Double percolation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polystyrene/polylactic acid blends

Polymer

Volumn 99, Issue , 2016, Pages 193-203

  Nasti, Giuseppe ^a,b   Gentile, Gennaro ^b   Cerruti, Pierfrancesco ^b   Carfagna, Cosimo ^b   Ambrogi, Veronica ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bicontinuity; Double percolation; Electrical conductivity; Multiwalled carbon nanotubes; Polylactic acid; Polystyrene

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; POLYESTERS; POLYSTYRENES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SOLVENTS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; YARN;

BICONTINUITY; DOUBLE PERCOLATION; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRICAL PERCOLATION THRESHOLD; HIGH SELECTIVITY; POLY LACTIC ACID; SELECTIVE LOCALIZATIONS; TWO-STEP PROCESS;

MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN);

EID: 84978791251     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.058     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. [1] Favis, B.D., Factors influencing the morphology of immiscible polymer blends in melt processing. Polymer Blends Volume 1: Formulation, 2000, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 239–289 Vol. Polymer.
2. [2] Hara, M., Sauer, J.A., Synergism in mechanical properties of polymer/polymer blends. J. Macromol. Sci. Part C Polym. Rev. 38 (1998), 327–362.
3. [3] Utracki, L.A., Commercial Polymer Blends. 1998, Chapman & Hall.
4. [4] Pötschke, P., Paul, D.R., Formation of co-continuous structures in melt-mixed immiscible polymer blends. J. Macromol. Sci. Part C Polym. Rev. 43 (2003), 87–141.
5. [5] Rasmussen, K.L., Lyngaae-Jørgensen, J., Chtcherbakova, E.A., Utracki, L.A., Flow induced deformation of dual-phase continuity in polymer blends and alloys. Part I. Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 (1999), 1060–1071.
6. [6] Zhao, W., Tang, Y., Xi, J., Kong, J., Functionalized graphene sheets with poly (ionic liquid) s and high adsorption capacity of anionic dyes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 326 (2015), 276–284.
7. [7] Gu, J., Li, N., Tian, L., Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., High thermal conductivity graphite nanoplatelet/UHMWPE nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 5 (2015), 36334–36339.
8. [8] Choi, S.H., Kim, D.H., Raghu, A.V., Reddy, K.R., Lee, H.I., Yoon, K.S., Jeong, H.M., Kim, B.K., Properties of graphene/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites cast from colloidal dispersion mixtures. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B 51 (2012), 197–207.
9. [9] Hassan, M., Reddy, K.R., Haque, K.R., Minett, A.I., Gomes, V.G., High-yield aqueous phase exfoliation of graphene for facile nanocomposite synthesis via emulsion polymerization. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 410 (2013), 43–51.
10. [10] Reddy, K.R., Sin, B.C., Ryu, K.S., Kim, J.C., Chung, H., Lee, Y., Conducting polymer functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with noble metal nanoparticles: synthesis, morphological characteristics and electrical properties. Synth. Met. 159 (2009), 595–603.
11. [11] Reddy, K.R., Jeong, H.M., Lee, Y., Raghu, A.V., Synthesis of MWCNTs-core/thiophene polymer-sheath composite nanocables by a cationic surfactant-assisted chemical oxidative polymerization and their structural properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 48 (2010), 1477–1484.
12. [12] Han, S.J., Lee, H.I., Jeong, H.M., Kim, B.K., Raghu, A.V., Reddy, K.R., Graphene modified lipophilically by stearic acid and its composite with low density polyethylene. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B 53 (2014), 1193–1204.
13. [13] Gu, J., Lv, Z., Wu, Y., Zhao, R., Tian, L., Zhang, Q., Enhanced thermal conductivity of SiCp/PS composites by electrospinning–hot press technique. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 79 (2015), 8–13.
14. [14] Gu, J., Zhang, Q., Dang, J., Yin, C., Chen, S., Preparation and properties of polystyrene/SiCw/SiCp thermal conductivity composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124 (2012), 132–137.
15. [15] Gubbels, F., Jerome, R., Vanlathem, E., Deltour, R., Blacher, S., Brouers, F., Kinetic and thermodynamic control of the selective localization of carbon black at the interface of immiscible polymer blends. Chem. Mater. 10 (1998), 1227–1235.
16. [16] Pötschke, P., Bhattacharyya, A.R., Janke, A., Morphology and electrical resistivity of melt mixed blends of polyethylene and carbon nanotube filled polycarbonate. Polymer 44 (2003), 8061–8069.
17. [17] Zhao, X., Zhao, J., Cao, J., Wang, X., Chen, M., Dang, Z., Tuning the dielectric properties of polystyrene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends by selectively localizing carbon black nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 8 (2013), 2505–2515.
18. [18] Filippone, G., Causa, A., Salzano de Luna, M., Sanguigno, L., Acierno, D., Assembly of plate-like nanoparticles in immiscible polymer blends – effect of the presence of a preferred liquid–liquid interface. Soft Mat. 10 (2014), 3183–3191.
19. [19] Odom, T.W., Huang, J.-L., Kim, P., Lieber, C.M., Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nature 391 (1998), 62–64.
20. [20] Treacy, M., Ebbesen, T., Gibson, J.M., Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 381 (1996), 678–680.
21. [21] Li, J., Ma, P.C., Chow, W.S., To, C.K., Tang, B.Z., Kim, J.K., Correlations between percolation threshold, dispersion state, and aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 (2007), 3207–3215.
22. [22] Gentile, G., Ambrogi, V., Cerruti, P., Di Maio, R., Nasti, G., Carfagna, C., Pros and cons of melt annealing on the properties of MWCNT/polypropylene composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 110 (2014), 56–64.
23. [23] Ambrogi, V., Gentile, G., Ducati, C., Oliva, M.C., Carfagna, C., Multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with maleated poly(propylene) by a dry mechano-chemical process. Polymer 53 (2012), 291–299.
24. [24] Balberg, I., Tunneling and nonuniversal conductivity in composite materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987), 1305–1308.
25. [25] Simmons, J.G., Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect between similar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film. J. Appl. Phys. 34 (1963), 1793–1803.
26. [26] Foygel, M., Morris, R.D., Anez, D., French, S., Sobolev, J.V., Theoretical and computational studies of carbon nanotube composites and suspensions: electrical and thermal conductivity. Phys. Rev. B, 71, 2005, 104201.
27. [27] Xu, S., Rezvanian, O., Peters, K., Zikry, M.A., The viability and limitations of percolation theory in modeling the electrical behavior of carbon nanotube–polymer composites. Nanotechnology, 24, 2013, 155706.
28. [28] Huang, Y.Y., Terentjev, E.M., Dispersion of carbon nanotubes: mixing, sonication, stabilization, and composite properties. Polymers 4 (2012), 275–295.
29. [29] Balberg, I., Recent developments in continuum percolation. Philos. Mag. Part B 56 (1987), 991–1003.
30. [30] Sander, J., Shaffer, M.S.P., Prasse, T., Bauhofer, W., Schulte, K., Windle, A.H., Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties. Polymer 40 (1999), 5967–5971.
31. [31] Sandler, J.K.W., Kirk, J.E., Kinloch, I.A., Shaffer, M.S.P., Windle, A.H., Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites. Polymer 44 (2003), 5893–5899.
32. [32] Rodney, A., David, J., Mickael, M., Terry, R., Fabrication of carbon multiwall nanotube/polymer composites by shear mixing. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 287 (2002), 1439–2054.
33. [33] Bauhofer, W., Kovacs, J.Z., A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69 (2009), 1486–1498.
34. [34] Kirkpatrick, S., Percolation and conduction. Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 (1973), 574–588.
35. [35] Barlberg, I., Binenbaum, N., Computer study of the percolation threshold in a two-dimensional anisotropic system of conducting sticks. Phys. Rev. B 28 (1983), 3799–3812.
36. [36] Wu, S., Polymer Interface and Adhesion. 1982, CRC Press.
37. [37] Baudouin, A.C., Bailly, C., Devaux, J., Interface localization of carbon nanotubes in blends of two copolymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010), 389–398.
38. [38] Pötschke, P., Pegel, S., Claes, M., Bonduel, D., A novel strategy to incorporate carbon nanotubes into thermoplastic matrices. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 29 (2008), 244–251.
39. [39] Sumita, M., Sakata, K., Asai, S., Miyasaka, K., Nagakawa, H., Dispersion of fillers and the electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon black. Polym. Bull. 25 (1991), 265–271.
40. [40] Huang, J., Mao, C., Zhu, Y., Jiang, W., Yang, X., Control of carbon nanotubes at the interface of a co-continuous immiscible polymer blend to fabricate conductive composites with ultralow percolation thresholds. Carbon 73 (2014), 267–274.
41. [41] Naira, S.T., Vijayan, P.P., Xavier, P., Bose, S., George, S.C., Thomas, S., Selective localisation of multi walled carbon nanotubes in polypropylene/natural rubber blends to reduce the percolation threshold. Compos. Sci. Technol. 116 (2015), 9–17.
42. [42] Mao, C., Zhu, I., Jiang, W., Design of electrical conductive composites: tuning the morphology to improve the electrical properties of graphene filled immiscible polymer blends. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (2012), 5281–5286.
43. [43] Kota, A.K., Cipriano, B.H., Duesterberg, M.K., Gershon, A.L., Powell, D., Raghavan, S.R., Bruck, H.A., Electrical and rheological percolation in polystyrene/MWCNT nanocomposites. Macromolecules 40 (2007), 7400–7406.
44. [44] Wu, S., Formation of dispersed phase in incompatible polymer blends: interfacial and rheological effects. Polym. Eng. Sci. 27 (1987), 335–343.
45. [45] Biresaw, G., Carriere, C.J., Interfacial tension of poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene blends. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 40 (2002), 2248–2258.
46. [46] Khoshkava, V., Kamal, M.R., Effect of surface energy on dispersion and mechanical properties of polymer/nanocrystalline cellulose nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 14 (2013), 3155–3163.
47. [47] Wu, S., Surface and interfacial tensions of polymer melts. II. Poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), and polystyrene. J. Phys. Chem. 74 (1970), 632–638.
48. [48] Nuriel, S., Liu, L., Barber, A.H., Wagner, H.D., Direct measurement of multiwall nanotube surface tension. Chem. Phys. Lett. 404 (2005), 263–266.
49. [49] Avolio, R., Castaldo, R., Gentile, G., Ambrogi, V., Fiori, S., Avella, M., Errico, M.E., Plasticization of poly(lactic acid) through blending with oligomers of lactic acid: effect of the physical aging on properties. Eur. Polym. J. 66 (2015), 533–542.
50. [50] Di Lorenzo, M.L., Rubino, P., Cocca, M., Miscibility and properties of poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. Eur. Polym. J. 49 (2013), 3309–3317.
51. [51] Di Lorenzo, M.L., Rubino, P., Cocca, M., Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 2014, 40372.
52. [52] Cocca, M., Androsh, R., Righetti, M.C., Malonconico, M., Di Lorenzo, M.L., Conformationally disordered crystals and their influence on material properties: the cases of isotactic polypropylene, isotactic poly(1-butene), and poly(L-lactic acid). J. Mol. Struct. 1078 (2014), 114–132.
53. [53] Baimark, Y., Srihanam, P., Influence of chain extender on thermal properties and melt flow index of stereocomplex PLA. Polym. Test. 45 (2015), 52–57.
54. [54] Peterson, J.D., Vyazovkin, S., Wight, C.A., Kinetics of the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene, polyethylene and poly(propylene). Macromol. Chem. Phys. 202 (2001), 775–784.
55. [55] Zou, H., Yi, C., Wang, L., Liu, H., Xu, W., Thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) measured by thermogravimetry coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 97 (2009), 929–935.
56. [56] Agustin-Salazar, S., Gamez-Meza, N., Medina-Juàrez, L.A., Soto-Valdez, H., Cerruti, P., From nutraceutics to materials: effect of resveratrol on the stability of polylactide. ACS Environ. Chem. Eng. 2 (2014), 1534–1542.
57. [57] Kim, S.T., Choi, H.J., Hong, S.M., Bulk polymerized polystyrene in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Colloid Polym. Sci. 285 (2007), 593–598.
58. [58] Wu, D., Wu, L., Zhang, M., Zhao, Y., Viscoelasticity and thermal stability of polylactide composites with various functionalized carbon nanotubes. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008), 1577–1584.
59. [59] Mohamed, A., Gordon, S.H., Biresaw, G., Poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene bioblends characterized by ther-mogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106 (2007), 1689–1696.
60. [60] Alig, I., Skipa, T., Engel, M., Lellinger, D., Pegel, S., Pötschke, P., Electrical conductivity recovery in carbon nanotube–polymer composites after transient shear. Phys. Status Solidi B 244 (2007), 4223–4226.
61. [61] Zhang, W., Deodhar, S., Yao, D., Geometrical confining effects in compression molding of co-continuous polymer blends. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38 (2010), 1954–1964.
62. [62] Malara, F., Manca, M., De Marco, L., Pareo, P., Gigli, G., Flexible carbon nanotube-based composite plates as efficient monolithic counter electrodes for dye solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3 (2011), 3625–3632.
63. [63] Lehman, J.H., Terrones, M., Mansfield, E., Hurst, K.E., Meunier, V., Evaluating the characteristics of multiwall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 49 (2011), 2581–2602.
64. [64] Zhang, C., Yi, X.S., Asai, S., Sumita, M., Morphology and electrical properties of short carbon fiber-filled polymer blends: high-density polyethylene/poly (methyl methacrylate). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69 (1998), 1813–1819.
65. [65] Zhang, C., Yi, X.S., Asai, S., Sumita, M., Selective location and double percolation of short carbon fiber filled polymer blends: high-density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene. Mater. Lett. 36 (1998), 186–190.
66. [66] Meincke, O., Kaempfer, D., Weickmann, H., Friedrich, C., Vathauer, M., Warth, H., Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of carbon-nanotube filled polyamide-6 and its blends with acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene. Polymer 45 (2004), 739–748.
67. [67] Bose, S., Bhattacharyya, A.R., Bondre, A.P., Kulkarni, A.R., Potschke, P., Rheology, electrical conductivity, and the phase behavior of cocontinuous PA6/ABS blends with MWNT: correlating the aspect ratio of MWNT with the percolation threshold. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 46 (2008), 1619–1631.
68. [68] Fina, A., Han, Z., Saracco, G., Gross, U., Mainil, M., Morphology and conduction properties of graphite-filled immiscible PVDF/PPgMA blends. Polym. Adv. Technol. 23 (2012), 1572–1579.