Fear of racism, employment and expected organizational racism: Their association with health

European Journal of Public Health

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 504-510

  Bécares, Laia ^a   Stafford, Mai ^a   Nazroo, James ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ethnic inequalities; Limiting long term illness; Racism

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION; ETHNICITY; FEAR; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACISM; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; EMPLOYMENT; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEAR; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 70349481821     PISSN: 11011262     EISSN: 1464360X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckp071     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Ahmed A, Mohammed S, Williams D. Racial discrimination and health: pathways and evidence. Indian J Med Res 2007;126:318-327
2. Brondolo E, Rieppi R, Kelly K, Gerin W. Perceived racism and blood pressure: a review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Ann Behav Med 2003;25:55-65.
3. Avery D, McKay P, Wilson D. What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination. J Applied Psychol 2007;92:1542-1556
4. Harrell J, Hall S, Taliaferro J. Physiological responses to racism and discrimination: an assessment of the evidence. Am J Public Health 2003;93:243-248
5. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv 1999;29:295-352.
6. Krieger N, Rowley D, Hermann A, et al. Racism, sexism, and social class: Implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. Am J Prev Med 1993;9:82-122.
7. Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:888-901.
8. Williams D, Neighbors H, Jackson J. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health 2003;93:200-208
9. Williams D, Williams-Morris R. Racism and mental health: the African American experience. Ethn Health 2000;5:243-268
10. Wyatt S, Williams D, Calvin R, et al. Racism and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:315-331
11. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. Relation between racial discrimination, social class, and health among ethnic minority groups. Am J Public Health 2002;92:624-631
12. Williams D. Race, SES, and health: the added effects of racism and discrimination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;896:173-188
13. Williams D, Collins CA. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep 2001;116:404-416
14. Krieger N. Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: an ecosocial perspective. Am J Public Health 2009;93:194-199
15. Krieger N. Discrimination and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, 36-75.
16. Kitchen S, Michaelson J, Wood N. 2005 Citizenship survey: race and faith topic report. London: Department of Communities and Local Government, 2006.
17. Michaelson J, Pickering K, Wood N, Scholes S. 2005 Home Office Citizenship Survey: Technical Report. London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006.
18. Power L, Li O, Manor C. A prospective study of limiting illness in early adulthood. Int JEpidemiol 2000;29:131-139
19. Cohen G, Forbes J, Garraway M. Interpreting self reported limiting long term illness. Br MedJ 1995;311:722-724
20. Charlon J, Wallace M, White I. Long-term illness results from the 1991 Census. Popul Trends 1994;75:18-25.
21. Dale A. The content of the 1991 Census: change and continuity. In: Dale A, Marsh C, editors. The 1991 census user's guide. London: HMSO, 1993, 16-51.
22. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 9. College Station: StataCorp LP, 2005.
23. Crosby F. The denial of personal discrimination. Am Behav Sci 1984;27:371-386
24. Krieger N. Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med 1990;30:1273-1281
25. Kessler R, Mickelson K, Williams D. The Prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav 1999;40:208-230
26. Peters R. Racism and hypertension among African Americans. Western J Nurs Res 2004;26:612-631
27. Siegelman L, Welch S. Black Americans' views of racial inequality: the dream deferred. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
28. Kelaher M, Paul S, Lambert H, et al. Discrimination and health in an English study. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:1627-1636
29. Moodod T. Employment. In: Moodod T, Berthoud R, Lakey J, et al., editors. Ethnic minorities in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1997, 83-149.
30. Clark K, Drinkwater S. Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among ethnic minorities in England and Wales. Labour Economics 2000;7:603-628
31. Williams D, Collins C. U.S. Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations. Ann Rev Sociol 1995;21:349-386
32. Nazroo J. The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination, and racism. Am J Public Health 2003;93:277-284
33. Virdee S. Racial violence and harassment. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1995.
34. Virdee S. Racial harassment. In: Modood R, Berthoud J, Lakey P, et al. editors. Ethnic minorites in Britain: diversity and disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1997, 259-289
35. Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Fear of racism and health. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004;58:1017-1018
36. Collins J, David R, Handler A, et al. Very low birthweight in African American infants: the role of maternal exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination. Am J Public Health 2004;94:2132-2138
37. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA study of young blacks and white adults. Am J Public Health 1996;86:1370-1378
38. Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Relation between racial discrimination, social class and health among ethnic groups. Am J Public Health 2002;92:624-631
39. Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. Agency and structure: the impact of ethnic identity and racism on the health of ethnic minority people. Sociol Health Ill 2002;24:1-20.
40. Nazroo JY. The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination and racism. Am J Public Health 2003;93:277-284
41. Nazroo JY. Patterns of and explanations for ethnic inequalities in health. In: Mason D, editor. Explaining ethnic differences in health. Bristol: Policy Press, 2003, 87-103.
42. Nazroo JY, Williams DR. The social determination of ethnic/racial inequalities in health. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson RG, editors. Social determinants of health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 238-263