메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

Limiting and facilitating access to innovations in medicine and agriculture: a brief exposition of the ethical arguments

Author keywords

Access to medicines; Benefiting from science; Global justice; Human rights; Intellectual property

Indexed keywords


EID: 84975687549     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21957819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40504-014-0008-5     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 84975693343 scopus 로고
    • Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, Legal Instruments— Results of the Uruguay Round
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. 1994. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, Legal Instruments— Results of the Uruguay Round, Arts. 22–24, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (2004). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. 1994. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, Legal Instruments— Results of the Uruguay Round, Arts. 22–24, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (2004).
    • (1994) Arts. 22–24, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. , vol.1197 , Issue.2004
  • 2
    • 77953367332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combating resistance: the case for a global antibiotics treaty
    • Anomaly J: Combating resistance: the case for a global antibiotics treaty. Public Health Ethics 2010, 3(1):13–22.
    • (2010) Public Health Ethics , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-22
    • Anomaly, J.1
  • 4
    • 84996444619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locken justifications of intellectual property
    • Gosseries A, Marciano A, Strowel A, (eds), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills & New York
    • Attas D: Locken justifications of intellectual property. In Intellectual property and theories of justice. Edited by: Gosseries A, Marciano A, Strowel A. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills & New York; 2008:29–56.
    • (2008) Intellectual property and theories of justice , pp. 29-56
    • Attas, D.1
  • 6
    • 34247593697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patent republic: representing inventions, constructing rights and authors
    • Biagioli M: Patent republic: representing inventions, constructing rights and authors. Social Research: An International Quarterly 2006, 73(4):1129–1172.
    • (2006) Social Research: An International Quarterly , vol.73 , Issue.4 , pp. 1129-1172
    • Biagioli, M.1
  • 7
    • 84892642691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can patents prohibit research? On the social epistemology of patenting and licensing in science
    • Biddle JB: Can patents prohibit research? On the social epistemology of patenting and licensing in science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 2014, 45: 14–23.
    • (2014) Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A , vol.45 , pp. 14-23
    • Biddle, J.B.1
  • 9
    • 24944444159 scopus 로고
    • The moral foundations of intangible property
    • Child JW: The moral foundations of intangible property. The Monist 1990, 73(4):578–600.
    • (1990) The Monist , vol.73 , Issue.4 , pp. 578-600
    • Child, J.W.1
  • 10
    • 37349100879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, Center for Global Development
    • Cline WR: Global warming and agriculture: impact estimates by country. Center for Global Development: Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC; 2007.
    • (2007) Global warming and agriculture: impact estimates by country
    • Cline, W.R.1
  • 12
    • 80051500934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The right of everyone to enjoy the benefits from scientific progress and the right to food: from conflict to complementarity
    • De Schutter O: The right of everyone to enjoy the benefits from scientific progress and the right to food: from conflict to complementarity. Human Rights Quarterly 2011, 33: 304–350.
    • (2011) Human Rights Quarterly , vol.33 , pp. 304-350
    • De Schutter, O.1
  • 13
    • 84911932274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open genetic code: on open source in the life sciences
    • Deibel E: Open genetic code: on open source in the life sciences. Life Sciences, Society and Policy 2014, 10: 2.
    • (2014) Life Sciences, Society and Policy , vol.10 , pp. 2
    • Deibel, E.1
  • 14
    • 84975730435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eudemonic intellectual property: patents and related rights as engines of happiness, peace, and sustainability
    • Derclaye E: Eudemonic intellectual property: patents and related rights as engines of happiness, peace, and sustainability. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 2012, 14(3):495–543.
    • (2012) Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 495-543
    • Derclaye, E.1
  • 15
    • 84975750643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What can intellectual property law learn from happiness research?
    • Dinwoodie GB, (ed), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
    • Derclaye E: What can intellectual property law learn from happiness research? In Methods and perspectives in intellectual property. Edited by: Dinwoodie GB. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham; 2013:177–200.
    • (2013) Methods and perspectives in intellectual property , pp. 177-200
    • Derclaye, E.1
  • 19
    • 84857501598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Africa humiliated? Misrecognition in development aid
    • Dübgen F: Africa humiliated? Misrecognition in development aid. Res Publica 2012, 18: 65–77.
    • (2012) Res Publica , vol.18 , pp. 65-77
    • Dübgen, F.1
  • 21
    • 84975762635 scopus 로고
    • GAOR, 21st Sess, art. 2
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1966. G. A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess, art. 2, 6, 9, 11–14, U.N. Doc. A/6316, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976)
    • (1976) U.N. Doc. A/6316, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force , vol.6 , Issue.9 , pp. 11-14
  • 24
    • 1842699406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global health and scientific research agenda
    • Flory JH, Kitcher P: Global health and scientific research agenda. Philosophy & Public Affairs 2004, 32(1):36–65.
    • (2004) Philosophy & Public Affairs , vol.32 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-65
    • Flory, J.H.1    Kitcher, P.2
  • 25
    • 0006525045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social justice in the age of identity politics: redistribution, recognition, and participation
    • Peterson GB, (ed), The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City
    • Fraser N: Social justice in the age of identity politics: redistribution, recognition, and participation. In The tanner lectures of human values. Edited by: Peterson GB. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City; 1998:1–67.
    • (1998) The tanner lectures of human values , pp. 1-67
    • Fraser, N.1
  • 27
    • 34548076207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human rights, intellectual property, and struggles for recognition
    • Heins V: Human rights, intellectual property, and struggles for recognition. Human Rights Review 2008, 9(2):213–232.
    • (2008) Human Rights Review , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 213-232
    • Heins, V.1
  • 29
    • 77953409717 scopus 로고
    • Justifying intellectual property
    • Hettinger EC: Justifying intellectual property. Philosophy & Public Affairs 1989, 18(1):31–52.
    • (1989) Philosophy & Public Affairs , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-52
    • Hettinger, E.C.1
  • 31
    • 0001413547 scopus 로고
    • The philosophy of intellectual property
    • Hughes J: The philosophy of intellectual property. The Georgetown Law Review 1988, 77: 287–366.
    • (1988) The Georgetown Law Review , vol.77 , pp. 287-366
    • Hughes, J.1
  • 32
    • 84877301313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A short history of intellectual property in relation to copyright
    • Hughes J: A short history of intellectual property in relation to copyright. Cardozo Law Review 2011, 33(4):1293–1340.
    • (2011) Cardozo Law Review , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 1293-1340
    • Hughes, J.1
  • 34
    • 33749533547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotechnology in a globalizing world: the coevolution of technology and social institutions
    • Juma C: Biotechnology in a globalizing world: the coevolution of technology and social institutions. BioScience 2005, 55(3):265–272.
    • (2005) BioScience , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 265-272
    • Juma, C.1
  • 35
    • 1842633374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responsible biology
    • Kitcher P: Responsible biology. BioScience 2004, 54(4):331–336.
    • (2004) BioScience , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 331-336
    • Kitcher, P.1
  • 36
    • 77954848536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impeding dispossession, enabling repossession: biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignity
    • Kloppenburg J: Impeding dispossession, enabling repossession: biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignity. Journal of Agrarian Change 2010, 10(3):367–388.
    • (2010) Journal of Agrarian Change , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 367-388
    • Kloppenburg, J.1
  • 37
    • 84894431130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the international networking conference “ethical and social aspects of intellectual property rights – agrifood and health” held in Brussels, september 2011
    • Korthals M, Timmermann C: Reflections on the international networking conference “ethical and social aspects of intellectual property rights – agrifood and health” held in Brussels, september 2011. Synesis 2012, 3: G66-G73.
    • (2012) Synesis , vol.3 , pp. G66-G73
    • Korthals, M.1    Timmermann, C.2
  • 39
    • 84893721575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-taking Care: Open Source Biotech in Light of the Need to Deproletarianize Agricultural Innovation. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics doi:10.1007/s10806–013–9457–8. Lemmens, Pieter. 2013
    • Open Source Biotech in Light of the Need to Deproletarianize Agricultural Innovation, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
    • Lemmens, Pieter. 2013. Re-taking Care: Open Source Biotech in Light of the Need to Deproletarianize Agricultural Innovation. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics doi:10.1007/s10806–013–9457–8. Lemmens, Pieter. 2013. Re-taking Care: Open Source Biotech in Light of the Need to Deproletarianize Agricultural Innovation. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics doi:10.1007/s10806-013-9457-8.
    • (2013) Re-taking Care
    • Lemmens, P.1
  • 45
    • 33845721791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypocrisy of forgetfulness: the contemporary significance of early innovations in intellectual property
    • May C: The hypocrisy of forgetfulness: the contemporary significance of early innovations in intellectual property. Review of International Political Economy 2007, 14(1):1–25.
    • (2007) Review of International Political Economy , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
    • May, C.1
  • 46
    • 0001945277 scopus 로고
    • The normative structure of science
    • Storer NW, (ed), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London
    • Merton RK: The normative structure of science. In The sociology of science. Edited by: Storer NW. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London; 1973:275–277.
    • (1973) The sociology of science , pp. 275-277
    • Merton, R.K.1
  • 49
    • 84975740729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rules for radicals: a politics of patent law
    • Murray KN: Rules for radicals: a politics of patent law. Journal of Intellectual Property Law 2006, 14: 63–110.
    • (2006) Journal of Intellectual Property Law , vol.14 , pp. 63-110
    • Murray, K.N.1
  • 50
    • 0031374295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capabilities and human rights
    • Nussbaum MC: Capabilities and human rights. Fordham Law Review 1997, 66(2):273–300.
    • (1997) Fordham Law Review , vol.66 , Issue.2 , pp. 273-300
    • Nussbaum, M.C.1
  • 51
    • 33645159074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vanishing public domain: antibiotic resistance, pharmaceutical innovation and intellectual property law
    • Outterson K: The vanishing public domain: antibiotic resistance, pharmaceutical innovation and intellectual property law. University of Pittsburgh Law Review 2005, 67: 67–123.
    • (2005) University of Pittsburgh Law Review , vol.67 , pp. 67-123
    • Outterson, K.1
  • 52
    • 85015907884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a critique of the moral foundations of intellectual property rights
    • Papaioannou T: Towards a critique of the moral foundations of intellectual property rights. Journal of Global Ethics 2006, 2(1):67–90.
    • (2006) Journal of Global Ethics , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-90
    • Papaioannou, T.1
  • 56
    • 34547902520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global struggle over geographic indications
    • Raustiala K, Munzer SR: The global struggle over geographic indications. European Journal of International Law 2007, 18(2):337–365. doi:10.1093/ejil/chm016 doi:10.1093/ejil/chm016
    • (2007) European Journal of International Law , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 337-365
    • Raustiala, K.1    Munzer, S.R.2
  • 57
    • 78650214800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In favour of a Millian proposal to reform biomedical research
    • Reiss J: In favour of a Millian proposal to reform biomedical research. Synthese 2010, 177: 427–447.
    • (2010) Synthese , vol.177 , pp. 427-447
    • Reiss, J.1
  • 58
    • 0346040168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pluralistic account of intellectual property
    • Resnik DB: A pluralistic account of intellectual property. Journal of Business Ethics 2003, 46(4):319–335.
    • (2003) Journal of Business Ethics , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 319-335
    • Resnik, D.B.1
  • 59
    • 84975745265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some remarks on the depoliticising relationship between ethics and science in contemporary radical and post-marxist thought
    • Reynolds P: Some remarks on the depoliticising relationship between ethics and science in contemporary radical and post-marxist thought. At the Interface /Probing the Boundaries 2010, 73: 203–231.
    • (2010) At the Interface / Probing the Boundaries , vol.73 , pp. 203-231
    • Reynolds, P.1
  • 60
    • 84975767330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualizing the commons: genetic resource management, property claims, and global innovation ethics
    • Schmietow B: Conceptualizing the commons: genetic resource management, property claims, and global innovation ethics. St Antony’s International Review 2012, 8(1):70–87.
    • (2012) St Antony’s International Review , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-87
    • Schmietow, B.1
  • 65
    • 84964938665 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York
    • Singer P: Practical ethics. 2nd Aufl. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York; 1993.
    • (1993) Practical ethics. 2nd Aufl
    • Singer, P.1
  • 66
    • 13744256143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can drug patents be morally justified?
    • Sterckx S: Can drug patents be morally justified? Science and engineering ethics 2005, 11(1):81–92.
    • (2005) Science and engineering ethics , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-92
    • Sterckx, S.1
  • 67
    • 84884115440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of patenting: uneasy justifications
    • Drahos P, (ed), Lawtext Publishing, Oxford
    • Sterckx S: The ethics of patenting: uneasy justifications. In Death of patents. Edited by: Drahos P. Lawtext Publishing, Oxford; 2005:175–211.
    • (2005) Death of patents , pp. 175-211
    • Sterckx, S.1
  • 68
    • 50849128175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic foundations of intellectual property rights
    • Stiglitz JE: Economic foundations of intellectual property rights. Duke Law Journal 2008, 57: 1693–1724.
    • (2008) Duke Law Journal , vol.57 , pp. 1693-1724
    • Stiglitz, J.E.1
  • 72
    • 84875444478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global justice considerations for a proposed “climate impact fund
    • Timmermann C, van den Belt H: Global justice considerations for a proposed “climate impact fund”. Public Reason 2012, 4(1–2):182–196.
    • (2012) Public Reason , vol.4 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 182-196
    • Timmermann, C.1    van den Belt, H.2
  • 73
    • 84875457139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement
    • Timmermann C, van den Belt H: Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement. Liverpool Law Review 2013, 34(1):47–73.
    • (2013) Liverpool Law Review , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-73
    • Timmermann, C.1    van den Belt, H.2
  • 74
    • 84899208242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate-ready GM crops, intellectual property and global justice
    • Casabona CMR, Epifanio LES, Cirión AE, (eds), Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen
    • Timmermann C, van den Belt H, Korthals M: Climate-ready GM crops, intellectual property and global justice. In Global food security: ethical and legal challenges. Edited by: Casabona CMR, Epifanio LES, Cirión AE. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen; 2010:153–158.
    • (2010) Global food security: ethical and legal challenges , pp. 153-158
    • Timmermann, C.1    van den Belt, H.2    Korthals, M.3
  • 75
    • 84975750878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • By “fancy or agreement”: Locke’s theory of money and the justice of the global monetary system
    • Uberti LJ: By “fancy or agreement”: Locke’s theory of money and the justice of the global monetary system. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 2013, 6(1):49–81.
    • (2013) Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-81
    • Uberti, L.J.1
  • 76
    • 84975714888 scopus 로고
    • General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, par. 1). Fifth Session, UN Doc. e/1991/23, Annex III. United Nations Economic and Social Council
    • UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1990. General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, par. 1). Fifth Session, UN Doc. e/1991/23, Annex III. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Geneva; 1990.
    • (1990) Geneva , pp. 1990
  • 77
    • 84975724888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General comment 12. The right to adequate food (article 11) (E/C.12/1999/5). United Nations Economic and Social Council
    • UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General comment 12. The right to adequate food (article 11) (E/C.12/1999/5). United Nations Economic and Social Council, Geneva; 1999.
    • (1999) Geneva , pp. 1999
  • 78
    • 0013324847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General comment No. 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). United Nations Economic and Social Council
    • UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. General comment No. 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). United Nations Economic and Social Council, Geneva; 2000.
    • (2000) Geneva , pp. 2000
  • 79
    • 84975684090 scopus 로고
    • G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., U.N. Doc
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. Adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., U.N. Doc. A/RES/3/217A
    • (1948) A/RES/3/217A
  • 81
    • 84877649931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philosophy of biotechnology
    • Meijers A, (ed), Elsevier, Burlington, Oxford & Amsterdam
    • van den Belt H: Philosophy of biotechnology. In Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences. Edited by: Meijers A. Elsevier, Burlington, Oxford & Amsterdam; 2009:1149–1188.
    • (2009) Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences , pp. 1149-1188
    • van den Belt, H.1
  • 82
    • 84858307624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robert Merton, intellectual property, and open science
    • Radder H, (ed), University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh
    • van den Belt H: Robert Merton, intellectual property, and open science. In The commodification of academic research: science and the modern university. Edited by: Radder H. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh; 2010:187–230.
    • (2010) The commodification of academic research: science and the modern university , pp. 187-230
    • van den Belt, H.1
  • 83
    • 84881556104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic biology, patenting, health and global justice. Systems and Synthetic Biology
    • van den Belt, Henk. 2012. Synthetic biology, patenting, health and global justice. Systems and Synthetic Biology. doi:10.1007/s11693–012–9098–7.
    • (2012) doi:10.1007/s11693–012–9098–7
    • van den Belt1
  • 86
    • 84975724908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO expert committee, 2011 (including the 17th WHO model list of essential medicines and the 3rd WHO model list of essential medicines for children). World Health Organization
    • WHO Expert Committee on the Selection Use of Essential Medicines. 2012. The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO expert committee, 2011 (including the 17th WHO model list of essential medicines and the 3rd WHO model list of essential medicines for children). World Health Organization, Geneva; 2012.
    • (2012) Geneva , pp. 2012
  • 87
    • 84860320558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lockean theories of property: justifications for unilateral appropiation
    • Widerquist K: Lockean theories of property: justifications for unilateral appropiation. Public Reason 2010, 2(1):3–26.
    • (2010) Public Reason , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-26
    • Widerquist, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.