How can social and environmental services be provided for mobile Tibetan herders? Collaborative examples from Qinghai Province, China

Pastoralism

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Foggin, J Marc ^a,b   Torrance Foggin, Marion E ^a  

^a Plateau Perspectives Canada   (Canada)

^b QINGHAI NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

conservation; education; globalization; health; provision of social services; Qinghai Province; rural development; Tibetan herders

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975493680     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20417136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2041-7136-1-21     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Aronson DR: Must nomads settle? Some notes toward policy on the future of pastoralism. In When Nomads Settle: Processes of Sedentarization as Adaptation and Response. Edited by: Salzman PC, Sadala E. New York: J.F. Bergin Publishers; 1980:173–184.
2. Azarya V: Nomads and the State of Africa: The Political Roots of Marginality. In African Studies Centre Leiden. Aldershot: Avebury; 1996.
3. Bacon EE: Central Asians Under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1966.
4. Banks T: Property Rights Reform in Rangeland China: Dilemmas On the Road to the Household Ranch. World Development 2003,31(12):2129–2142. 10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.010
5. Banks T, Richard C, Yan Z: Community-based grassland management in Western China: Rationale, pilot project experience, and policy implications. Mountain Research and Development 2003,23(2):132–140. 10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0132:CGMIWC]2.0.CO;2
6. Bennett JW: The political ecology and economic development of migratory pastoralist societies in Eastern Africa. In Power and Poverty: Development Projects in the Third World. Edited by: Attwood DW, Bruneau TC, Galaty JG. Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development. Boulder: Westview Press; 1988:31–60.
7. Berkes F, Folke C: Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1998.
8. Blench R: 'You can't go home again' - Pastoralism in the new millennium. London: Overseas Development Institute; 2001.
9. Breivik I: The political ecology of grassland conservation in Qinghai Province, China: Discourse, policies and the herders. MA thesis, Department of International Environment and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Aas, Norway; 2007.
10. Cardenas JC, Stranlund J, Willis C: Local Environmental Control and Institutional Crowding-Out. World Development 2000,28(10):1719–733. 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00055-3
11. Chambers R: Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London: Longman; 1983.
12. Chandler MJ, Lalonde CE: Cultural continuity as a moderator of suicide risk among Canada's First Nations. In Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Edited by: Kirmayer L, Valaskakis G. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press; 2008:221–248.
13. Chandler MJ, Lalonde CE: Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada's First Nations. Transcultural Psychiatry 1998,35(2):193–211.
14. Ciren Y: The Household Responsibility Contract System and the Question of Grassland Protection: A case study from the Chang Tang, northwest TAR.MA thesis, Department of Indigenous Studies, University of Tromsø, Norway; 2006. [http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/291/1/thesis.pdf] Accessed 9 June 2011
15. Comaroff JL: Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2009.
16. Combe GA: A Tibetan on Tibet. New Delhi: Aryan Books International; 1926. [Reprinted 1994.]
17. Cooke B, Kothari U: Participation: the New Tyranny? New York: Zed Books; 2001.
18. Cyranoski D: The long-range forecast. Nature 2005, 438: 275–276. 10.1038/438275a
19. Distefano E: Human-Wildlife Conflict Worldwide: Collection of case studies, analysis of management strategies and good practices. Rome: FAO; 2005.
20. Du F: Grain for Green and Poverty Alleviation: The Policy and Practice of Ecological Migration in China. Horizons 2006,9(2):46.
21. Du F: Ecological Resettlement Policies Increase Herder Vulnerability and Poverty - Ecological Resettlement Policy and Practice in Qinghai. Presentation at conference 'Sustaining Herder Community-based Grassland Management Through Improved Government Policies and Practices' in Beijing, China, on 18 December 2009 2009. Accessed 10 January 2011 [http://cress.cass.cn/xscg/bg/P020091223602808752792.pdf] Accessed 10 January 2011
22. Du F: Ecological Resettlement for Tibetan Herders in the Source Area of the Three Rivers of Qinghai Plateau China. [Abstract]http://arts.ucalgary.ca/events/dr-fachun-du Accessed 9 June 2011
23. Dyson-Hudson N: Pastoral production systems and livestock development projects: An East African perspective. In Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development. Edited by: Cernea M. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1985:157–186.
24. Economy EC: The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2004.
25. Ekvall RB: Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1968.
26. Ekvall RB: Tibetan nomadic pastoralists: Environments, personality, and ethos. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1974, 118: 519–537.
27. Ellis JE, Swift DM: Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Rangeland Management 1988, 41: 450–459. 10.2307/3899515
28. Eriksson M, Xu J, Shrestha AB, Vaidya RA, Nepal S, Sandström K: The Changing Himalayas: Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources and Livelihoods in the Greater Himalayas. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 2009.
29. Fitzpatrick JL, Sanders JR, Worthen BR: Program Evaluation: Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2004.
30. Foggin JM: Biodiversity protection and the search for sustainability in Tibetan plateau grasslands. PhD dissertation, Department of Biology, Arizona State University. Tempe 2000.
31. Foggin JM: Highland Encounters: Building new partnerships for conservation and sustainable development in the Yangtze River headwaters, heart of the Tibetan Plateau. In Innovative Communities: People-centred Approaches to Environmental Management in the Asia-Pacific Region. Edited by: Velasquez J, Yashiro M, Yoshimura S, wOno I. Tokyo: United Nations University Press; 2005a:131–157.
32. Foggin JM: Promoting Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in the Sanjiangyuan Region: Proceedings of a conservation planning meeting, with agreed priority action points. In Conservation planning meeting co-hosted by Plateau Perspectives, Upper Yangtze Organization, Government of Zhiduo County and Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve Management Bureau held in Yushu, China, Sep 30 - Oct 13, 2005. Xining: Plateau Perspectives; 2005b.
33. Foggin JM: Depopulating the Tibetan grasslands: National policies and perspectives for the future of Tibetan herders in Qinghai Province, China. Mountain Research and Development 2008,28(1):26–31. 10.1659/mrd.0972
34. Foggin JM: ICCAs as 'contract conservation' in the Chinese Tibetan Plateau region. In Bio-cultural diversity conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities - examples and analysis. In Companion document to IUCN/CEESP Briefing Note 10: Strengthening what works - Recognising and supporting the conservation achievements of indigenous peoples and local communities. Edited by: Borrini-Feyerabend G. Prepared for GEF SGP, GTZ and IUCN/CEESP by ICCA Consortium; 2010:61–62.
35. Foggin JM: Rethinking 'ecological migration' and the value of cultural continuity: A response to Wang, Song and Hu. AMBIO 2011a,40(1):100–101. 10.1007/s13280-010-0105-5
36. Foggin JM: Local Communities and Conservation on the Tibetan Plateau: Two case studies of collaborative management in the Sanjiangyuan region. In Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Human Dimensions of Ecological Conservation on the Tibetan Plateau, in Xining on 21–16 August 2011. Hosted by the Qinghai Academy of Social Sciences (QASS). Xining: QASS; 2011b.
37. Foggin JM, Bass MH: Mainstreaming Environment into Development: Collaborative land management in the Tibetan grasslands, China. LEAD International 2010. Accessed 9 July 2011 [http://www.lead.org/page/573] Accessed 9 July 2011
38. Foggin JM, Phillips J: Looking for stability: Holistic policy analysis in light of rapid development among Kham Tibetan herding groups. Himalayan Journal of Development and Democracy 2010,5(1):64–71.
39. Foggin JM, Phillips J: Forthcoming. Horizontal Policy Analysis: A tool to promote sustainable livelihoods development; with implications for Ecological Resettlement and other major development programs in the Tibetan Plateau region. In In Pastoralism in China Today. Edited by: Kolås Å, Zhaluo. Beijing: Social Science Academic Press;
40. Foggin JM, Rabden J: Trial use of electric fencing to prevent intrusions by Tibetan brown bear. International Bear News 2010,19(1):15–18.
41. Foggin PM, Foggin JM: The practice and experience of settlement and relocation among Canada's Aboriginal peoples. In In the Proceedings of the Canada-China Forum, Western Development and Socio-Economic Change. Edited by: Potter P, Du F. Beijing: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and University of British Columbia (UBC); 2008.
42. Foggin PM, Torrance ME, Dorje D, Xuri W, Foggin JM, Torrance J: Assessment of the health status and risk factors of Kham Tibetan pastoralists in the alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau. Social Sciences and Medicine 2006, 63: 2512–2532. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.018
43. Foggin PM, Torrance ME, Foggin JM: Accessibility of Healthcare for Pastoralists in the Tibetan Plateau Region: A case study from southern Qinghai Province, China. In Ethnic Minorities and Regional Development in Asia: Reality and Challenges. Edited by: Cao Hua. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; 2009:83–91.
44. Freire P Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum Press; 1970.
45. Galaty JG, Johnson DL: The World of Pastoralism: Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective. New York: Guilford Press; 1990.
46. Ghai D, Vivian JM: Grassroots Environmental Action: People's Participation in Sustainable Development. London: Routledge Press; 1992.
47. Glaser BG, Strauss A: Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Mill Valley, Ca: Sociology Press; 1967.
48. Glaser BG: Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs Forcing. Mill Valley, Ca: Sociology Press; 1992.
49. Goldstein MC, Beall CM: Change and Continuity in Nomadic Pastoralism on the Western Tibetan Plateau. Nomadic Peoples 1991, 28: 105–123.
50. Goldstein MC, Beall CM: Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1990.
51. Hansen HF: Choosing Evaluation Models: A Discussion on Evaluation Design. Evaluation 2005,11(4):447–462. 10.1177/1356389005060265
52. Hao X: A Green Fervor Sweeps the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Science 2008, 321: 633–635. 10.1126/science.321.5889.633
53. Hecht S, Cockburn A: The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon. London: Penguin Books; 1990.
54. Ho P: Ownership and control in Chinese rangeland management since Mao: A case study of the free-rider problem in pastoral areas in Ningxia. In Cooperative and Collective in China's Rural Development: Between State and Private Interests. Edited by: Vermeer EB, Pieke FN, Chong WL. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe; 1998:196–235.
55. Hodgson DL: Once Intrepid Warriors: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Cultural Politics of Maasai Development. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2001.
56. HPG (Humanitarian Policy Group): Social protection in pastoral areas.London: ODI; 2009. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3300.pdf] Accessed 8 September 2011
57. Huber T: The Chase and the Dharma: The legal protection of wild animals in premodern Tibet. In Wildlife in Asia: Cultural perspectives. Edited by: John Knight. Man and Nature in Asia Series. New York: Routledge; 2003:36–55.
58. Huber T: Antelope Hunting in Northern Tibet: Cultural Adaptations to Wildlife Behaviour. Memorie della Societa italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano 2005, 33: 5–7. [Special Issue: Wildlife and Plants in Traditional and Modern Tibet: Conceptions, Exploitation, and Conversation] [Special Issue: Wildlife and Plants in Traditional and Modern Tibet: Conceptions, Exploitation, and Conversation]
59. Jaireth H, Smyth D: Innovative Governance: Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Protected Areas. In Published for IUCN, CEESP, WCPA and TILCEPA. New Delhi: Ane Books; 2005.
60. Klassen A, Miller A, Anderson N, Shen J, Schiariti V, O'Donnell M: Performance measurement and Improvement frameworks in health, education and social services systems: a systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2005,22(1):44–69.
61. Lalonde CE: Counting the costs of failures of personal and cultural continuity. Human Development 2005, 46: 137–144.
62. Leeuwen VC, Emeljanenko T, Popova L: Nomads in Central Asia: Animal Husbandry and Culture in Transition (19th - 20th century). Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute 2005.
63. Loomis D: Desert rangeland livestock management in Soviet Central Asia. Journal of Arid Environments 2005, 17: 1–12.
64. Lu J, Hu D, Yang L: Legal status and conservation of cat species in China. CATnews - IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group 2010, (5):5–6. [Cats in China, eds C. Breitenmoser-Würsten and U. Breitenmoser] [Cats in China, eds C. Breitenmoser-Würsten and U. Breitenmoser]
65. McBeath J, McBeath JH: Biodiversity Conservation in China: Policies and Practice. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 2006, 9: 1–25. 10.1080/13880290500343657
66. McNiff J: Action research for professional development.2002. [http://www.jeanmcniff.com/ar-booklet.asp] Accessed 7 September 2011
67. McNiff J, Whitehead D: Doing and Writing Action Research. London: Sage Publications; 2005.
68. Mei J, Zhang Y: A biodiversity conservation and community livelihood co-management plan for the Suojia area of Qinghai, China. Xining: Qinghai Environmental Protection Bureau (QEPB), Upper Yangtze Organisation (UYO) and Fauna and Flora International (FFI) 2005.
69. Mishra C, Allen P, McCarthy T, Madhusudan M, Bayarjargal A, Prins H: The role of incentive programs in conserving the Snow Leopard. Conservation Biology 2005,17(6):1512–1520.
70. Morton K: China and Environmental Security in the Age of Consequences. Asia Pacific Review 2005,15(2):52–67.
71. Morton K: Civil Society and Marginalisation: Grassroots NGOs in Qinghai Province. In Marginalisation in China: Perspectives on Transition and Globalisation. Edited by: Zhang H, Wu B, Sanders R. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing; 2007a:239–256.
72. Morton K: Transnational Advocacy at the Grassroots: Benefits and Risks of International Cooperation. In China's Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement. Edited by: Ho P, Edmonds RL. New York: Routledge Press; 2007b:195–215.
73. Norbu N, Simmons N: Journey among the Tibetan Nomads: An Account of a Remote Civilization. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives (LTWA) 1997.
74. Phillips J: Developing Kham: A Way Forward. In Presentation at the Fourth Annual Himalayan Policy Research Conference at Madison, 22 October 2009. Organized by the Nepal Study Center, University of New Mexico; 2005.
75. Polycarpou L: The Glaciers Disappear: The Startling Photos of David Breashears.State of the Planet (Earth Institute, Columbia University); 2010. [http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2010/07/19/the-glaciers-disappear-the-startling-photos-of-david-breashears/] Accessed 11 January 2011
76. Pretty J: The many interpretations of participation. 2005, 16: 4–5. In Focus
77. Richard C, Yan Z, Du G: The paradox of the individual household responsibility system in the grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau, China. In Rangelands of Central Asia: Proceedings of the Conference on Transformations, Issues, and Future Challenges. Edited by: Bedunah DJ, McArthur ED, Fernandez-Gimenez M. Fort Collins, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2005:83–91.
78. Salzman PC, Sadala E: When Nomads Settle: Processes of Sedentarization as Adaptation and Response. New York: J.F. Bergin Publishers; 2005.
79. Schech S, Haggis J: Culture and Development: A critical introduction. Oxford: Blackwell; 2005.
80. Schneider HK: The pastoralist development problem. In Change and Development in Nomadic and Pastoral Societies. Edited by: Galaty JG, Salzman PC. Leiden: Brill and Co; 2005:27–32.
81. Shao Y, Bleisch W, Mallon D: Community participation in planning and action for conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In Conservation Biology in Asia. Edited by: McNeely JA, McCarthy ATM, Smith L. Olsvig-Whittaker and E.D. Wikramanayake, 115–127. Kathmandu, Nepal: Society for Conservation Biology (Asia Section) and Resources Himalaya; 2005.
82. Spooner B: The cultural ecology of pastoral nomads. Current Topics in Anthropology: Theory, Methods, and Content 2005, 8: 1–53.
83. Stevens S: Conservation through cultural survival: indigenous peoples and protected areas. Island Press: Washington, D.C; 2005.
84. Swift J, Toulmin C, Chatting S: Providing Services for Nomadic People: A review of the literature and annotated bibliography. In UNICEF Staff Working Papers No. 8. UNICEF: New York; 2005.
85. Taylor J: Negotiating the Grassland: The policy of pasture enclosures and contested resource use in Inner Mongolia. Human Organization 2005,65(4):374–386.
86. Taylor-Ide D, Taylor CE: Just and Lasting Change: When Communities Own Their Futures. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, in association with Future Generations; 2005.
87. Tignor RL: Kamba Political Protest The Destocking Controversy of 1938. African Historical Studies 2005,4(2):237–251.
88. Tignor RL: The Colonial Transformation of Kenya: The Kamba Kikuyu, and Maasai from 1900 to 1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2005.
89. Tserendash S, Erdenebaatar B: Performance and management of natural pasture in Mongolia. Nomadic Peoples 2005, 33: 9–15.
90. Tsering D: Human-Brown Bear Conflict Reduction in the Chang Tang Region of Tibet. International Bear News 2005,17(3):9–12.
91. UNEP/GRID-Arendal: Water towers of Asia-glaciers, water and population in the greater Himalayas-Hindu Kush-Tien Shan-Tibet region. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library 2007. Accessed 14 January 2011 [http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water-towers-of-asia-glaciers-water-and-population-in-the-greater-himalayas-hindu-kush-tien-shan-tib] Accessed 14 January 2011
92. Velasquez J, Yashiro M, Yoshimura S, Ono I: Innovative Communities: People-centred Approaches to Environmental Management in the Asia-Pacific Region. Tokyo: United Nations University Press; 2005.
93. Vermeer EB, Pieke FN, Chong WL: Cooperative and Collective in China's Rural Development: Between State and Private Interests. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe; 2005.
94. Vollan B: Socio-ecological explanations for crowding-out effects from economic field experiments in southern Africa. Ecological Economics 2005, 67: 560–573.
95. Wang Z, Song K, Hu L: China's largest scale ecological migration in the three-river headwater region. AMBIO 2005,39(5–6):443–446.
96. Wang Z, Song K, Hu L: Response to 'rethinking ecological migration and the value of cultural continuity'. AMBIO 2005,40(1):102–103.
97. Westing AH: Core values for sustainable development. Environmental Conservation 2005, 23: 218–225.
98. Williams DM: Beyond Great Walls: Environment, Identity, and Development on the Chinese Grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press; 2005.
99. Worthy FR, Foggin JM: Conflicts between local villagers and Tibetan brown bears (Ursus arctos) threaten conservation of bears in a remote region of the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2008,2(2):200–205.
100. Xu A, Jiang Z, Li C, Guo J, Da S, Cui Q, Yu S, Wu G: Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Gouli Region, Kunlun Mountains, China. Oryx 2008a,42(3):460–463.
101. Xu B, Cao J, Hansen J, Yao T, Joswia DR, Wang N, Wu G, Wang M, Zhao H, Yang W, Liu X, He J: Black Soot and the Survival of Tibetan Glaciers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2005,106(52):22114–22118.
102. Xu JC, Yang Y, Li Z, Tashi N, Sharma R, Fang J: Understanding Land Use, Livelihoods, and Health Transitions among Tibetan Nomads: A Case from Gangga Township, Dingri County, Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. EcoHealth 2008b,5(2):104–114. 10.1007/s10393-008-0173-1
103. Yeh E: Forest Claims, Conflicts and Commodification: The Political Ecology of Tibetan Mushroom-Harvesting Villages in Yunnan Province, China. The China Quarterly 2005, 161: 264–278.
104. Zhao M: Tibetan plateau in peril. Far Eastern Economic Review (online) 2009. Accessed 24 May 2009 [http://www.feer.com/international-relations/20098/january58/Tibetan-Plateau-in-Peril] Accessed 24 May 2009