Response of the upper/middle atmosphere to coronal holes and powerful high-speed solar wind streams in 2003

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 167, Issue , 2006, Pages 319-340

  Kozyra, J U ^a   Crowley, G ^b   Emery, B A ^c   Fang, X ^a   Maris, G ^d   Mlynczak, M G ^e   Niciejewski, R J ^a   Palo, S E ^f   Paxton, L J ^g   Randall, C E ^f   Rong, P P ^h   Russell, J M ^h   Skinner, W ^a   Solomon, S C ^c   Talaat, E R ^g   Wu, Q ^c   Yee, J H ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d ACADEMY OF ROMANIAN SCIENTISTS   (Romania)

^e NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

^h HAMPTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966514444     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/167GM24     Document Type: Chapter

References (63)

1. Ahluwalia, H.S., Meandering path to solar activity forecast for cycle 23, Solar Wind Ten: Proceedings of the Tenth International Solar Wind Conference, edited by M. Velli, R. Bruno, and F. Malara, American Institute of Physics, 176-179, 2003.
2. Bromage, B.J.I., D. Alexander, A. Breen, J.R. Clegg, G. DelZanna, C. Deforest, D. Dobrzycka, N. Gopalswamy, B. Thompson and P.K. Browning, Structure of a large low latitude coronal hole, Solar Phys., 193, 181-93, 2000.
3. Burns, A.G., T.L. Killeen, and R.G. Roble, A simulation of thermospheric composition changes during an impulse storm, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14153-14167, 1991.
4. Burns, A.G., T.L. Killeen, W. Wang, R.G. Roble, The solar-cycle-dependent response of the thermosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1-14, 2004.
5. Christensen, A.B., et al., Initial observations with the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) in the NASA TIMED satellite mission, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (A12), 1451, doi:10.1029/2003JA009918, 2003.
6. Cliver, E.W., V. Boriakoff, and K.H. Bounar, The 22-year cycle of geomagnetic and solar wind activity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, A12, 27091-27109, 1996.
7. Cliver, E.W., Y. Kamide, and A.G. Ling, Mountains versus valleys: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (A2), 2413-2424, 2000.
8. Cranmer, S.R., Coronal holes and the high speed solar wind, Space Sci Rev., 101, 229-294, 2002.
9. Crooker, N.U., and E.W. Cliver, Postmodern view of M-regions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, A12, 23383-23390, 1994.
10. Crowley, G., Emery B.A., Roble R.G., Carlson H.C., and Knipp D.J., Thermospheric dynamics during the equinox transition study I. model simulations for sept 18 and 19, 1984, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, 16925, 1989.
11. Crowley, G., C. Freitas, A. Ridley, D. Winningham, R.G. Roble, and A.D. Richmond, Next Generation Space Weather Specification and Forecasting Model, Proceedings of the Ionospheric Effects Symposium, Alexandria, VA, pp. 34-41, October 1999.
12. Crowley, G., C. Hackert, R.R. Meier, D.J. Strickland, L.J. Paxton, X. Pi, A. Manucci, A. Christensen, D. Morrison, G. Bust, R.G. Roble, N. Curtis, G. Wene, Global Thermosphere-Ionosphere Response to Onset of November 20, 2003 Magnetic Storm, J. Geophys. Res., submitted April 2006.
13. Doherty, P.H., J.A. Klobuchar, and J.M. Kunches, Eye on the ionosphere: The correlation between solar 10.7 cm radio flux and ionospheric range delay, GPS Solutions, 3 (4), 75-79, 2000.
14. Emery, B.A., D.S. Evans, M.S. Greer, K. Kadinsky-Cade, E. Holeman, F.J. Rich, and W. Xu, The low energy auroral electron and ion hemispheric power after NOAA and DMSP intersatellite adjustments, NCAR Scientific and Technical Report, TN-470+STR, 2006. at http://cedarweb.hao.ucar.edu/instruments/ehp.html.
15. Evans, D.S., Global statistical patterns of auroral phenomena, Proceedings of the Symposium on Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric - Ionospheric Coupling Processes, p325, Kyoto, 1987.
16. Friedel, R.H.W. and A. Korth, Review of CRRES ring current observations, Adv. Space Res., vol. 20, No. 3, 311-320, 1997.
17. Fuller-Rowell, T.J., and D. Rees, Numerical simulations of the distribution of atomic oxygen and nitric oxide in the thermosphere and upper mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., vol. 18, No. 9/10, 255-305, 1996.
18. Funke, B., M. Lopez-Puertas, S. Gil-Lopez, T. von Clarmann, G.P. Stiller, H. Fischer, and S. Kellmann, Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOx into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24308, doi:10.1029/2005JD006463, 2005.
19. Gonzalez, W.D., B.T. Tsurutani and A.L. Clúa de Gonzalez, Interplanetary origin of geomagnetic storms, Space Sci. Rev., 88, 529-62, 1999.
20. Hundhausen, A.J., in Coronal Holes and High Speed Wind Streams, edited by J.B. Zirker, Colorado Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, 225, 1977.
21. Kessel, R.L., I.R. Mann, S.F. Fung, D.K. Milling, and N. O’Connell, Correlation of Pc5 wave power inside and outside the magnetosphere during high speed streams, Ann. Geophys., 22, 629-641, 2004.
22. Killeen, T.L., A.G. Burns, I. Azeem, S. Cochran, and R.G. Roble, A theoretical analysis of the energy budget in the lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., vol. 59, No. 6, 675-689, 1997.
23. Killeen, Timothy L., Skinner, Wilbert R., Johnson, Roberta M., Edmonson, Charles J., Wu, Qian, Niciejewski, Rick J., Grassl, Heinz J., Gell, David A., Hansen, Peter E., Harvey, Jon D., Kafkalidis, Julie F., TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI), Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 3756, pp. 289-301, 1999.
24. Kockarts, G., Nitric oxide cooling in the terrestrial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 137-140, 1980.
25. Luhmann, J.G., Y. Li, C.N. Arge, P.R. Gazis, and R. Ulrich, Solar cycle changes in coronal holes and space weather cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 107, A8, doi:10.1029/2001JA007550, 2002.
26. Maeda, S., T.J. Fuller-Rowell, and D.S. Evans, Heat budget of the thermosphere and temperature variations during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 97 (A10), 14,947-14,957, 1992.
27. Maravilla, D., A. Lara, J.F. Valdes Galicia, and B. Mendoza, An analysis of polar coronal hole evolution: Relations to other solar phenomena and heliospheric consequences, Solar Physics, 203, 27-38, 2001.
28. Maris, O., and G. Maris, Special features of the high-speed plasma stream cycles, Adv. Space Res., 35, 2129-2140, 2005.
29. Maris, G., M.D. Popescu, D. Besliu, Solar cycle 23: Forecasts and observations, Rom. Astron. J., 13, 139-142, 2003.
30. Mayaud, P.N., A hundred year series of geomagnetic data, 1868-1967, indices aa, storm sudden commencements, in IAGA Bull., 33, Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys., Paris, 1973.
31. Meier, R.R., G. Crowley, D.J. Strickland, A.B. Christensen, L.J. Paxton, D. Morrison, and C.L. Hackert, First look at the 20 November 2003 superstorm with TIMED/GUVI: Comparisons with a thermospheric global circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, A09S41, doi:10.1029/ 2004JA010990, 2005.
32. Mlynczak, M.G., et al., The natural thermostat of nitric oxide emission at 5.3 mm in the thermosphere observed during the solar storms of April 2002, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (21), 2100, doi:10.1029/2003GL017693, 2003.
33. Mlynczak, M.G., F. Javier Martin-Torres, G. Crowley, D.P. Kratz, B. Funke, G. Lu, M. Lopez-Puertas, J.M. Russell III, J. Kozyra, C. Mertens, R. Sharma, L. Gordley, R. Picard, J. Winick, and L. Paxton, Energy transport in the thermosphere during the solar storms of April 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A12S25, doi:10.1029/2005JA011141, 2005.
34. Mursula, K., and B. Zieger, Solar excursion phases during the last 14 solar cycles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 11, 1851-1854, 1998.
35. Natarajan, M., E.E. Remsberg, L.E. Deaver, and J.M. Russell III, Anomalously high levels of NOx in the polar upper stratosphere during April, 2004: Photochemical consistency of HALOE observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15113, doi:10.1029/2004GL020566, 2004.
36. Neugebauer, M., R.J. Forsyth, A.B. Galvin, et al., J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14587, 1998.
37. Nolte, J.T., A.S. Krieger, A.F. Timothy, R.E. Gold, E.C. Roelof, G. Vaiana, A.J. Lazarus, J.D. Sullivan, and P.S. McIntosh, Coronal holes as sources of solar wind, Solar Phys., 46, 303-22, 1976.
38. O’Brien, T.P., and R.L. McPherron, Seasonal and diurnal variation of Dst dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A11), 1341, doi:10.1029/2002JA009435, 2002.
39. Orsolini, Y., M.L. Santee, G.L. Manney, and C.E. Randall, An upper stratospheric layer of enhanced HNO3 following exceptional solar flares, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12S01, doi:10.1029/2004GL021588, 2005.
40. Pizzo, V.J., Interplanetary shocks on the large scale: A retrospective on the last decades’ theoretical efforts, in Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of Current Research, edited by B.T. Tsurutani, and R.G. Stone, 51-68, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington D.C., 1985.
41. Randall, C.E., D.W. Rusch, R.M. Bevilacqua, K.W. Hoppel, and J.D. Lumpe, Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) II stratospheric NO2, 1993-1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,361-28,371, 1998.
42. Randall, C.E., D.E. Siskind, and R.M. Bevilacqua, Stratospheric NOx enhancements in the southern hemisphere vortex in winter/spring of 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2385-2388, 2001.
43. Randall, C.E., V.L. Harvey, G.L. Manney, Y. Orsolini, M. Codrescu, C. Sioris, S. Brohede, C.S. Haley, L.L. Gordley, J.M. Zawodny, and J.M. Russell III, Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003-2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022003, 2005.
44. Randall, C.E. et al., Energetic particle precipitation effects on the southern hemisphere stratosphere in 1992-2005, submitted to JGR, 2006.
45. Rich, F.J., P.J. Sultan, and W.J. Burke, The 27-day variations of plasma densities and temperatures in the topside ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (A7), 1297, doi:10.1029/2002JA009731, 2003.
46. Richards, P.G., J.A. Fennelly, and D.G. Torr, EUVAC: A solar EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8981, 1994.
47. Richardson, I.G., E.W. Cliver, and H.V. Cane, Sources of geomagnetic storms for solar minimum and maximum conditions during 1972-2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 13, 2569-2572, 2001.
48. Richmond, A.D., E.C. Ridley, and R.G. Roble, A thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601, 1992.
49. Roble, R.G. and Ridley, A., Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electro Dynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM): Equinox solar cycle minimum simulations (300-500 km), Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 417-420, 1994.
50. Rozanov, E., L. Callis, M. Schlesinger, F. Yang, N. Andronova, and V. Zubov, Atmospheric response to NOy source due to energetic electron precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14811, doi:10.1029/1005GL023041, 2005.
51. Russell, C.T. and R.L. McPherron, Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92-108, 1973.
52. Russell, J.M., M.G. Mlynczak, L.L. Gordley, J. Tansock, and R. Esplin, An overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary calibration results, Proceedings of the SPIE, 44th Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, July 18-23, vol. 3756, 277-288, 1999.
53. Seppala, A., P.T. Verronen, E. Kyrölä, S. Hassinen, L. Backman, A. Hauchecorne, J.L. Bertaux, and D. Fussen, Solar proton events of October–November 2003: Ozone depletion in the Northern Hemisphere polar winter as seen by GOMOS/Envisat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19107, doi:10.1029/2004GL021042, 2004.
54. Siskind, D.E., J.T. Bacmeister, M.E. Summers, and J.M. Russell, III, Twodimensional model calculations of nitric oxide transport in the middle atmosphere and comparison with Halogen Occultation Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3527-3545, 1997.
55. Siskind, D.E., G.E. Nedoluha, C.E. Randall, M. Fromm, and J.M. Russell, III, An assessment of southern hemisphere stratospheric NOx enhancements due to transport from the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 329-332, 2000.
56. Solomon, S.C., and L. Qian, Solar extreme-ultraviolet irradiance for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A10306, doi:10.1029/ 2005JA011160, 2005.
57. Solomon, S., P.J. Crutzen, and R.G. Roble, Photochemical coupling between the thermosphere and the lower atmosphere: 1. Odd nitrogen from 50 to 120 km, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7206-7220, 1982.
58. Talaat, E.R., et al., Atmospheric tides from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere as observed by TIMED. The IAGA Scientific Assembly in Toulouse, 18-29 July 2005, Paper IAGA2005-A-00939, 2005.
59. Timothy, A.F., A.S. Krieger, and G.S. Vaiana, Solar Phys., 42, 135, 1975.
60. Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, A.L.C. Gonzalez, F. Tang, J.K. Arballo, and M. Okada, Interplanetary origin of geomagnetic activity in the declining phase of the solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 100, A11, 21717-33, 1995.
61. Tsurutani, B.T., W.D. Gonzalez, Y. Kamide, C.M. Ho, G.S. Lakhina, J.K. Arballo, R.M. Thorne, J.S. Pickett, and R.A. Howard, The interplanetary causes of magnetic storms, HILDCAAs and viscous interaction, Phys. Chem Earth (C), 24, No. 1-3, 93-99, 1999.
62. Warren, H.P., J.T. Mariska, and J. Lean, A new model of solar EUV irradiance variability. 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, A8, 15745-15757, 2001.
63. Woods, T.N., F.G. Eparvier, S.M. Bailey, P.C. Chamberlain, J. Lean, G.J. Rottman, S.C. Solomon, W.K. Tobiska, and D. Woodraska, The Solar EUV Experiment (SEE): Mission overview and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A01312, doi:10.1029/2004JA010765, 2005.