Management of rectal cancer: Times they are changing

GE Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 192-200

  Cravo, Marilia ^a,b   Rodrigues, Tania ^a   Ouro, Susana ^a   Ferreira, Ana ^a   Féria, Luis ^a   Maio, Rui ^a,c  

^a Hospital Beatriz Angelo   (Portugal)

^b INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA MOLECULAR   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Neo adjuvant chemoradiation; Post treatment staging; Rectal cancer

Indexed keywords

EID: 84971367808     PISSN: 23414545     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpg.2014.06.003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (65)

1. American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2008-2010. http://www5.cancer.org/downloads/STT/F861708.
2. van Gijn W., Krijnen P., Lemmens V.E., den Dulk M., Putter H., van de Velde C.J. Quality assurance in rectal cancer treatment in the Netherlands: a catch up compared to colon cancer treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010, 36:340-344.
3. Verdecchia A., Guzzinati S., Francisci S., De Angelis R., Bray F., Allemani C., et al. Survival trends in European cancer patients diagnosed from 1988 to 1999. Eur J Cancer 2009 Apr, 45(6):1042-1066.
4. Påhlman L., Bohe M., Cedermark B., Dahlberg M., Lindmark G., Sjödahl R., et al. The Swedish rectal cancer registry. Br J Surg 2007 Oct, 94(10):1285-1292.
5. Schaffzin D.M., Wong W.D. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of rectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2004, 4:124-132.
6. Glynne-Jones R., Kronfli M. Locally advanced rectal cancer: a comparison of management strategies. Drugs 2011, 71:1153-1177.
7. Augestad K.M., Lindsetmo R.O., Stulberg J., Reynolds H., Senagore A., Champagne B., et al. International preoperative rectal cancer management: staging, neoadjuvant treatment, and impact of multidisciplinary teams. World J Surg 2010 Nov, 34(11):2689-2700. International Rectal Cancer Study Group (IRCSG).
8. Extramural depth of tumor invasion at thin section MR in patients with rectal cancer: results of the mercury study. Radiology 2007, 243:132-139. MERCURY Study Group.
9. Brown G., Radcliffe A.G., Newcombe R.G., Dallimore N.S., Bourne M.W., Williams G.T. Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 2003 Mar, 90(3):355-364.
10. Quirke P., Steele R., Monson J., Grieve R., Khanna S., Couture J., et al. Effect of the plane of surgery achieved on local recurrence in patients with operable rectal cancer: a prospective study using data from the MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016 randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2009 Mar, 373(9666):821-828.
11. Taylor F.G., Quirke P., Heald R.J., Moran B.J., Blomqvist L., Swift I.R., et al. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging assessment of circumferential resection margin predicts disease-free survival and local recurrence: 5-year follow-up results of the MERCURY Study. J Clin Oncol 2013 Jun, 32(1):34-43.
12. Vriens D., de Geus-Oei L.F., van der Graaf W.T., Oyen W.J. Tailoring therapy in colorectal cancer by PET-CT. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009, 53:224-244.
13. Kosinsky L., Habr-Gama A., Ludwig K., Perez R. Shifting concepts in rectal cancer management. A review of contemporary primary rectal cancer treatment strategies. CA Cancer J Clin 2012, 62:173-202.
14. Francois Y., Nemoz C.J., Baulieux J., Vignal J., Grandjean J.P., Partensky C., et al. Influence of the interval between preoperative radiation therapy and surgery in downstaging ad on the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: the Lyon R90-01 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1999 Aug, 17(8):2396.
15. Kalady M.F., de Campos-Lobato L.F., Stocchi L., Geisler D.P., Dietz D., Lavery I.C., et al. Predictive factors of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2009 Oct, 250(4):582-589.
16. Engelen S.M., Beets-Tan R.G., Lahaye M.J., Lammering G., Jansen R.L., van Dam R.M., et al. MRI after chemoradiatiotherapy of rectal cancer: a useful tool to select patients for local excision. Dis Colon Rectum 2010 Jul, 53(7):979-986.
17. Pomerri F., Pucciarelli S., Maretto I., Zandonà M., Del Bianco P., Amadio L., et al. Prospective assessment of imaging after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Surgery 2011 Jan, 149(1):56-64.
18. Barbaro B., Fiorucci C., Tebala C., Valentini V., Gambacorta M.A., Vecchio F.M., et al. Locally advanced rectal cancer: MR imaging in prediction of response after preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology 2009 Mar, 250(3):730-739.
19. Dresen R.C., Beets G.L., Rutten H.J., Engelen S.M., Lahaye M.J., Vliegen R.F., et al. Locally advanced rectal cancer: MR imaging for restaging after neoadjuvant radiation therapy with concomitant chemotherapy. Part I. Are we able to predict tumor confined to the rectal wall?. Radiology 2009 Jul, 252(1):71-80.
20. Koh D.M., Chau I., Tait D., Wotherspoon A., Cunningham D., Brown G. Evaluating mesorectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation using thin-section T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008 Jun, 71(2):456-461.
21. Dzik-Jurasz A., Domenig C., George M. Diffusion MRI for prediction of response of rectal cancer to chemoradiation. Lancet 2002, 27:307-308.
22. Lambregts D.M., Vandecaveye V., Barbaro B., Bakers F.C., Lambrecht M., Maas M., et al. Diffusion-weigthed MRI for selection of complete responders after chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer: a multicenter study. Ann Surg Oncol 2011 Aug, 18(8):2224-2231.
23. Spratt J.S. Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Neoplasms of the colon, rectum and anus 1984, 206-213. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
24. Brodsky J., Cohen R., Minsky B. Variables correlated with the risk of lymph node metastasis in early rectal cancer. Cancer 1992, 69:322-326.
25. Tjandra J.J., Kilkenny J.W., Buie W.D., Hyman N., Simmang C., Anthony T., et al. Practice parameters for the management of rectal cancer (revised). Dis Colon Rectum 2005 Mar, 48(3):411-423.
26. Cataldo P. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Surg Clin North Am 2006, 86:915-925.
27. Buess G., Theiss R., Gunther M., et al. Endoscopic operative procedure for the removal of rectal polyps. Coloproctol 1984, 184:252-261.
28. Suppiah A., Maslekar S., Alabi A., et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in early rectal cancer: time for a trial?. Colorectal Dis 2008, 10:314-332.
29. Ota D.M., Nelson H. Local excision of rectal cancer revisited: ACOSOG protocol Z6041. Ann Surg Oncol 2007, 14:271. ACOSOG Group Co-Charis.
30. Heald R., Husband E., Ryall R. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: the clue to pelvic recurrence?. Br J Surg 1982, 69(10):613-616.
31. Heald R., Ryall R. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer. Lancet 1986, 1(8496):1479-1482.
32. Nagtegaal I., Quirke P. What is the Role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer?. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(2):303-312.
33. Wibe A., Rendedal P.R., Svensson E., Norstein J., Eide T.J., Myrvold H.E., et al. Prognostic significance of the circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2002 Mar, 89(3):327-334.
34. Barabouti D., Wong W. Current management of rectal cancer: total mesorectal excision (nerve sparing) technique and clinical outcome. Surg Clin North Am 2005, 14:137-155.
35. Nicholls R., Tekkis P. Multidisciplinary treatment of cancer of the rectum: a European approach. Surg Clin North Am 2008, 17:533-551.
36. Rectal cancer 2012, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Fort Washington, PA.
37. West N.P., Finan P.J., Anderin C., Lindholm J., Holm T., Quirke P. Evidence of the oncological superiority of cylindrical abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008 Jul, 26(21):3517-3522.
38. Marr R., Birbeck K., Garvican J., Macklin C.P., Tiffin N.J., Parsons W.J., et al. The moderns abdominoperineal excision. The next challenge after total mesorectal excision. Ann Surg 2005 Jul, 242(1):74-82.
39. Holm T., Ljung A., Häggmark T., Jurell G., Lagergren J. Extended abdominoperineal resection with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction of the pelvic floor for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2007 Feb, 94(2):232-238.
40. Schiessel R., Novi G., Holzer B., Rosen H.R., Renner K., Hölbling N., et al. Technique and long-term results of intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005 Oct, 48(10):1858-1867.
41. Wallace M., Glynne-Jonest R. Saving the sphincter in rectal cancer: are we prepared to change practice?. Colorectal Dis 2007, 9:302-309.
42. Rullier E. Sphincter saving is the primary objective for local treatment of cancer of the lower rectum. Lancet 2006, 7:775-777.
43. Jayne D.G., Guillou P.J., Thorpe H., Quirke P., Copeland J., Smith A.M., et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3 year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group. J Clin Oncol 2007 Jul, 25(21):3061-3968.
44. Jayne D.G., Thorpe H.C., Copeland J., Quirke P., Brown J.M., Guillou P.J. Five-year follow up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus opena surgery for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2010 Nov, 97(11):1638-1645.
45. Guillou P.J., Quirke P., Thorpe H., Walker J., Jayne D.G., Smith A.M., et al. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005 May, 365(9472):1718-1726.
46. McKay G.D., Morgan M.J., Wong S.K., Gatenby A.H., Fulham S.B., Ahmed K.W., et al. Improved short-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open resection for colon and rectal cancer in an area health service: a multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum 2012 Jan, 55(1):42-50.
47. Fisher B., Wolmark N., Rockette H., Redmond C., Deutsch M., Wickerham D.L., et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal cancer: results from NSABP protocol R-01. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988 Mar, 80(1):21-29.
48. Prolongation of the disease-free survival in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1985, 312:1465-1472. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.
49. Krook J.E., Moertel C.G., Gunderson L.L., Wieand H.S., Collins R.T., Beart R.W., et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991 Mar, 324(11):709-715.
50. Sauer R., Becker H., Hohenberger W., Rödel C., Wittekind C., Fietkau R., et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004 Oct 21, 351(17):1731-1740.
51. Roh M.S., Yothers G.A., O'Connell M.J., et al. The impact of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in the preoperative multimodality treatment in patients with carcinoma of the rectum NSABP R-04. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. abstract 3503, [accessed 5.4.11]. http://www.asco.org/.
52. Hofheinz R., Wenz F.K., Post S., et al. Capecitabine (Cape) versus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based (neo)adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC): long-term results of a randomized, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. abstract 3504, [accessed 5.4.11]. http://www.asco.org/.
53. Beets G.L., Mass M., Nelemans P.J., et al. Evaluation of response after chemoradiation for rectal cancer as a predictive factor for the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy: a pooled analysis of 2724 individual patients. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. abstract 361, [accessed 6.4.12]. http://www.asco.org/.
54. Valentini V., Aristei C., Glimelius B., Minsky B.D., Beets-Tan R., Borras J.M., et al. Multidisciplinary Rectak Cancer Management: 2nd European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECA-CC2). Radiother Oncol 2009 Aug, 92(2):148-163.
55. Roh M.S., Colangelo L.H., O'Connell M.J., Yothers G., Deutsch M., Allegra C.J., et al. Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03. J Clin Oncol 2011 Nov, 29(31):5126-5130.
56. Roh M.S., Colangelo L.H., O'Connell M.J., et al. Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP-R03. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:5124-5130.
57. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:980-987. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial.
58. Kapiteijn E., Marijnen C.A., Nagtegaal I.D., Putter H., Steup W.H., Wiggers T., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2001 Aug, 345(9):638-646.
59. Sebag-Montefiore D., Stephens R.J., Steele R., Monson J., Grieve R., Khanna S., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicenter, randomized trial. Lancet 2009 Mar 7, 373(9666):811-820.
60. Dworak O., Keilholz L., Hoffman A. Pathological features of rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997 Feb, 12(2):19-23.
61. Pucciarelli S., Capirci C., Emanuele U., Toppan P., Friso M.L., Pennelli G.M., et al. Relationship between pathologic T-stage and nodal metastasis after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12:111-116.
62. Sanghere P., Wong D.W., McConkey C.C., Geh J.I., Hartley A. Chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer: an updated analysis of factors affecting pathological response. Clin Oncol 2008, 20:176-186.
63. Habr-Gama A., Perez R.O., Proscurshim I., Nunes Dos Santos R.M., Kiss D., Gama-Rodrigues J., et al. Interval between surgery and neoadjuvant chemoradation therapy for distal rectal cancer: does delayed surgery have an impact on outcome?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008 Jul, 71(4):1181-1188.
64. Schrag D. Evolving role of neoadjuvant therapy in tectal cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2013, 14:350-364.
65. Schrag D., Weiser M.R., Goodman K.A., Gonen M., Hollywood E., Cercek A., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy without routine use of radiation therapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a pilot trial. J Clin Oncol 2014 Feb, 32(6):513-518.