(12):2547–2557
28. Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, Riaz A et al (2009) A comparative analysis of transarterial downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization versus radioembolization. Am J Transplant 9(8):1920–1928
29. Otto G, Herber S, Heise M et al (2006) Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a biological selection criterion for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 12(8):1260–1267
30. Bargellini I, Vignali C, Cioni R et al (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma: CT for tumor response after transarterial chemoembolization in patients exceeding Milan criteria–selection parameter for liver transplantation. Radiology 255(1):289–300
31. Graziadei IW, Sandmueller H, Waldenberger P et al (2003) Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transpl 9(6):557–563
32. Majno P, Lencioni R, Mornex F, Girard N, Poon RT, Cherqui D (2011) Is the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on the waiting list necessary? Liver Transpl 17(Suppl 2):98–108
33. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J (1999) Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation. Hepatology 30(6):1434–1440
34. Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G et al (1995) Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 197(1):101–108
35. Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R et al (2004) Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer Group. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 40(6):1352–1360
36. Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L et al (2005) Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 234(3):961–967
37. Lencioni R, Crocetti L, Petruzzi P et al (2008) Doxorubicin-eluting bead-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot clinical study. J Hepatol 49(2):217–222
38. Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Chen MS et al (2013) Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 31(4):426–432
39. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK et al (2002) Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 35:1164–1171
40. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X et al (2002) Barcelona Liver Cancer Group. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359:1734–1739
41. Bolondi L, Burroughs A, Dufour JF et al (2012) Heterogeneity of patients with intermediate (BCLC B) hepatocellular carcinoma: proposal for a subclassification to facilitate treatment decisions. Semin Liver Dis 32(4):348–359
42. Bargellini I, Florio F, Golfieri R, Grosso M, Lauretti DL, Cioni R (2013, May 30) Trends in utilization of transarterial treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a survey by the Italian Society of Interventional Radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. [Epub ahead of print]
43. Dufour JF, Bargellini I, De Maria N, De Simone P, Goulis I, Marinho RT (2013) Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: current treatments and future perspectives. Ann Oncol 24(2):24–29
44. Raoul JL, Sangro B, Forner F et al (2011) Evolving strategies for the management of intermediate- stage hepatocellular carcinoma: available evidence and expert opinion on the use of transarterial chemoembolization. Cancer Treat Rev 37(3):212–220
45. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z et al (2009) Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10(1):25–34
46. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V et al (2008) SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 359(4):378–390
47. Mazzaferro V, Sposito C, Bhoori S et al (2013) Yttrium-90 radioembolization for intermediate- advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 2 study. Hepatology 57(5):1826–1837
48. Sangro B, Carpanese L, Cianni R et al (2011) European network on radioembolization with Yttrium-90 resin microspheres (ENRY). Survival after yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma across Barcelona clinic liver cancer stages: a European evaluation. Hepatology 54(3):868−878
49. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF et al (2010) Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using Yttrium-90 microspheres: a comprehensive report of long-term outcomes. Gastroenterology 138(1):52–64
50. Therasse P, Arbuck S, Eisenhauer E et al (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:205–216
51. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J et al (2009) New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 45:228−247
52. Forner A, Ayuso C, Varela M et al (2009) Evaluation of tumor response after locoregional therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: are response evaluation criteria in solid tumors reliable? Cancer 115:616−623
53. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM et al (2001) EASL panel of experts on HCC European Association for the Study of the Liver. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. J Hepatol 35(3):421–430
54. Lencioni R, Llovet JM (2010) Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 30:52–60
55. Gillmore R, Stuart S, Kirkwood A et al (2011) EASL and mRECIST responses are independent prognostic factors for survival in hepatocellular cancer patients treated with transarterial embolization. J Hepatol 55:1309–1311
56. Shim JH, Lee HC, Kim SO et al (2012) Which response criteria best help predict survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolization? A validation study of old and new models. Radiology 262:708−718
57. Bargellini I, Bozzi E, Campani D et al (2013) Modified RECIST to assess tumor response after transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: CT-pathologic correlation in 178 liver explants. Eur J Radiol 82(5):e212−218
58. Horger M, Lauer UM, Schraml C et al (2009) Early MRI response monitoring of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma under treatment with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. BMC Cancer 9:208
59. Faivre S, Zappa M, Vilgrain V et al (2011) Changes in tumor density in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Clin Cancer Res 17:4504–4512
60. Personeni N, Bozzarelli S, Pressiani T et al (2012) Usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein response in patients treated with sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 57(1):101–107
61. Edeline J, Boucher E, Rolland Y et al (2012) Comparison of tumor response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and modified RECIST in patients treated with sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 118(1):147–156
62. Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Murakami E et al (2012) Evaluation of the mRECIST and α-fetoprotein ratio for stratification of the prognosis of advanced-hepatocellular-carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib. Oncology 83(4):192–200
63. Maksimovic O, Schraml C, Hartmann JT et al (2010) Evaluation of response in malignant tumors treated with the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib: a multitechnique imaging assessment. Am J Roentgenol 194(1):5–14
64. Lewin M, Fartoux L, Vignaud A, Arrivé L, Menu Y, Rosmorduc O (2011) The diffusionweighted imaging perfusion fraction f is a potential marker of sorafenib treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur Radiol 21(2):281−290
65. Frampas E, Lassau N, Zappa M, Vullierme MP, Koscielny S, Vilgrain V (2013) Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Early evaluation of response to targeted therapy and prognostic value of Perfusion CT and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Ultrasound. Preliminary results. Eur J Radiol 82(5):e205−211 [Epub 2012 Dec 28]
66. Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K et al (2013) Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: early detection of treatment response and major adverse events by contrast-enhanced US. Liver Int. doi:10.1111/liv.12098 [Epub ahead of print]
67. Sacco R, Faggioni L, Bargellini I et al (2013) Assessment of response to sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using perfusion computed tomography: Results of a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis pii. 1590–8658(13)00102−3. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.004 [Epub ahead of print]
68. Dai X, Schlemmer HP, Schmidt B et al (2013) Quantitative therapy response assessment by volumetric iodine-uptake measurement: initial experience in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur J Radiol 82(2):327–334
69. Monsky WL, Garza AS, Kim I et al (2011) Treatment planning and volumetric response assessment for Yttrium-90 radioembolization: semiautomated determination of liver volume and volume of tumor necrosis in patients with hepatic malignancy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 34(2):306–318
70. Lin M, Pellerin O, Bhagat N et al (2012) Quantitative and volumetric European Association for the Study of the Liver and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors measurements: feasibility of a semiautomated software method to assess tumor response after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 23(12):1629–1637
71. Galizia MS, Töre HG, Chalian H, McCarthy R, Salem R, Yaghmai V (2012) MDCT necrosis quantification in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma response to yttrium 90 radioembolization therapy: comparison of two-dimensional and volumetric techniques. Acad Radiol 19(1):48–54