Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 106, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 1294-1300

  Wallace, Stephanie ^a   Nazroo, James ^a   Bécares, Laia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; ETHNIC GROUP; EXPOSURE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MENTAL HEALTH; RACISM; SHORT FORM 12; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED KINGDOM; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH STATUS; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MINORITY GROUP; PSYCHOLOGY;

HEXETIDINE;

ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HEXETIDINE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; MINORITY GROUPS; RACISM; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84974534368     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Jones CP. Confronting institutionalized racism. Phylon. 2002;50(1/2):7-22.
2. Paradies Y.Asystematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35: 888-901.
3. Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009; 135(4):531-554.
4. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20-47.
5. Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):200-208.
6. Lewis TT, Cogburn CD, Williams DR. Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:407-440.
7. Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(4):624-631.
8. Barnes LL, de Leon CF, Lewis TT, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Evans DA. Perceived discrimination and mortality in a population-based study of older adults. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(7):1241-1247.
9. Brody GH, Chen Y-F, Murry VM, et al. Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: a five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Dev. 2006;77(5):1170-1189.
10. Brown TN, Williams DR, Jackson JS, et al. "Being Black and feeling blue": the mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Race Soc. 2000;2(2): 117-131.
11. Gee G, Walsemann K. Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68: 1676-1684.
12. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6(1-2):132-147.
13. Luo Y, Xu J, Granberg E, Wentworth WM. A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults. Res Aging. 2012;34(3):275-301.
14. Seaton EK, Neblett EW, Upton RD, Hammond WP, Sellers RM. The moderating capacity of racial identity between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being over time among African American youth. Child Dev. 2011;82(6):1850-1867.
15. Kwate NO, Goodman M. Cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of racism on mental health among residents of Black neighborhoods in New York City. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:711-718.
16. Schulz AJ, Gravlee CC, Williams DR, Israel BA, Mentz G, Rowe Z. Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1265-1270.
17. Rosenthal L, Earnshaw V, Lewis T, et al. Changes in experiences with discrimination across pregnancy and postpartum: age differences and consequences for mental health. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:686-693.
18. Lewis TT, Everson-Rose SA, Powell LH, et al. Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and coronary artery calcification in African-American women: the SWAN Heart Study. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(3): 362-368.
19. Lewis TT, Troxel WM,Kravitz HM, Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Hall MH. Chronic exposure to everyday discrimination and sleep in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women. Health Psychol. 2013;32(7): 810-819.
20. Adam EK, Heissel JA, Zeiders KH, et al. Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: a 20-year prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;62: 279-291.
21. Harris RB, Cormack DM, Stanley J. The relationship between socially-assigned ethnicity, health and experience of racial discrimination for Máori: analysis of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:844.
22. Harris R, Cormack D, Stanley J, Rameka R. Investigating the relationship between ethnic consciousness, racial discrimination and self-rated health in New Zealand. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117343.
23. Harris R, Cormack D, Tobias M, et al. The pervasive effects of racism: experiences of racial discrimination in New Zealand over time and associations with multiple health domains. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(3):408-415.
24. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(6):1428-1441.
25. Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Maori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2006;367(9527):2005-2009.
26. National Research Council. Measuring Racial Discrimination: Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination. Blank RM, Dabady M, Citro C, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.
27. Williams DR, Neighbors H. Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research. Ethn Dis. 2001;11(4):800-816.
28. Wohland P, Rees P, Nazroo J, Jagger C. Inequalities in healthy life expectancy between ethnic groups in England and Wales in 2001. Ethn Health. 2015;20(4):341-353.
29. Bécares L. Which ethnic groups have the poorest health? In: Jivraj S, Simpson L, eds. Ethnic Identity and Inequalities in Britain. The Dynamics of Diversity. London, England: Policy Press; 2015:123-140.
30. Bécares L, Stafford M, Nazroo J. Fear of racism, employment and expected organizational racism: their association with health. Eur J Public Health. 2009;19(5): 504-510.
31. Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138511.
32. Knies G, ed. Understanding Society - The UK Household Longitudinal Study: Waves 1-4, 2009-2013, User Manual. Colchester, UK: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex; 2014.
33. Lynn P. Sample Design for Understanding Society. Colchester, UK: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex; 2009.
34. Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Fear of racism and health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:1017-1018.
35. Ware J, Kosinski M, Turner-Bowker D, Gandek B. User's Manual for the SF-12v2 Health Survey With a Supplement Documenting SF-12 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Inc; 2009.
36. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2013.
37. Clark R, Anderson N, Clark V, Williams D. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54(10):805-816.
38. Black D, Morris J, Smith C,Townsend P. Inequalities in Health: Report of a Research Working Group. London, England: DHSS; 1980.
39. Nazroo JY. Genetic, cultural or socio-economic vulnerability? Explaining ethnic inequalities in health. Sociol Health Illn. 1998;20(5):710-730.
40. Aspinall PJ, Chinouya M. Is the standardised term "Black African" useful in demographic and health research in the United Kingdom? Ethn Health. 2008;13(3): 183-202.