Combatting Social Exclusion: “Safe Space” and the Dynamics of Inclusion at a Homeless Farming Site

Journal of Poverty

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 166-192

  Bullock, Heather E ^a   Truong, Shirley V ^a   Chhun, Lina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

classism; discrimination; Homelessness; safe space; social exclusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 84974786991     PISSN: 10875549     EISSN: 15407608     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10875549.2016.1186774     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aguirre, A., Jr., & Brooks, J., (2001). City redevelopment policies and the criminalization of homelessness:A narrative case study. Critical Perspectives on Urban Redevelopment, 6, 75–105.
2. Amster, R., (2003). Patterns of exclusion:Sanitizing space, criminalizing homelessness. Social Justice, 30, 195–221.
3. Aulette, J., & Aulette, A., (1987). Police harassment of the homeless:The political purpose of the criminalization of the homelessness. Humanity & Society, 11, 244–256.
4. Badger, E., (2015, August 13). It’s unconstitutional to ban the homeless from sleeping outside, the government says. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/13/its-unconstitutional-to-ban-the-homeless-from-sleeping-outside-the-federal-government-says/
5. Bancroft, K. H., (2012). Zones of exclusion:Urban spatial policies, social justice, and social services. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 39, 63–84.
6. Bassuk, E. L., (1993). Social and economic hardships of homeless and other poor women. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 340–347. doi:10.1037/h0079443
7. Belle, D., & Bullock, H. E., (2012). Poverty, unemployment, and mental health. In M., Shally-Jensen (Ed.), Mental health issues in America (pp. 541–546). Santa Barbara, CA:ABC/CLIO.
8. Benbow, S., Forchuk, C., & Ray, S. L., (2011). Mothers with mental illness experiencing homelessness:A critical analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18, 687–695. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01720.x
9. Bertram, C., Hall, J., Fine, M., & Weis, L., (2000). Where the girls (and women) are. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 731–755. doi:10.1023/A:1005101905350
10. Blasi, G. L., (2007). Policing our way out of homelessness? The first year of the Safer Cities Initiative on Skid Row. Retrieved from http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/downloads/pubs/faculty/wolch_2007_report-card-policing-homelessness.pdf
11. Brady, M., (2003). Safe spaces for adolescent girls. In United Nations Population Fund, Adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health:Charting directions for a second generation of programming—Background documents for the meeting (pp. 155–176). New York, NY:UNFPA.
12. Bullock, H. E., (2013). Women and poverty:Psychology, public policy, and social justice. Chichester, England:Wiley-Blackwell.
13. Chesnay, C. T., Bellot, C., & Sylvestre, M. E., (2013). Taming disorderly people one ticket at a time:The penalization of homelessness in Ontario and British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 55, 161–185. doi:10.3138/cjccj.2011-E-46
14. Code Publishing Company. (2014). Santa Cruz municipal code. Retrieved from http://www.codepublishing.com/ca/santacruz/
15. Cooper, K. S., (2012). Safe, affirming, and productive spaces:Classroom engagement among Latina high school students. Urban Education, 48, 490–528. doi:10.1177/0042085912457164
16. Daiski, I., (2007). Perspectives of homeless people on their health and health needs priorities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58, 273–281. doi:10.1111/jan.2007.58.issue-3
17. Davis, L., & Hagen, J., (1996). Stereotypes and stigma:What’s changed for welfare mothers. Afflia, 11, 319–337. doi:10.1177/088610999601100304
18. Donley, A., & Jackson, E., (2014). Blending in:The presentation of self among homeless men in a gentrifying environment. Theory in Action, 7, 46–64. doi:10.3798/tia.1937-0237.14003
19. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B., (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161–186. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228
20. Fine, M., & Burns, A., (2003). Class notes:Toward a critical psychology of class and schooling. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 841–860. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00093.x
21. Fine, M., & Weis, L., (1998). The unknown city:Lives of poor and working-class young adults. Boston, MA:Beacon Press.
22. Fiske, S. T., (2012). Managing ambivalent prejudices:Smart-but-cold and warm-but-dumb stereotypes. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639, 33–48. doi:10.1177/0002716211418444
23. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Irwin, J., LaGory, M., & Ritchey, F., (2007). Just thinking about it:Social capital and suicide ideation among homeless persons. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 750–760. doi:10.1177/1359105307080604
24. Flick, U. (2002). An introduction to qualitative research. (2nd ed.). London, England:Sage.
25. Forte, J. A., (2002). Not in my social world:A cultural analysis of media representations, contested spaces, and sympathy for the homeless. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 29, 131–157.
26. Goodban, N., (1985). The psychological impact of being on welfare. Social Service Review, 59, 403–422. doi:10.1086/644308
27. Hall, R. L., & Fine, M., (2005). The stories we tell:The lives and friendship of two older Black lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 177–187. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00180.x
28. Harris, A., (2005). Discourses of desire as governmentality:Young women, sexuality and the significance of safe spaces. Feminism & Psychology, 15, 39–43. doi:10.1177/0959353505049702
29. HCH Clinicians’ Network. (2003). Filling the gaps in dental care. Healing Hands, 7, 1–4.
30. Hodgetts, D., Radley, A., Chamberlain, K., & Hodgetts, A., (2007). Health inequalities and homelessness:Considering material, spatial and relational dimensions. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 709–725. doi:10.1177/1359105307080593
31. Hohenadel, K., (2014, June 12). Are anti-homeless sidewalk spikes immoral? Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/06/12/artist_nils_norman_documents_anti_homeless_spikes_and_other_defensive_architecture.html
32. Holley, L. C., & Steiner, S., (2005). Safe space:Student perspectives on classroom environment. Journal of Social Work Education, 41, 49–64. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2005.200300343
33. Huey, L., & Berndt, E., (2008). ‘You’ve gotta learn how to play the game’:Homeless women’s use of gender performance as a tool for preventing victimization. Sociological Review, 56, 177–194. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00783.x
34. Lerner, M., (1980). The belief in a just world:A fundamental delusion. New York, NY:Springer.
35. McBride, R. G., (2012). Survival on the streets:Experiences of the homeless population and constructive suggestions for assistance. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 40, 49–61. doi:10.1111/j.2161-1912.2012.00005.x
36. National Coalition for the Homeless. (2014). Vulnerable to hate:A survey of hate crimes and violence committed against homeless people in 2013. Retrieved from http://nationalhomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Hate-Crimes-2013-FINAL.pdf
37. National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty. (2011). Criminalizing crisis:The criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities. Retrieved from http://www.nlchp.org/Criminalizing_Crisis
38. National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty. (2014). No safe place:The criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities. Retrieved from http://www.nlchp.org/documents/No_Safe_Place
39. National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and the National Coalition for the Homeless. (2009). Homes not handcuffs:The criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities. Retrieved from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/CrimzReport_2009.pdf
40. Nichols, L., & Cazares, F., (2011). Homelessness and the mobile shelter system:Public transportation as shelter. Journal of Social Policy, 40, 333–350. doi:10.1017/S0047279410000644
41. Nnawulezi, N. A., & Sullivan, C. M., (2013). Oppression within safe spaces:Exploring racial microaggressions within domestic violence shelters. Journal of Black Psychology, 406, 563–591. doi:10.1177/0095798413500072
42. Opotow, S., (2012). The scope of justice, intergroup conflict, and peace. In L. R., Tropp (Ed.), Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict (pp. 72–86). New York, NY:Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199747672.013.0005
43. Peters, A. J., (2003). Isolation or inclusion:Creating safe spaces for lesbian and gay youth. Families in Society, 84, 331–337. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.122
44. Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O., (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 271–280. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
45. Phelan, J., Link, B. G., Moore, R. E., & Stueve, A., (1997). The stigma of homelessness:The impact of the label “homeless” on attitudes toward poor persons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 323–337. doi:10.2307/2787093
46. Power, C. A., Cole, E. R., & Fredrickson, B. L., (2010). Poor women and the expression of shame and anger:The price of breaking social class feeling rules. Feminism & Psychology, 21, 179–197. doi:10.1177/0959353510384125
47. Ratts, M. J., Kaloper, M., McReady, C., Tighe, L., Butler, S. K., Dempsey, K., & McCullough, J., (2013). Safe space programs in K-12 schools:Creating a visible presence of LGBTQ allies. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 7, 387–404. doi:10.1080/15538605.2013.839344
48. Reutter, L. I., Stewart, M. J., Veenstra, G., Love, R., Raphael, D., & Makwarimba, E., (2009). “Who do they think we are, anyway?” Perceptions of and responses to poverty stigma. Qualitative Health Research, 19, 297–311. doi:10.1177/1049732308330246
49. Rodeheffer, C. D., Hill, S. E., & Lord, C. G., (2012). Does this recession make me look black? The effect of resource scarcity on the categorization of biracial faces. Psychological Science, 23, 1476–1478. doi:10.1177/0956797612450892
50. Schram, S. F., Soss, J., Houser, L., & Fording, R. C., (2010). The third level of US welfare reform:Governmentality under neoliberal paternalism. Citizenship Studies, 14, 739–754. doi:10.1080/13621025.2010.522363
51. Seccombe, K., (2010). “So you think I drive a Cadillac?” Welfare recipients’ perspectives on the system and its reform (3rd ed.). Boston, MA:Pearson.
52. Shier, M. L., Jones, M. E., & Graham, J. R., (2010). Perspectives of employed people experiencing homelessness of self and being homeless:Challenging socially constructed perceptions and stereotypes. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 37, 13–37.
53. Silver, H., (1994). Social exclusion and social solidarity:Three paradigms. International Labour Review, 133, 531–578.
54. Smith, L. C., (2013). So close and yet so far away:Social class, social exclusion, and mental health practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83, 11–16. doi:10.1111/ajop.12008
55. Sosin, M., & Bruni, M., (2000). Personal and situational perspectives on rejection of a homelessness and substance abuse program:An exploratory study. Social Work Research, 24, 16–27. doi:10.1093/swr/24.1.16
56. Stevenson, C., & Neale, J., (2012). ‘We did more rough sleeping just to be together’–Homeless drug users’ romantic relationships in hostel accommodation. Drugs:Education, Prevention and Policy, 19, 234–243.
57. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M., (1990). Basics of qualitative research:Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
58. Takahashi, L. M., McElroy, J., & Rowe, S., (2002). The sociospatial stigmatization of homeless women with children. Urban Geography, 23, 301–322. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.23.4.301
59. Truong, S. V., (2012). “Please do not feed the homeless:” The role of stereotyping and media framing on the criminalization of homelessness (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Santa Cruz, CA.
60. Tucker, I., (2010). Mental health service user territories:Enacting ‘safe spaces’ in the community. Health, 14, 434–448. doi:10.1177/1363459309357485
61. Udvarhelyi, E. T., (2014). “If we don’t push homeless people out, we will end up being pushed out by them”:The criminalization of homelessness as state strategy in Hungary. Antipode, 46, 816–834. doi:10.1111/anti.12068
62. Vaughan, C., (2014). Participatory research with youth:Idealising safe social spaces or building transformative links in difficult environments. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 184–192. doi:10.1177/1359105313500258
63. von Mahs, J., (2005). The sociospatial exclusion of single homeless people in Berlin and Los Angeles. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 928–960. doi:10.1177/0002764204274201
64. Wachholz, S., (2005a). Hate crimes against the homeless:Warning-out New England style. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 32, 141–164.
65. Wachholz, S., (2005b). Imperial eyes among us:Confronting the reality of hate crimes against the homeless. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 16, 1–3. doi:10.1300/J059v16n02_01
66. Weekes, D., (2003). Keeping it in the community:Creating safe spaces for black girlhood. Community, Work & Family, 6, 47–61. doi:10.1080/1366880032000063897
67. Weis, L., & Fine, M., (Eds.) (2000). Construction sites:Excavating race, class, and gender among urban youth. New York, NY:Teachers College Press.
68. Wenzel, S. L., Leake, B. D., & Gelberg, L., (2001). Risk factors for major violence among homeless women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 739–752. doi:10.1177/088626001016008001
69. Whaley, A. L., & Link, B. G., (1998). Racial categorization and stereotype-based judgments about homeless people. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 189–205. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01701.x
70. Williams, W. R., (2009). Struggling with poverty:Implications for theory and policy of increasing research on social class-based stigma. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9, 37–56. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01184.x