Financial burden and impoverishment due to cardiovascular medications in low and middle income countries: An illustration from India

PLoS ONE

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Pandey, Kiran Raj ^a   Meltzer, David O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ATORVASTATIN; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LOSARTAN; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; FINANCIAL BURDEN; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; IMPOVERISHMENT; INCIDENCE; INDIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; POVERTY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK REDUCTION; RURAL AREA; URBAN AREA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG COST; ECONOMICS; HEALTH SERVICE;

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG COSTS; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; POVERTY;

EID: 84968912182     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155293     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Xu K, Evans DB, Carrin G, Aguilar-Rivera AM, Musgrove P, Evans T. Protecting households from catastrophic health spending. Health affairs. 2007; 26(4):972-83. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.972 PMID: 17630440.
2. Alwan A, Maclean DR, Riley LM, d'Espaignet ET, Mathers CD, Stevens GA, et al. Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries. Lancet. 2010; 376(9755):1861-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61853-3 PMID: 21074258.
3. Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R. Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save? Lancet. 2005; 366(9496):1578-82. Epub 2005/11/01. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67341-2 PMID: 16257345.
4. Narayan-Parker D. Can anyone hear us? New York: Published by Oxford University Press for the World Bank; 2000. xi, 343 p. p.
5. United Nations. The future we want New York: United Nations; 2012 Accessed: 20 January 2015. Available: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html.
6. Lim SS, Gaziano TA, Gakidou E, Reddy KS, Farzadfar F, Lozano R, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals in low-income and middle-income countries: health effects and costs. Lancet. 2007; 370(9604):2054-62. PMID: 18063025.
7. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380 (9859):2224-60. PMID: 23245609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4156511.
8. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604.
9. Alwan A. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization, 2011.
10. World Health Organization. World Medicines Strategy 2004-2007. Countries at the Core Geneva: World Health Organization; Accessed: 25 February 2015. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/84307/1/WHO-EDM-2004.5-eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1.
11. Brinda EM, Kowal P, Attermann J, Enemark U. Health service use, out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditure among older people in India: The WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2015; 69(5):489-94. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204960 PMID: 25576563.
12. Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, Ball D, Laing R. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet. 2009; 373(9659):240-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61762-6 PMID: 19042012.
13. Niens LM, Cameron A, Van de Poel E, Ewen M, Brouwer WB, Laing R. Quantifying the impoverishing effects of purchasing medicines: a cross-country comparison of the affordability of medicines in the developing world. PLoS medicine. 2010; 7(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000333 PMID: 20824175; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2930876.
14. Di Cesare M, Khang YH, Asaria P, Blakely T, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet. 2013; 381(9866):585-97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61851-0 PMID: 23410608.
15. Binagwaho A, Muhimpundu MA, Bukhman G, Group NCDS. 80 under 40 by 2020: an equity agenda for NCDs and injuries. Lancet. 2014; 383(9911):3-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62423-X PMID: 24388297.
16. World Health Organization. Global Health Expenditure Database Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004 Accessed: 13 January 2014. Table of key indicators, sources and methods by country and indicators]. Available: http://apps.who.int/nha/database/StandardReport.aspx?ID=REP-WEB-MINI-TEMPLATE-WEB-VERSION&COUNTRYKEY=84678.
17. van Doorslaer E, O'Donnell O, Rannan-Eliya RP, Somanathan A, Adhikari SR, Garg CC, et al. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: an analysis of household survey data. Lancet. 2006; 368(9544):1357-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69560-3 PMID: 17046468.
18. Garg CC, Karan AK. Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: a disaggregated analysis at rural-urban and state level in India. Health policy and planning. 2009; 24(2):116-28. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czn046 PMID: 19095685.
19. Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, Braun LT, Creager MA, Franklin BA, et al. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation endorsed by the World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011; 58(23):2432-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.824 PMID: 22055990.
20. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 62(16):e147-239. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 PMID: 23747642.
21. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Heart Journal. 2007; 28(19):2375-414. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 PMID: 17726041
22. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 1999; 99(21):2829-48. PMID: 10351980.
23. Government of India NSSO. Key indicators of household consumer expenditure in India 2011-2012. New Delhi: Government of India, National Sample Survey Office; 2012 Accessed: 20 January 2015. Available: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi-New/Admin/publication.aspx.
24. India PCo. Rangarajan Report on Poverty 2014 Accessed: 26 January 2015. Available: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108291.
25. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. Bmj. 2009; 338:b1665. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b1665 PMID: 19454737; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2684577.
26. Hayden M, Pignone M, Phillips C, Mulrow C. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine. 2002; 136(2):161-72. PMID: 11790072.
27. Gaziano TA, Opie LH, Weinstein MC. Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet. 2006; 368(9536):679-86. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69252-0 PMID: 16920473; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2365896.
28. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2003; 326 (7404):1423. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423 PMID: 12829554; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC162260.
29. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013 [Internet]. 2013.
30. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. Bmj. 2003; 326(7404):1427. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1427 PMID: 12829555; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC162261.
31. World Bank. Poverty Measures Washington D.C: World Bank; 2013 Accessed: 25 January 2015. Available: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/93518/Hung-0603/Hu-0603/Module4MeasuringPovertyMeasures.pdf.
32. Wood S. mgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with GCV/AIC/REML smoothness estimation: CRAN; 2014 Accessed: 24 January 2015. 1.7-28: Available: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mgcv/citation.html.
33. Bivand R, Rowlingson B, Diggle P, Petris G, Eglen S. splancs: Spatial and Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis Internet: CRAN; 2013 Accessed: 24 January 2014. 2.01-34:[Spatial and Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis Functions]. Available: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/splancs/index.html.
34. Jeemon P, Prabhakaran D, Huffman MD, Ramakrishnan L, Goenka S, Thankappan KR, et al. Distribution of 10-year and lifetime predicted risk for cardiovascular disease in the Indian Sentinel Surveillance Study population (cross-sectional survey results). BMJ open. 2011; 1(1):e000068. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000068 PMID: 22021747; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3191418.
35. Viera AJ, Sheridan SL. Global risk of coronary heart disease: assessment and application. American family physician. 2010; 82(3):265-74. PMID: 20672791.
36. O'Donnell O, van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Lindelow M. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data: A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. p. 213-20.
37. Niens LM, Van de Poel E, Cameron A, Ewen M, Laing R, Brouwer WB. Practical measurement of affordability: an application to medicines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012; 90(3):219-27. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.084087 PMID: 22461717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3314216.
38. Gupta R. Recent trends in coronary heart disease epidemiology in India. Indian heart journal. 2008; 60 (2 Suppl B):B4-18. PMID: 19359764.
39. Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998. Health economics. 2003; 12(11):921-34. doi: 10.1002/hec.776 PMID: 14601155.
40. Liu Y, Rao K, Hsiao WC. Medical expenditure and rural impoverishment in China. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2003; 21(3):216-22. PMID: 14717567.
41. Kotwani A, Ewen M, Dey D, Iyer S, Lakshmi PK, Patel A, et al. Prices & availability of common medicines at six sites in India using a standard methodology. The Indian journal of medical research. 2007; 125(5):645-54. PMID: 17642500.
42. Shahrawat R, Rao KD. Insured yet vulnerable: out-of-pocket payments and India's poor. Health policy and planning. 2012; 27(3):213-21. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czr029 PMID: 21486910.
43. Flores G, Krishnakumar J, O'Donnell O, van Doorslaer E. Coping with health-care costs: implications for the measurement of catastrophic expenditures and poverty. Health economics. 2008; 17(12):1393-412. doi: 10.1002/hec.1338 PMID: 18246595.
44. Joshi SR, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Bhansali A, Dhandania VK, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in urban and rural India: the ICMR-INDIAB study. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5):e96808. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096808 PMID: 24817067; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4016101.
45. Anchala R, Kannuri NK, Pant H, Khan H, Franco OH, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. Journal of hypertension. 2014; 32(6):1170-7. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000146 PMID: 24621804; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4011565.
46. Yusuf S, Bosch J, Dagenais G, Zhu J, Xavier D, Liu L, et al. Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease. The New England journal of medicine. 2016. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600176 PMID: 27040132.
47. Government of India DoP. Drug Prices Control Order 2013 New Delhi: Government of India; 2013 Accessed: 14 January 2015. Available: http://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/DPCO2013.pdf.
48. Government of India MoF. Notification No. 12 /2012-Central Excise New Delhi: Government of India; 2012 Accessed: 10 January 2014. Available: http://www.cbec.gov.in/ub1213/ce12-2012.pdf.
49. World Health Organization. WHO/Health Action International Project on Medicine Prices and Availability Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 Accessed: 16 January 2014. Available: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/access/Medicine-Prices-and-Availability/en/index.html.
50. MedGuideIndia.com Mumbai2014 Accessed: 26 December 2014. Available: http://www.medguideindia.com/drugs-new.php.
51. MIMS Drug Information System 2015 Accessed: 30 January 2015. Available: http://www.mims.com/India/drug/Search/?q=Lipitor&AllFlag=ALL.
52. Johnson ML, Pietz K, Battleman DS, Beyth RJ. Prevalence of comorbid hypertension and dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular disease. The American journal of managed care. 2004; 10(12):926-32. PMID: 15617368.
53. Gupta R. Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. Journal of human hypertension. 2004; 18 (2):73-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001633 PMID: 14730320.