Numerical Simulations of the Distribution of Atomic Oxygen and Nitric Oxide in the Thermosphere and Upper Mesosphere

Advances in Space Research

Volumn 18, Issue 9-10, 1996, Pages 255-305

  Fuller Rowell, T J ^a   Rees, D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC OXYGEN; EQUINOX; GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY; MESOSPHERE; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOLAR ACTIVITY; SOLSTICE; THERMOSPHERE;

EID: 0030449747     PISSN: 02731177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(96)00062-2     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. BANKS, P.M. and G. KOCKARTS, Aeronomy, Part A, Academic Press, (1973).
2. BARTH, C.A., W.K. TOBISKA and D.E. SISKIND, Solar-terrestrial coupling: Low latitude thermospheric nitric oxide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 92-94, (1988).
3. BARTH, C.A., D.D. CLEARY and D.E. SISKIND, The possible effect of solar soft X rays on thermospheric Nitric Oxide, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4311-4317, (1990).
4. BOUWER, S.D., Intermediate-term epochs in solar soft X ray emission, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7823-7830, (1983).
5. BRASSEUR, G. and S. SOLOMON, Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere, Pub. Reidel, (1984).
6. CARIGNAN, R.A. and D.W. RUSCH, Diurnal variation of atomic nitrogen in the thermosphere (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 59, 339, (1978).
7. DEMORE, W.B., S.P. SANDER, D.M. GOLDEN, M.J. MOLINA, R.F. HAMPSON, M.J. KURYLO, C.J. HOWARD, and A.R. RAVISHANKARA, Chemical Kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modelling, Evaluation number 9, JPL Publication 90-1, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 196 pp., (1990).
8. DOERING, J.P., W.K. PETERSON, C.O. BOSTROM and J.C. ARMSTRONG, Measurements of low energy electrons in the day airglow and dayside auroral zone from Atmospheric Explorer C, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3934-3944, (1975).
9. FELDMAN, P.D. and J.P. DOERING, Auroral electrons and optical emissions of nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 2808-2812, (1975).
10. 3P), J. Chem. Phys., 92, 4768-4777, (1990).
11. FENG, W., H.S. OGAWA and D.L. JUDGE, The absolute solar X ray flux in the 20- to 100-Angstrom region, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9125-9130, (1989).
12. FESEN, C.G., J.-C. GERARD and D.W. RUSCH, Rapid deactivation of N(2D) by O: Impact on thermospheric and mesospheric odd nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5419-5426, (1989).
13. FOSTER, J.C., J.M. HOLT, R.G. MUSGROVE and D.S. EVANS, Ionospheric convection associated with discrete levels of particle precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 656-659, (1986).
14. FREDERICK, J.E. and R.D. HUDSON, Predissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 737-745, (1979).
15. FREDERICK, J.E. and D.W. RUSCH, On the chemistry of metastable atomic nitrogen in the F region deduced from simultaneous satellite measurements of the 5200A airglow and atmospheric composition, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 3509-3517, (1977).
16. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J., A two-dimensional, high-resolution, nested-grid model of the thermosphere: 1. Neutral response to an electric field "spike", J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2971-2990, (1984).
17. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J. and D.S. EVANS, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from TIROS-NOAA satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7606-7618, (1987).
18. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J. and D. REES, A three-dimensional, time-dependent, global model of the thermosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2545-2567, (1980).
19. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J. and D. REES, Derivation of a conservative equation for mean molecular mass for a two constituent gas within a three-dimensional, time-dependent model of the thermosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 1209-1222, (1983).
20. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J. and D. REES, Turbulent diffusion variability and implications for the upper thermosphere, Adv. Space Res., Vol. 12, No 10, 45-56, (1992).
21. FULLER-ROWELL, T.J., S. QUEGAN, D. REES, R.J. MOFFETT and G.J. BAILEY, Interactions between neutral thermospheric composition and the polar ionosphere using a coupled ionosphere-thermosphere model, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7744-7748, (1987).
22. GERARD, J.-C., C.G. FESEN and D.W. RUSCH, Solar cycle variation of thermospheric nitric oxide at solstice, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12235-12242, (1990).
23. GORDIETS, B.F., Y.N. KULIKOV, M.N. MARKOV, and M.Y. MAROV, Numerical modelling of the thermospheric heat budget, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4504-4514, (1982).
24. HEDIN, A.E., MSIS-86 Thermospheric Model, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4649-4662, (1987).
25. KIEFFER, L.J. and G.H. DUNN, Rev. Mod. Phys., 38, 1, (1966).
26. KOCKARTS, G., Nitric oxide cooling in the terrestrial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 137-140, (1980).
27. 3P), J. Phys. Chem., 92, 5977-5982, (1988).
28. LLEWELLYN E.J., I.C. McDADE and M.D. LOCKERBIE, Proposed Reference Models for Atomic Oxygen in the Terrestrial Atmosphere, Handbook for MAP Volume 31, 139-154, Ed. G.M. Keating, Published by SCOSTEP, (1989).
29. LUBKEN, F.-J., U.von ZAHN, E.V. THRANE, T. BLIX, G.A. KOKIN and S.V. PACHOMOV, Insitu measurements of turbulent energy dissipation rates and eddy diffusion coefficients during MAP/WINE, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 763-775, (1987).
30. MAEDA, S., T.J. FULLER-ROWELL and D.S. EVANS, Zonally averaged dynamical and composition response of the thermosphere to auroral activity during September 18-24, 1984, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16869-16883, (1989).
31. McDADE I.C. and E.J. LLEWELLYN, Mesospheric Oxygen Atom Densities inferred from Night-Time OH Meinel Band Emission Rates, Planet. Space Sci., 36, No. 9, 897-905, (1988).
32. McINTYRE, M.E., Atmospheric dynamics: some fundamental, with observational implications, Proc. Internat. School Phys. "Enrico Fermi", CXV Course, Ed. J.C. Gille and G. Visconti, Toronto, (1991.)
33. MANSON, J.E., The solar spectrum between 10 and 300 Angstroms, The Solar Output and its Variations, Ed. O.R. White, (1977).
34. MAYR, H.G. and I. HARRIS, Some properties of upper atmosphere dynamics, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16, 539-565, (1978).
35. NICOLET, M., Photodissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere: simplified numerical relations for atmospheric model calculations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 866-868, (1979).
36. NICOLET, M. and S. CIESLIK, The photodissociation of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 28, 105-115, (1980.)
37. NIEHAUS, A., Anregung und Dissoziation von Molekulen beim Elecktronenbeschuss. A. Nautrf., 22a, 690-700, (1967).
38. OFFERMAN, D., V. FRIEDRICH, P. ROSS and U. von ZAHN, Neutral Gas Composition Measurements between 80 and 120 km, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 747, (1981).
39. OHSHIO, M., R. MAEDA and H. SAKAGAMI, Height distribution of local photoionization efficiency, J. Radio Res. Lab., 13, 245-577, (1966)
40. 3P), J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3516-3521, (1989).
41. RAPP, D., D.D. BRIGLIN and P. GOLDAN, Cross-sections for dissociative ionisation of molecules by electron impact, J. Chem. Phys., 42, 4081-4085, (1965).
42. REES, D. and T.J. FULLER-ROWELL, Numerical simulations of the seasonal/latitude variations of atomic oxygen and nitric oxide in the lower thermosphere and mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 10, (6)83-(6)102, (1990).
43. REES, D., T.J. FULLER-ROWELL and H. RISHBETH, On the use of mass spectrometer measurements to derive thermospheric temperature and density, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 281-290, (1987).
44. REES, M.H., Auroral ionlzation and excitation by incident energetic electrons, Planet. Space Sci., 11, 1209-1218, (1963).
45. REES, M.H. and R.A. JONES, Time-dependent studies of the aurora, II Spectroscopic morphology. Planet. Space Science., 21, 1213-1235, (1973).
46. 2: A significant source of atomic nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1495-1498, (1981).
47. ROBLE, R.G. and B.A. EMERY, On the global mean temperature of the thermosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 597-614, (1983).
48. ROBLE, R.G., E.C. RIDLEY and R.E. DICKINSON, On the global mean structure of the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8745-8758, (1987).
49. ROTTMAN, G.J., Rocket mesurements of the solar spectral irradiance during solar minimum, 1972-1977, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6697-6705, (1981).
50. RUSCH, D.W., J.-C. GERARD, S. SOLOMON, P.J. CRUTZEN and G.C. REID, The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere - I. Odd nitrogen, Planet. Space Sci., 29, 767-774, (1981).
51. 2D), and ions in the thermosphere: A comparison of satellite measurements to a model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11331-11339, (1991).
52. SAMSON, J.A.R. and P.N. PAREEK, Absolute photoionization cross sections of atomic oxygen, Phys. Rev., A, 31, 1470-1476, (1985).
53. SHIMAZAKI, T., Effective eddy diffusion coefficient and atmospheric composition in the lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 1383-1401, (1971).
54. SISKIND, D.E., C.A. BARTH and D.D. CLEARY, The possible effect of solar soft X rays on thermospheric nitric oxide, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4311-4317, (1990).
55. SISKIND, D.E. and D.W. RUSCH, Nitric oxide in the middle to upper thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 1992, in press.
56. SOLOMON, S. and R. GARCIA, Transport of thermospheric NO to the upper stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 32, 399-411, (1984).
57. STRICKLAND, D.J. and R.R. MEIER, A photoelectron model for the rapid computation of atmospheric excitation rates, Memo. Rep. 5004, Naval Res Lab., Washington, D.C., (1982).
58. 3 absorption of solar radiation, J. Geophys, Res., 83, 6225-6230, (1978).
59. TORR, M.R., D.G. TORR and R.A. ONG, Ionization frequencies for major thermospheric constituents as a function of solar cycle 21, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 771-774, (1979).
60. TORR, M.R., D.G. TORR and H.E. HINTEREGGER, Solar flux variability in the Schumann-Runge continuum as a function of solar cycle 21, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6063-6068, (1980).
61. VALLANCE-JONES, A., Aurora, Pub. Reidel, (1974).
62. WINTERS, H.F., Ionic absorption and dissociation cross section for nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 44, 1472-1476, (1966).
63. ZIPF, E.C. and R.W. McLAUGHLIN, On the dissociation of nitrogen by electron impact and by EUV photo-absorption, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 449-462, (1978).
64. 2P) atoms in aurora, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 687-694, (1980).