Factors associated with high heterogeneity of malaria at fine spatial scale in the Western Kenyan highlands

Malaria Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Baidjoe, Amrish Y ^a,b   Stevenson, Jennifer ^c,d   Knight, Philip ^e   Stone, William ^a   Stresman, Gillian ^c   Osoti, Victor ^f   Makori, Euniah ^f   Owaga, Chrispin ^f   Odongo, Wycliffe ^f   China, Pauline ^f   Shagari, Shehu ^f   Kariuki, Simon ^f   Drakeley, Chris ^c   Cox, Jonathan ^c   Bousema, Teun ^a,c  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b European Centre for Disease Preventions and Control (ECDC)   (Sweden)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^f KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Elimination; Heterogeneity; Hotspots; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase chain reaction; Risk factors; Serology; Transmission

Indexed keywords

PARASITE ANTIBODY; PROTOZOAL DNA; PROTOZOON ANTIBODY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ALTITUDE; ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION; BED NET; CHILD; CONSTRUCTION WORK AND ARCHITECTURAL PHENOMENA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HOUSE CONSTRUCTION FEATURE; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; KENYAN; MALARIA; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL CHILD; SEROLOGY; TOPOGRAPHICAL WETNESS INDEX; YOUNG ADULT; AGED; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASES; BLOOD; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FAMILY SIZE; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; INFANT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; KENYA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEWBORN; PLASMODIUM; RISK FACTOR; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TOPOGRAPHY; TRANSMISSION; VERY ELDERLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALTITUDE; ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, INFECTIOUS; DNA, PROTOZOAN; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; KENYA; MALARIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PLASMODIUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TOPOGRAPHY, MEDICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84971663746     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1362-y     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Woolhouse ME, Dye C, Etard JF, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Garnett GP, et al. Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:338-42.
2. Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, et al. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med. 2012;3(9):e1001165.
3. Hay SI, Snow RW. The malaria atlas project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med. 2006;3:2204-8.
4. Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, et al. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000048.
5. Guerra CA, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Smith DL, Hay SI, et al. The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e38.
6. Oesterholt MJ, Bousema JT, Mwerinde OK, Harris C, Lushino P, Masokoto A, et al. Spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern Tanzania. Malar J. 2006;5:98.
7. Pruett-Jones SG, Pruett-jones MA, Jones HI. Parasites and sexual selection in birds of paradise. Integr Comp Biol. 1990;30:287-98.
8. Kreuels B, Kobbe R, Adjei S, Kreuzberg C, von Reden C, Bäter K, et al. Spatial variation of malaria incidence in young children from a geographically homogeneous area with high endemicity. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:85-93.
9. Bousema T, Drakeley C, Gesase S, Hashim R, Magesa S, Mosha F, et al. Identification of hot spots of malaria transmission for targeted malaria control. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1764-74.
10. Carter R, Mendis KN, Roberts D. Spatial targeting of interventions against malaria. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:1401-11.
11. Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes AM, Yohannes M, et al. Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community based incidence survey. BMJ. 1999;319:663-6.
12. Zhou G, Munga S, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G. Spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:29-35.
13. Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, et al. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:17-21.
14. Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa AP, Herath PRJ, Mendis KN. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;45:77-85.
15. Mackinnon MJ, Mwangi TW, Snow RW, Marsh K, Williams TN. Heritability of malaria in Africa. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e340.
16. Naidoo S, London L, Burdorf A, Naidoo RN, Kromhout H. Occupational activities associated with a reported history of malaria among women working in small-scale agriculture in South Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:805-10.
17. Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Guyatt HL, Snow RW. Travel as a risk factor for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99:71-4.
18. Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Adv Parasitol. 2014;84:151-208.
19. Bejon P, Williams TN, Nyundo C, Hay SI, Benz D, Gething PW, et al. A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots. Elife. 2014;2014:e02130.
20. Bejon P, Williams TN, Liljander A, Noor AM, Wambua J, Ogada E, et al. Stable and unstable malaria hotspots in longitudinal cohort studies in Kenya. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000304.
21. John CC, Riedesel MA, Magak NG, Lindblade KA, Menge DM, Hodges JS, et al. Possible interruption of malaria transmission, highland Kenya, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1917-24.
22. World Health Organization. Malaria early warning systems: concepts, indicators and partners - a framework for field research in Africa. WHO.CDS/RBM/2001.32. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
23. Cox J, Hay SI, Abeku TA, Checchi F, Snow RW. The uncertain burden of Plasmodium falciparum epidemics in Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:142-8.
24. Hay SI, Noor AM, Simba M, Busolo M, Guyatt HL, Ochola SA, et al. Clinical epidemiology of malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:543-8.
25. Ernst KC, Adoka SO, Kowuor DO, Wilson ML, John CC. Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. Malar J. 2006;5:78.
26. Rolfes MA, McCarra M, Magak NG, Ernst KC, Dent AE, Lindblade KA, et al. Development of clinical immunity to malaria in highland areas of low and unstable transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:806-12.
27. Baliraine FN, Afrane YA, Amenya DA, Bonizzoni M, Menge DM, Zhou G, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a highland area of western Kenya: a cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:66-74.
28. Stevenson J, St. Laurent B, Lobo NF, Cooke MK, Kahindi SC, Oriango RM, et al. Novel vectors of malaria parasites in the western highlands of Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1547-9.
29. Bousema T, Stevenson J, Baidjoe A, Stresman G, Griffin JT, Kleinschmidt I, et al. The impact of hotspot-targeted interventions on malaria transmission: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:36.
30. Corran P, Coleman P, Riley E, Drakeley C. Serology: a robust indicator of malaria transmission intensity? Trends Parasitol. 2007;23:575-82.
31. Baidjoe A, Stone W, Ploemen I, Shagari S, Grignard L, Osoti V, et al. Combined DNA extraction and antibody elution from filter papers for the assessment of malaria transmission intensity in epidemiological studies. Malar J. 2013;12:272.
32. Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SLR, Carneiro I, et al. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:5108-13.
33. Brown BL, Slaughter AD, Schreiber ME. Controls on roxarsone transport in agricultural watersheds. Appl Geochemistry. 2005;20:123-33.
34. Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, Do Rosario VE, et al. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;61:315-20.
35. Cohen JM, Ernst KC, Lindblade KA, Vulule JM, John CC, Wilson ML. Local topographic wetness indices predict household malaria risk better than land-use and land-cover in the western Kenya highlands. Malar J. 2010;9:328.
36. Cook J, Kleinschmidt I, Schwabe C, Nseng G, Bousema T, Corran PH, et al. Serological markers suggest heterogeneity of effectiveness of malaria control interventions on Bioko Island equatorial guinea. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25137.
37. Bousema T, Stresman G, Baidjoe AY, Bradley J, Knight P, Stone W, et al. The impact of hotspot targeted interventions on malaria transmission in Rachuonyo South district in the western Kenyan Highlands: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1001993.
38. Cook J, Speybroeck N, Sochantha T, Somony H, Sokny M, Claes F, et al. Sero-epidemiological evaluation of changes in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission patterns over the rainy season in Cambodia. Malar J. 2012;11:86.
39. Shanks GD, Hay SI, Omumbo JA, Snow RW. Malaria in Kenya's western highlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1425-32.
40. Lindsay SW, Martens WJM. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76:33-45.
41. Okell LC, Bousema T, Griffin JT, Ouédraogo AL, Ghani AC, Drakeley CJ. Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1237.
42. Chen I, Clarke SE, Gosling R, Hamainza B, Killeen G, Magill A, et al. "Asymptomatic" malaria: a chronic and debilitating infection that should be treated. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1001942.
43. Buckee CO, Wesolowski A, Eagle NN, Hansen E, Snow RW. Mobile phones and malaria: modeling human and parasite travel. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013;11:15-22.
44. Wesolowski A, Eagle N, Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Noor AM, Snow RW, et al. Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria. Science. 2012;338:267-70.
45. Kirby MJ, Ameh D, Bottomley C, Green C, Jawara M, Milligan PJ, et al. Effect of two different house screening interventions on exposure to malaria vectors and on anaemia in children in the Gambia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:998-1009.
46. Kirby MJ, West P, Green C, Jasseh M, Lindsay SW. Risk factors for house-entry by culicine mosquitoes in a rural town and satellite villages in The Gambia. Parasit Vectors. 2008;1:41.