Second St. Gallen European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Cancer Conference: Consensus recommendations on controversial issues in the primary treatment of rectal cancer

European Journal of Cancer

Volumn 63, Issue , 2016, Pages 11-24

  Lutz, Manfred P ^a   Zalcberg, John R ^b   Glynne Jones, Rob ^c   Ruers, Theo ^d   Ducreux, Michel ^e   Arnold, Dirk ^f   Aust, Daniela ^g   Brown, Gina ^h   Bujko, Krzysztof ⁱ   Cunningham, Christopher ^j   Evrard, Serge ^k   Folprecht, Gunnar ^g   Gerard, Jean Pierre ^l   Habr Gama, Angelita ^m   Haustermans, Karin ⁿ   Holm, Torbjörn ^o   Kuhlmann, Koert F ^d   Lordick, Florian ^p   Mentha, Gilles ^q   Moehler, Markus ^r   Nagtegaal, Iris D ^s   Pigazzi, Alessio ^t   Puciarelli, Salvatore ^u   Roth, Arnaud ^q   Rutten, Harm ^v   Schmoll, Hans Joachim ^w   Sorbye, Halfdan ^x   Van Cutsem, Eric ⁿ   Weitz, Jürgen ^g   Otto, Florian ^y   more..

^a Medizinische Klinik   (Germany)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c MOUNT VERNON CANCER CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^d NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^e INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY   (France)

^f CUF Hospital   (Portugal)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^h INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Poland)

^j OXFORD UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^l CENTRE ANTOINE LACASSAGNE   (France)

^m Angelita and Joaquim Gama Institute   (Brazil)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^o KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^p University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL)   (Germany)

^q HUG   (Switzerland)

^r JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^s RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^t UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^u UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^v MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^w MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^x HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^y Tumor Center ZeTuP   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

Imaging; Radiochemotherapy; Radiotherapy; Rectal cancer; Staging; Surgery

Indexed keywords

CAPECITABINE; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; OXALIPLATIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER THERAPY; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY; LIVER METASTASIS; LOCAL EXCISION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EUROPE; PROCEDURES; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EUROPE; HUMANS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84973130805     PISSN: 09598049     EISSN: 18790852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.04.010     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. B. Glimelius, E. Tiret, A. Cervantes, D. Arnold, and E.G.W. Group Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up Ann Oncol 24 Suppl. 6 2013 vi81 vi88
2. H.J. Schmoll, E. Van Cutsem, A. Stein, V. Valentini, B. Glimelius, K. Haustermans, and et al. ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making Ann Oncol 23 10 2012 2479 2516
3. J.R. Monson, C.P. Probst, S.D. Wexner, F.H. Remzi, J.W. Fleshman, J. Garcia-Aguilar, and et al. Failure of evidence-based cancer care in the United States: the association between rectal cancer treatment, cancer center volume, and geography Ann Surg 260 4 2014 625 631 discussion 631-2
4. A.B. Benson 3rd, A.P. Venook, T. Bekaii-Saab, E. Chan, Y.J. Chen, H.S. Cooper, and et al. Rectal cancer, version 2.2015 J Natl Compr Canc Netw 13 6 2015 719 728 quiz 728
5. F. Otto, and M.P. Lutz Early gastrointestinal cancers II: rectal cancer Recent results in cancer research 2014 Imprint: Springer Cham VIII 252 S
6. G. Brown, C.J. Richards, M.W. Bourne, R.G. Newcombe, A.G. Radcliffe, N.S. Dallimore, and et al. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison Radiology 227 2 2003 371 377
7. S.K. Yu, D. Tait, I. Chau, and G. Brown MRI predictive factors for tumor response in rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy-implications for induction chemotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87 3 2013 505 511
8. S. Bipat, A.S. Glas, F.J. Slors, A.H. Zwinderman, P.M. Bossuyt, and J. Stoker Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging-a meta-analysis Radiology 232 3 2004 773 783
9. M.S. Group, O.C. Shihab, F. Taylor, N. Bees, H. Blake, N. Jeyadevan, and et al. Relevance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected pelvic sidewall lymph node involvement in rectal cancer Br J Surg 98 12 2011 1798 1804
10. R.G. Landmann, W.D. Wong, J. Hoepfl, J. Shia, J.G. Guillem, L.K. Temple, and et al. Limitations of early rectal cancer nodal staging may explain failure after local excision Dis Colon Rectum 50 10 2007 1520 1525
11. O. Dworak Number and size of lymph nodes and node metastases in rectal carcinomas Surg Endosc 3 2 1989 96 99
12. G. Brown Local radiological staging of rectal cancer Clin Radiol 59 3 2004 213 214
13. J.H. Kim, G.L. Beets, M.J. Kim, A.G. Kessels, and R.G. Beets-Tan High-resolution MR imaging for nodal staging in rectal cancer: are there any criteria in addition to the size? Eur J Radiol 52 1 2004 78 83
14. Group MS Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting curative resection of rectal cancer: prospective observational study BMJ 333 7572 2006 779
15. F.G. Taylor, P. Quirke, R.J. Heald, B. Moran, L. Blomqvist, I. Swift, and et al. One millimetre is the safe cut-off for magnetic resonance imaging prediction of surgical margin status in rectal cancer Br J Surg 98 6 2011 872 879
16. N.J. Smith, Y. Barbachano, A.R. Norman, R.I. Swift, A.M. Abulafi, and G. Brown Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer Br J Surg 95 2 2008 229 236
17. J. Pollack, T. Holm, B. Cedermark, D. Altman, B. Holmstrom, B. Glimelius, and et al. Late adverse effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer Br J Surg 93 12 2006 1519 1525
18. M.T. Teo, D. Sebag-Montefiore, and C.F. Donnellan Prevention and Management of Radiation-induced Late Gastrointestinal Toxicity Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 27 11 2015 656 667
19. K. Bujko, M.P. Nowacki, A. Nasierowska-Guttmejer, W. Michalski, M. Bebenek, and M. Kryj Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer Br J Surg 93 10 2006 1215 1223
20. H. Birgisson, L. Pahlman, U. Gunnarsson, and B. Glimelius Occurrence of second cancers in patients treated with radiotherapy for rectal cancer J Clin Oncol 23 25 2005 6126 6131
21. W. van Gijn, C.A. Marijnen, I.D. Nagtegaal, E.M. Kranenbarg, H. Putter, T. Wiggers, and et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial Lancet Oncol 12 6 2011 575 582
22. M. Braendengen, K.M. Tveit, A. Berglund, E. Birkemeyer, G. Frykholm, L. Pahlman, and et al. Randomized phase III study comparing preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer J Clin Oncol 26 22 2008 3687 3694
23. K.C. Peeters, C.A. Marijnen, I.D. Nagtegaal, E.K. Kranenbarg, H. Putter, T. Wiggers, and et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma Ann Surg 246 5 2007 693 701
24. D. Sebag-Montefiore, R.J. Stephens, R. Steele, J. Monson, R. Grieve, S. Khanna, and et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial Lancet 373 9666 2009 811 820
25. R. Sauer, H. Becker, W. Hohenberger, C. Rodel, C. Wittekind, R. Fietkau, and et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer N Engl J Med 351 17 2004 1731 1740
26. J.F. Bosset, L. Collette, G. Calais, L. Mineur, P. Maingon, L. Radosevic-Jelic, and et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer N Engl J Med 355 11 2006 1114 1123
27. J.P. Gerard, T. Conroy, F. Bonnetain, O. Bouche, O. Chapet, M.T. Closon-Dejardin, and et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203 J Clin Oncol 24 28 2006 4620 4625
28. M.S. Roh, L.H. Colangelo, M.J. O'Connell, G. Yothers, M. Deutsch, C.J. Allegra, and et al. Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03 J Clin Oncol 27 31 2009 5124 5130
29. M.T. Eriksen, A. Wibe, U.E. Hestvik, J. Haffner, J.N. Wiig, G. Norwegian Rectal Cancer, and et al. Surgical treatment of primary locally advanced rectal cancer in Norway Eur J Surg Oncol 32 2 2006 174 180
30. F.G. Taylor, P. Quirke, R.J. Heald, B. Moran, L. Blomqvist, I. Swift, and et al. Preoperative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging can identify good prognosis stage I, II, and III rectal cancer best managed by surgery alone: a prospective, multicenter, European study Ann Surg 253 4 2011 711 719
31. M. Frasson, E. Garcia-Granero, D. Roda, B. Flor-Lorente, S. Rosello, P. Esclapez, and et al. Preoperative chemoradiation may not always be needed for patients with T3 and T2N+ rectal cancer Cancer 117 14 2011 3118 3125
32. K.L. Mathis, D.W. Larson, E.J. Dozois, R.R. Cima, M. Huebner, M.G. Haddock, and et al. Outcomes following surgery without radiotherapy for rectal cancer Br J Surg 99 1 2012 137 143
33. F.G. Marinello, M. Frasson, G. Baguena, B. Flor-Lorente, A. Cervantes, S. Rosello, and et al. Selective approach for upper rectal cancer treatment: total mesorectal excision and preoperative chemoradiation are seldom necessary Dis Colon Rectum 58 6 2015 556 565
34. E. Syk, M.R. Torkzad, L. Blomqvist, P.J. Nilsson, and B. Glimelius Local recurrence in rectal cancer: anatomic localization and effect on radiation target Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 72 3 2008 658 664
35. P. Bondeven, R.H. Hagemann-Madsen, S. Laurberg, and B.G. Pedersen Extent and completeness of mesorectal excision evaluated by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging Br J Surg 100 10 2013 1357 1367
36. R.O. Perez, V.E. Seid, E.H. Bresciani, C. Bresciani, I. Proscurshim, D.D. Pereira, and et al. Distribution of lymph nodes in the mesorectum: how deep is TME necessary? Tech Coloproctol 12 1 2008 39 43
37. P. Quirke, R. Steele, J. Monson, R. Grieve, S. Khanna, J. Couture, and et al. Effect of the plane of surgery achieved on local recurrence in patients with operable rectal cancer: a prospective study using data from the MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG CO16 randomised clinical trial Lancet 373 9666 2009 821 828
38. K.C. Peeters, C.J. van de Velde, J.W. Leer, H. Martijn, J.M. Junggeburt, E.K. Kranenbarg, and et al. Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients-a Dutch colorectal cancer group study J Clin Oncol 23 25 2005 6199 6206
39. M.M. Lange, M. den Dulk, E.R. Bossema, C.P. Maas, K.C. Peeters, H.J. Rutten, and et al. Risk factors for faecal incontinence after rectal cancer treatment Br J Surg 94 10 2007 1278 1284
40. M.P. Herman, S. Kopetz, P.R. Bhosale, C. Eng, J.M. Skibber, M.A. Rodriguez-Bigas, and et al. Sacral insufficiency fractures after preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer: incidence, risk factors, and clinical course Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74 3 2009 818 823
41. D. Pettersson, E. Lorinc, T. Holm, H. Iversen, B. Cedermark, B. Glimelius, and et al. Tumour regression in the randomized Stockholm III trial of radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer Br J Surg 102 8 2015 972 978 discussion 978
42. S.Y. Ngan, B. Burmeister, R.J. Fisher, M. Solomon, D. Goldstein, D. Joseph, and et al. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04 J Clin Oncol 30 31 2012 3827 3833
43. R. Sauer, T. Liersch, S. Merkel, R. Fietkau, W. Hohenberger, C. Hess, and et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years J Clin Oncol 30 16 2012 1926 1933
44. N.J. Battersby, P. How, B. Moran, S. Stelzner, N.P. West, G. Branagan, and et al. Prospective validation of a low rectal cancer magnetic resonance imaging staging system and development of a local recurrence risk stratification model: The MERCURY II study Ann Surg 263 4 2016 751 760
45. J. Folkesson, H. Birgisson, L. Pahlman, B. Cedermark, B. Glimelius, and U. Gunnarsson Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate J Clin Oncol 23 24 2005 5644 5650
46. E. Kapiteijn, C.A. Marijnen, I.D. Nagtegaal, H. Putter, W.H. Steup, T. Wiggers, and et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer N Engl J Med 345 9 2001 638 646
47. B. Cedermark, H. Johansson, L.E. Rutqvist, and N. Wilking The Stockholm I trial of preoperative short term radiotherapy in operable rectal carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group Cancer 75 9 1995 2269 2275
48. C.A. Marijnen, I.D. Nagtegaal, E. Klein Kranenbarg, J. Hermans, C.J. van de Velde, J.W. Leer, and et al. No downstaging after short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients J Clin Oncol 19 7 2001 1976 1984
49. T. Latkauskas, H. Pauzas, I. Gineikiene, R. Janciauskiene, E. Juozaityte, Z. Saladzinskas, and et al. Initial results of a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical and pathological downstaging of rectal cancer after preoperative short-course radiotherapy or long-term chemoradiotherapy, both with delayed surgery Colorectal Dis 14 3 2012 294 298
50. L.O. Poulsen, C. Qvortrup, P. Pfeiffer, M. Yilmaz, U. Falkmer, and H. Sorbye Review on adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer why do treatment guidelines differ so much? Acta Oncol 54 4 2015 437 446
51. J.F. Bosset, G. Calais, L. Mineur, P. Maingon, S. Stojanovic-Rundic, R.J. Bensadoun, and et al. Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study Lancet Oncol 15 2 2014 184 190
52. R. Glynne-Jones, N. Counsell, P. Quirke, N. Mortensen, A. Maraveyas, H.M. Meadows, and et al. Chronicle: results of a randomised phase III trial in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation randomising postoperative adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) versus control Ann Oncol 25 7 2014 1356 1362
53. A.J. Breugom, W. van Gijn, E.W. Muller, A. Berglund, C.B. van den Broek, T. Fokstuen, and et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision: a Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG) randomized phase III trial Ann Oncol 26 4 2015 696 701
54. A. Sainato, V. Cernusco Luna Nunzia, V. Valentini, A. De Paoli, E.R. Maurizi, M. Lupattelli, and et al. No benefit of adjuvant Fluorouracil Leucovorin chemotherapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced cancer of the rectum (LARC): long term results of a randomized trial (I-CNR-RT) Radiother Oncol 113 2 2014 223 229
55. A.J. Breugom, M. Swets, J.F. Bosset, L. Collette, A. Sainato, L. Cionini, and et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy and surgery for patients with rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Lancet Oncol 16 2 2015 200 207
56. Y.S. Hong, B.H. Nam, K.P. Kim, J.E. Kim, S.J. Park, Y.S. Park, and et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus fluorouracil and leucovorin as adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (ADORE): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial Lancet Oncol 15 11 2014 1245 1253
57. A. Habr-Gama, J. Gama-Rodrigues, G.P. Sao Juliao, I. Proscurshim, C. Sabbagh, P.B. Lynn, and et al. Local recurrence after complete clinical response and watch and wait in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation: impact of salvage therapy on local disease control Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 88 4 2014 822 828
58. R. Mantke, U. Schmidt, S. Wolff, R. Kube, and H. Lippert Incidence of synchronous liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer in relationship to clinico-pathologic characteristics. Results of a German prospective multicentre observational study Eur J Surg Oncol 38 3 2012 259 265
59. M.D. Evans, X. Escofet, S.S. Karandikar, and J.D. Stamatakis Outcomes of resection and non-resection strategies in management of patients with advanced colorectal cancer World J Surg Oncol 7 2009 28
60. A. Eisenberger, R.L. Whelan, and A.I. Neugut Survival and symptomatic benefit from palliative primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a review Int J Colorectal Dis 23 6 2008 559 568
61. M.G. Cameron, C. Kersten, I. Vistad, S. Fossa, and M.G. Guren Palliative pelvic radiotherapy of symptomatic incurable rectal cancer a systematic review Acta Oncol 53 2 2014 164 173
62. D. Tyc-Szczepaniak, L. Wyrwicz, L. Kepka, W. Michalski, M. Olszyna-Serementa, J. Palucki, and et al. Palliative radiotherapy and chemotherapy instead of surgery in symptomatic rectal cancer with synchronous unresectable metastases: a phase II study Ann Oncol 24 11 2013 2829 2834
63. E. Fiori, A. Lamazza, A. Schillaci, S. Femia, E. Demasi, A. Decesare, and et al. Palliative management for patients with subacute obstruction and stage IV unresectable rectosigmoid cancer: colostomy versus endoscopic stenting: final results of a prospective randomized trial Am J Surg 204 3 2012 321 326
64. L. Assumpcao, M.A. Choti, A.L. Gleisner, R.D. Schulick, M. Swartz, J. Herman, and et al. Patterns of recurrence following liver resection for colorectal metastases: effect of primary rectal tumor site Arch Surg 143 8 2008 743 749 discussion 749-50
65. D. Pettersson, T. Holm, H. Iversen, L. Blomqvist, B. Glimelius, and A. Martling Preoperative short-course radiotherapy with delayed surgery in primary rectal cancer Br J Surg 99 4 2012 577 583
66. T.H. van Dijk, K. Tamas, J.C. Beukema, G.L. Beets, A.J. Gelderblom, K.P. de Jong, and et al. Evaluation of short-course radiotherapy followed by neoadjuvant bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin and subsequent radical surgical treatment in primary stage IV rectal cancer Ann Oncol 24 7 2013 1762 1769
67. K. Bujko, A. Nasierowska-Guttmejer, L. Wyrwicz, M. Malinowska, J. Krynski, E. Kosakowska, and et al. Neoadjuvant treatment for unresectable rectal cancer: an interim analysis of a multicentre randomized study Radiother Oncol 107 2 2013 171 177
68. T. Bensignor, A. Brouquet, C. Dariane, A. Thirot-Bidault, T. Lazure, C. Julie, and et al. Pathological response of locally advanced rectal cancer to preoperative chemotherapy without pelvic irradiation Colorectal Dis 17 6 2015 491 498
69. J.A. Patel, J.W. Fleshman, S.R. Hunt, B. Safar, E.H. Birnbaum, A.Y. Lin, and et al. Is an elective diverting colostomy warranted in patients with an endoscopically obstructing rectal cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy? Dis Colon Rectum 55 3 2012 249 255
70. S. Jegatheeswaran, J.M. Mason, H.C. Hancock, and A.K. Siriwardena The liver-first approach to the management of colorectal cancer with synchronous hepatic metastases: a systematic review JAMA Surg 148 4 2013 385 391
71. N. Ayez, J.W. Burger, A.E. van der Pool, A.M. Eggermont, D.J. Grunhagen, J.H. de Wilt, and et al. Long-term results of the "liver first" approach in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases Dis Colon Rectum 56 3 2013 281 287
72. M. Maas, P.J. Nelemans, V. Valentini, P. Das, C. Rodel, L.J. Kuo, and et al. Long-term outcome in patients with a pathological complete response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data Lancet Oncol 11 9 2010 835 844
73. G.R. Silberhumer, P.B. Paty, L.K. Temple, R.L. Araujo, B. Denton, M. Gonen, and et al. Simultaneous resection for rectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis is a safe procedure Am J Surg 209 6 2015 935 942
74. E. Al-Sukhni, L. Milot, M. Fruitman, J. Beyene, J.C. Victor, S. Schmocker, and et al. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for assessment of T category, lymph node metastases, and circumferential resection margin involvement in patients with rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis Ann Surg Oncol 19 7 2012 2212 2223
75. S.R. Puli, M.L. Bechtold, J.B. Reddy, A. Choudhary, M.R. Antillon, and W.R. Brugge How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review Ann Surg Oncol 16 2 2009 254 265
76. F.G. Taylor, R.I. Swift, L. Blomqvist, and G. Brown A systematic approach to the interpretation of preoperative staging MRI for rectal cancer AJR Am J Roentgenol 191 6 2008 1827 1835
77. R. Pach, J. Kulig, P. Richter, T. Gach, M. Szura, and T. Kowalska Randomized clinical trial on preoperative radiotherapy 25 Gy in rectal cancer-treatment results at 5-year follow-up Langenbecks Arch Surg 397 5 2012 801 807