Economies of density for on-site waste water treatment

Water Research

Volumn 101, Issue , 2016, Pages 476-489

  Eggimann, Sven ^a,b   Truffer, Bernhard ^a,c   Maurer, Max ^a,b  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Decentralized wastewater infrastructure; Degree of centralization; Economies of scale; Network externality; On site treatment costs; Sewage sludge logistics

Indexed keywords

COST REDUCTION; ECONOMICS; HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS; PUBLIC POLICY; SANITATION; SEWAGE SLUDGE; SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WASTE TREATMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER; DEGREE OF CENTRALIZATION; ECONOMIES OF SCALE; NETWORK EXTERNALITY; ONSITE TREATMENT;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

ALGORITHM; COST ANALYSIS; INFRASTRUCTURE; LOGISTICS; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; SANITATION; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; SUSTAINABILITY; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CASE STUDY; CENTRALIZATION; COST; DENSITY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ECONOMICS; HOSPITAL SERVICE; MOTIVATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SANITATION; SLUDGE; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; SEWAGE; THEORETICAL MODEL; WASTE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT;

SWITZERLAND;

COSTS AND COST ANALYSIS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; SEWAGE; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER PURIFICATION;

EID: 84973438892     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: 18792448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.011     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Adams B.J., Dajani J.S., Gemmell R.S. On the centralization of wastewater treatment facilities. Water Resour. Bull. 1972, 8(4):669-678.
2. Álvarez I.C., Prieto Á M., Zofío J.L. Cost efficiency, urban patterns and population density when providing public infrastructure: a stochastic frontier approach. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2014, 22(6):1235-1258.
3. ®http://www.webcitation.org/6YuYVDPm4, (in German).
4. Arnott R. Optimal city size in a spatial economy. J. urban Econ. 1979, 6:65-89.
5. AWA Entsorgung von Rückständen aus dezentralen Abwasseranlagen (Disposal of residues of decentralised wastewater treatment plants) 2014, Koordination Nordwetschweiz, Bern, Switzerland (in German).
6. AWA, UWE Sachplan Siedlungsentwässerung 2010 der Kantone Bern und Solothurn (Sectoral Plan Urban Drainage Systems 2010 of the Canton Bern and Solothurn) 2010, Switzerland. (in German).
7. Bakir H.A. Sustainable wastewater management for small communities in the Middle East and North Africa. J. Environ. Manag. 2001, 61:319-328.
8. World Bank PPP Conversion Factor. International Comparison Program Database 2014, Available at:. http://data.worldbank.org/.
9. Barnes G., Langworthy P. The per mile costs of operating automobiles and trucks 2003, Final Report, Minnesota Department of Transportation, MN, USA.
10. BFS Transportrechnung - Jahr 2005 (Transport Accounting - Year 2005) 2009, Neuchâtel, Switzerland (in German).
11. BFS Betriebsübliche Arbeitszeit nach Wirtschaftsabteilungen (Typical working times for different economic devisions) 2013, Neuchâtel, Switzerland (in German).
12. BFS Schweizerische Lohnstrukturerhebung 2012 (Swiss Earnings Structure Survey 2012) 2015, Neuchâtel, Switzerland (in German).
13. BFS Treibstoff - Durchschnittspreise pro Liter in Franken (Fuel - Average prices per litre in Francs) 2015, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, (in German).
14. Bradley B., Daigger G., Rubin R., Tchobanoglous G. Evaluation of onsite wastewater treatment technologies using sustainable development criteria. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2002, 4:87-99.
15. Buchanan J.R. Decentralized wastewater treatment. Book chapter, volume three, 'remediation of polluted water. Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification 2014, Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
16. Cambridge Systematics Characteristics and Changes in Freight Transportation Demand: a Guidebook for Planners and Policy Analysts 1995, Appendix F. Prepared for NCHRP Project 8-30. Washington, USA.
17. Christaller W. Die zentralen Orte in süddeutschland. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1933, 1980, Darmstadt, Germany. third ed.
18. Clarke G., Wright J.W. Scheduling of vehicles from a central depot to a number of delivery points. Operations Res. 1964, 12:568-581.
19. Cormen T.H., Leiserson C.E., Rivest R.L., Stein C. Introduction to Algorithms 2009, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, UK.
20. Creabeton Mechanisch-biologische Kleinkläranlagen (Mechanical and Biological Small-scale Wastewater Treatment Plants) 2015, Einingen, Switerland. Link: Accessed: 30.06.2015. Archived by WebCite®. http://www.webcitation.org/6ZfjCunUO.
21. Crites R., Tchobanoglous G. Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems 1998, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA.
22. Current J., Daskin M.D., Schilling Discrete network location models. Chapter 3 in Facility Location Theory: Applications and Methods 2002, 81-118. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Z. Drezner, H. Hamacher (Eds.).
23. Dijkstra E.W. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numer. Math. 1959, 1:269-271.
24. Dodane P.-H., Mbéguéré M., Sow O., Strande L. Capital and operating costs of full-scale faecal sludge management and wastewater treatment systems in dakar, Senegal. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:3705-3711.
25. Downing P.B. The Economics of Urban Sewage Disposal 1969, Praeger, New York, NY, USA.
26. Eggimann S., Truffer B., Maurer M. To connect or not to connect? Modelling the optimal degree of centralisation for wastewater infrastructures. Water Res. 2015, 84:218-231.
27. EPRI Advanced On-site Wastewater Treatment and Management Market Study 2000, 2. (State Reports, Palo Alto, CA, USA).
28. Etnier C., Nelson V., Pinkham R. Economics of decentralized wastewater treatment systems: direct and indirect costs and benefits. A white paper for the national decentralized water resources capacity development project. National Research Needs Conference Proceedings: Risk-based Decision Making for Onsite Wastewater Treatment, St. Louis, MO, USA 2000.
29. Finkelstein M. Failure Rate Modelling for Reliability and Risk 2008, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, London, UK.
30. Fletcher H., Mackley T., Judd S. The cost of a package plant membrane bioreactor. Water Res. 2007, 41:2627-2635.
31. Flotats X., Bonmatí A., Fernández B., Magrí A. Manure treatment technologies: on-farm versus centralized strategies. NE Spain as case study. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:5519-5526.
32. Franceys R., Pickford J., Reed R. A Guide to the Development of On-Site Sanitation 1992, WHO.
33. Friedler E., Pisanty E. Effects of design flow and treatment level on construction and operation costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants and their implications on policy making. Water Res. 2006, 40:3751-3758.
34. Fritzsche C., Maurer M. Selected Prices and Costs for Swiss Urban Water Infrastructure 2013, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
35. Gendreau M., Laporte G., Séguin R. Stochastic vehicle routing. Eur. J. Operational Res. 1996, 88:3-12.
36. Ghose M.K., Dikshit A.K., Sharma S.K. A GIS based transportation model for solid waste disposal - a case study on Asansol municipality. Waste Manag. 2006, 26(11):1287-1293.
37. González-Gómez F., García-Rubio M.A. Efficiency in the management of urban water services. What have we learned after four decades of research?. Hacienda Pública Española 2008, 185:39-67.
38. Guerrini A., Romano G., Campedelli B. Economies of scale, scope, and density in the Italian water sector: a two-stage data envelopment analysis approach. Water Resour. Manag. 2013, 27:4559-4578.
39. Guo T., Englehardt J. Principles for scaling of distributed direct potable water reuse systems: a modeling study. Water Res. 2015, 75:146-163.
40. Hamilton B.A., Pinkham R.D., Hurley E., Watkins K., Lovins A.B., Magliaro J., Etnier C., Nelson V. Valuing Decentralized Wastewater Technologies: a Catalog of Benefits Costs and Economic Analysis Techniques 2004, Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, USA.
41. Hansman R.J., Magee C., Neufville De R., Robins R., Roos D. Research agenda for an integrated approach to infrastructure planning, design and management. Int. J. Crit. Infrastructures 2006, 2(2/3):146-159.
42. Haug P. Decreasing Population and Rising Costs of Providing Water and Sewage Treatment for Urban Areas: a Case Study 2004, Halle (Saale), Germany.
43. Hendrickson T.P., Nguyen M., Sukardi M., Miot A., Horvath A., Nelson K.L. Life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of a building-scale wastewater treatment and non-potable reuse system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49:10303-10311.
44. Holmes T.J. The diffusion of wal-mart and economies of density. Econometrica 2011, 79(1):253-302.
45. Hug T., Maurer M. Stochastic modeling to identify requirements for centralized monitoring of distributed wastewater treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 2012, 65(6):1067-1075.
46. Johnson D.S., Papadimitriou C.H. Performance guarantees for heuristics. The Traveling Salesman Problem. A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization. Wiley, Chichester, UK 1985, E.L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra, A.H.G. Rinnooy Kan, D.B. Shmoys (Eds.).
47. Kaminsky J., Javernick-Will A. Contested factors for sustainability: construction and management of household on-site wastewater treatment systems. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 2013, 139(12):A4013004.
48. Karger D.W., Bayha F.H. Engineered Work Measurement 1987, Industrial Press, NY, USA. fourth ed.
49. Kennedy-Walker R., Holderness T., Barr S., Alderson D., Evans B. Network modelling for road-based faecal sludge management. Proc. ICE - Munic. Eng. 2014, 167(3):157-165.
50. Larsen T.A., Udert K.M., Lienert J. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management 2013, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
51. The Traveling Salesman Problem. A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization 1985, Wiley, Chichester, UK. E.L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra, A.H.G. Rinnooy Kan, D.B. Shmoys (Eds.).
52. Lee E.J., Criddle C.S., Bobel P., Freyberg D.L. Assessing the scale of resource recovery for centralized and satellite wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:10762-10770.
53. Libralato G., Ghirardini A.V., Avezzù F. To centralise or to decentralise: an overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 94:61-68.
54. Markard J. Characteristics of infrastructure sectors and implications for innovation processes. Discussion Paper for the Workshop on Environmental Innovation in Infrastructure Sectors, Karlsruhe Sept. 29-Oct. 1, Germany 2009.
55. Marufuzzaman M., Ekşioğlu S.D., Hernandez R. Truck versus pipeline transportation cost analysis of wastewater sludge. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2015, 74:14-30.
56. Massoud M.A., Tarhini A., Nasr J.A. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90:652-659.
57. Maurer M., Rothenberger D., Larsen T.A. Decentralised wastewater treatment technologies from a national perspective: at what cost are they competitive?. Water Sci. Technol. 2006, 5(6):145-154.
58. Maurer M., Wolfram M., Herlyn A. Factors affecting economies of scale in combined sewer systems. Water Sci. Technol. 2010, 62(1):36-41.
59. Michaelewicz Z., Fogel D.B. How to Solve it: Modern Heuristics 2004, 2nd revised and extended edition, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
60. Mikhael G., Robbins D.M., Ramsay J.E., Mbéguéré M. Methods and means for collection and transport of faecal sludge. Faecal Sludge Management Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation 2014, IWA Publishing. L. Strande, M. Ronteltap, D. Brdjanovic (Eds.).
61. Mobility Overview of Mobility Rates 2015, Link: Accessed: 30.05.2015. Archived by WebCite®. http://www.webcitation.org/6YuZ3WJAv.
62. Nagy G., Salhi S. Location-routing: issues, models and methods. Eur. J. Operational Res. 2007, 177(2):649-672.
63. OECD Water and Cities: Ensuring Sustainable Futures, OECD Studies on Water 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris, France.
64. Parkinson J., Tayler K. Decentralized wastewater management in peri-urban areas in low-income countries. Environ. Urbanization 2003, 15(1):75-90.
65. Poustie M.S., Deletic A., Brown R.R., Wong T., de Haan J., Skinner R. Sustainable urban water futures in developing countries: the centralised, decentralised or hybrid dilemma. Urban Water J. 2014, 1-16.
66. Saltelli A., Tarantola S., Campolongo F., Ratto M. Sensitivity Analysis in Practice. A Guide to Assessing Scientific Models 2004, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
67. Schiller G., Siedentop S. Follow-up costs for infrastructure of settlement development in the case of decrease in population (Infrastrukturfolgekosten der Siedlungsentwicklung unter Schrumpfungsbedingungen). DISP - Plan. Rev. 2005, 41(160):83-93. (in German).
68. Semiyaga S., Okure M.A.E., Niwagaba C.B., Katukiza A.Y., Kansiime F. Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of technologies, practices and end-uses. Resour. Conservation Recycl. 2015, 104:109-119.
69. Singh N.K., Kazmi A.A., Starkl M. A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach. Water Sci. Technol. 2015, 71:468-478.
70. Starkl M., Parkinson J., Narayana D., Flamand P. Small Is Beautiful but Is Large More Economical? Fresh Views on Decentralised versus Centralised Wastewater Management 2012, 45-47. Water 21(June).
71. Steiner M., Agnès M., Koné D., Strauss M. Economic Aspects of Low-cost Faecal Sludge Management 2002, Eawag, (Dübendorf, Switzerland).
72. Tavares G., Zsigraiova Z., Semiao V., Carvalho M.G. Optimisation of MSW collection routes for minimum fuel consumption using 3D GIS modelling. Waste Manag. 2009, 29(3):1176-1185.
73. Tchobanoglous G., Leverenz H. The rationale for decentralization of wastewater infrastructure. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management, Larsen, IWA Publishing, London, UK 2013, T.A. Larsen, K.M. Udert, J. Lienert (Eds.).
74. Tchobanoglous G., Ruppe L., Leverenz H., Darby J. Decentralized wastewater management: challenges and opportunities for the twenty-first century. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2004, 4(1):95-102.
75. Thünen J.H.v. Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1875, 1966, (Darmstadt, Germany). third ed.
76. Townend C.B. The economics of the disposal of sewage and trade effluents. Bull. World Health Organ 1959, 20:535-562.
77. Truffer B., Binz C., Gebauer H., Störmer E. Market success of on-site treatment: a systemic innovation problem. Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management, IWA Publishing, London, UK 2013, T.A. Larsen, K.M. Udert, J. Lienert (Eds.).
78. Wegener M. Transport in spatial models of economic development. A Handbook of Transport Economics 2011, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK. A.D. Palma, R. Lindsey, E. Quinet, R. Vickerman (Eds.).
79. Wenban-Smith H.B. Economies of Scale, Distribution Costs and Density Effects in Urban Water Supply: a Spatial Analysis of the Role of Infrastructure in Urban Agglomeration 2009, PhD thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science, (LSE), UK.
80. WERF Performance and Cost of Decentralized Unit Processes 2015, Link:. http://www.werf.org.
81. Yang C., Ogden J. Determining the lowest-cost hydrogen delivery mode. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32(2):268-286.
82. Zamorano M., Molero E., Grindlay A., Rodríguez M.L., Hurtado A., Calvo F.J. A planning scenario for the application of geographical information systems in municipal waste collection: a case of Churriana de la Vega (Granada, Spain). Resour. Conservation Recycl. 2009, 54:123-133.
83. Zeppini P., Frenken K., Kupers R. Thresholds models of technological transitions. Environ. Innovation Soc. Transitions 2014, 11:54-70.