Recent update to the us cholesterol treatment guidelines: A comparison with international guidelines

Circulation

Volumn 133, Issue 18, 2016, Pages 1795-1806

  Nayor, Matthew ^a,b   Vasan, Ramachandran S ^a,c,d  

^a FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiovascular diseases; cholesterol; guideline publication type ; prevention and control

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; EZETIMIBE; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ANCESTRY GROUP; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD SAMPLING; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COHORT ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG SAFETY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MEDICAL SOCIETY; META ANALYSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; STROKE PATIENT; UNITED STATES; BLOOD; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; RISK FACTOR; STANDARDS; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; INTERNATIONALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84966421108     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021407     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015 385 117 171
2. Moran AE, Tzong KY, Forouzanfar MH, Rothy GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M., Variations in ischemic heart disease burden by age, country, and income: the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 study. Glob Heart 2014 9 91 99. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2013.12.007.
3. Bloom DE, Cafiero E, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, Feigl AB, Gaziano T, Hamandi A, Mowafi M., The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases 2011 Geneva, Switzerland World Economic Forum
4. Nilsson PM, Nilsson JA, Berglund G., Population-attributable risk of coronary heart disease risk factors during long-term follow-up: the Malmö Preventive Project. J Intern Med 2006 260 134 141. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01671.x.
5. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004 364 937 952. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.
6. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wilson PW, Larson MG, Leip E, Beiser A, D'Agostino RB, Cleeman JI, Levy D., Lifetime risk of coronary heart disease by cholesterol levels at selected ages. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 1966 1972. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.16.1966.
7. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA 2013 310 591 608
8. Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, Taylor B, Rehm J, Murray CJ, Ezzati M., The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med 2009 6 e1000058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058.
9. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005 366 1267 1278. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1.
10. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM, IMPROVE-IT Investigators Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015 372 2387 2397. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1410489.
11. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW, Eddleman KM, Jarrett NM, LaBresh K, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014 129 suppl 2 S1 45. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a.
12. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 285 2486 2497
13. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004 110 227 239. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E.
14. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O'Donnell CJ, Robinson JG, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Stone NJ, Wilson PW, Jordan HS, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014 129 suppl 2 S49 S73. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98.
15. Martin SS, Sperling LS, Blaha MJ, Wilson PW, Gluckman TJ, Blumenthal RS, Stone NJ., Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 65 1361 1368. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.043.
16. European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, Agewall S, Alegria E, Chapman MJ, Durrington P, Erdine S, Halcox J, Hobbs R, Kjekshus J, Filardi PP, Riccardi G, Storey RF, Wood D, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) 2008-2010 and 2010-2012 Committees ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011 32 1769 1818
17. National Institute for Health Care and Excellence Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification: NICE guideline CG181. 2014. www.nice.org/uk/guidance/cg181. Accessed December 10, 2015
18. Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Hegele RA, Couture P, Mancini GB, McPherson R, Francis GA, Poirier P, Lau DC, Grover S, Genest J Jr, Carpentier AC, Dufour R, Gupta M, Ward R, Leiter LA, Lonn E, Ng DS, Pearson GJ, Yates GM, Stone JA, Ur E., 2012 Update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 2013 29 151 167. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.032.
19. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Ducimetière P, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Njølstad I, Oganov RG, Thomsen T, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Whincup P, Wilhelmsen L, Graham IM, SCORE Project Group Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE Project. Eur Heart J 2003 24 987 1003
20. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, Brindle P., Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008 336 1475 1482. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39609.449676.25.
21. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, Wilson PW, O'Donnell CJ., Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004 291 2204 2211. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.18.2204.
22. Grover SA, Lowensteyn I, Joseph L, Kaouache M, Marchand S, Coupal L, Boudreau G, Cardiovascular Health Evaluation to Improve Compliance and Knowledge Among Uninformed Patients (CHECK-UP) Study Group Patient knowledge of coronary risk profile improves the effectiveness of dyslipidemia therapy: the CHECK-UP study: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2007 167 2296 2303. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.21.2296.
23. Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Peterson ED., Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med 2014 370 1422 1431. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315665.
24. Kavousi M, Leening MJ, Nanchen D, Greenland P, Graham IM, Steyerberg EW, Ikram MA, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Franco OH., Comparison of application of the ACC/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in a European cohort. JAMA 2014 311 1416 1423. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.2632.
25. Johnson KM, Dowe DA., Accuracy of statin assignment using the 2013 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline versus the 2001 NCEP ATP III guideline: correlation with atherosclerotic plaque imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 64 910 919. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.056.
26. Pursnani A, Mayrhofer T, Ferencik M, Hoffmann U., The 2013 ACC/AHA cardiovascular prevention guidelines improve alignment of statin therapy with coronary atherosclerosis as detected by coronary computed tomography angiography. Atherosclerosis 2014 237 314 318. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.023.
27. Cook NR, Ridker PM., Further insight into the cardiovascular risk calculator: the roles of statins, revascularizations, and underascertainment in the Women's Health Study. JAMA Intern Med 2014 174 1964 1971. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5336.
28. Muntner P, Colantonio LD, Cushman M, Goff DC Jr, Howard G, Howard VJ, Kissela B, Levitan EB, Lloyd-Jones DM, Safford MM., Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations. JAMA 2014 311 1406 1415. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.2630.
29. Andersson C, Enserro D, Larson MG, Xanthakis V, Vasan RS., Implications of the US cholesterol guidelines on eligibility for statin therapy in the community: comparison of observed and predicted risks in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 2015 4. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.001888.
30. Ridker PM, Cook NR., Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2013 382 1762 1765. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62388-0.
31. DeFilippis AP, Young R, Carrubba CJ, McEvoy JW, Budoff MJ, Blumenthal RS, Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Nasir K, Blaha MJ., An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med 2015 162 266 275. doi: 10.7326/M14-1281.
32. Buring JE, Hennekens C., The Women's Health Study: summary of the study design. J Myocard Ischemia 1992 4 27 29
33. Robinson JG, Stone NJ., The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a new paradigm supported by more evidence. Eur Heart J 2015 36 2110 2118. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv182.
34. Siontis GC, Tzoulaki I, Siontis KC, Ioannidis JP., Comparisons of established risk prediction models for cardiovascular disease: systematic review. BMJ 2012 344 e3318
35. Beswick A, Brindle P., Risk scoring in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006 17 375 386. doi: 10.1097/01.mol.0000236362.56216.44.
36. Cook NR., Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 2007 115 928 935. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.672402.
37. Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, Woodward M, Ahmadvand A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Azizi F, Cifkova R, Di Cesare M, Eriksen L, Farzadfar F, Ikeda N, Khalili D, Khang YH, Lanska V, León-Muñoz L, Magliano D, Msyamboza KP, Oh K, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Shaw JE, Stevens GA, Tolstrup J, Zhou B, Salomon JA, Ezzati M, Danaei G., A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 3 339 355. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-9.
38. Acharya S, Barber SL, Lopez-Acuna D, Menabde N, Migliorini L, Molina J, Schwartländer B, Zurn P., BRICS and global health. Bull World Health Organ 2014 92 386 386A. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.140889.
39. Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D'Agostino RB Sr, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Pencina MJ., Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2015 131 451 458. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012477.
40. Loria CM, Liu K, Lewis CE, Hulley SB, Sidney S, Schreiner PJ, Williams OD, Bild DE, Detrano R., Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 49 2013 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.009.
41. Allen N, Berry JD, Ning H, Van Horn L, Dyer A, Lloyd-Jones DM., Impact of blood pressure and blood pressure change during middle age on the remaining lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease: the Cardiovascular Lifetime Risk Pooling Project. Circulation 2012 125 37 44. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.002774.
42. Tsai CF, Thomas B, Sudlow CL., Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations: a systematic review. Neurology 2013 81 264 272. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31829bfde3.
43. Appelros P, Stegmayr B, Terént A., Sex differences in stroke epidemiology: a systematic review. Stroke 2009 40 1082 1090. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.540781.
44. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V., Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009 8 355 369. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0.
45. Wang X, Dong Y, Qi X, Huang C, Hou L., Cholesterol levels and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2013 44 1833 1839. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001326.
46. Lanska DJ, Kuller LH., The geography of stroke mortality in the United States and the concept of a stroke belt. Stroke 1995 26 1145 1149
47. Russo T, Felzani G, Marini C., Stroke in the very old: a systematic review of studies on incidence, outcome, and resource use. J Aging Res 2011 2011 108785. doi: 10.4061/2011/108785.
48. US Preventive Services Task Force Draft statement: statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. 2015. www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement175/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication1. Accessed December 10, 2015
49. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R., Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010 376 1670 1681
50. Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C., The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2012 380 581 590
51. Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Ward K, Ebrahim S., Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 1 CD004816. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5.
52. Pandya A, Sy S, Cho S, Weinstein MC, Gaziano TA., Cost-effectiveness of 10-year risk thresholds for initiation of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2015 314 142 150. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6822.
53. Blaha MJ, Dardari ZA, Blumenthal RS, Martin SS, Nasir K, Al-Mallah MH., The new "intermediate risk" group: a comparative analysis of the new 2013 ACC/AHA risk assessment guidelines versus prior guidelines in men. Atherosclerosis 2014 237 1 4. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.024.
54. Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D'Agostino RB Sr, Pencina MJ, Sniderman AD., Using age- and sex-specific risk thresholds to guide statin therapy: one size may not fit all. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 65 1633 1639. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.025.
55. Ridker PM, Rose L, Cook NR., A proposal to incorporate trial data into a hybrid ACC/AHA algorithm for the allocation of statin therapy in primary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 65 942 948. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.028.
56. Mortensen MB, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Falk E., Primary prevention with statins: ACC/AHA risk-based approach versus trial-based approaches to guide statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 66 2699 2709. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.089.
57. Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, Brinton EA, Toth PP, McEvoy JW, Joshi PH, Kulkarni KR, Mize PD, Kwiterovich PO, Defilippis AP, Blumenthal RS, Jones SR., Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 62 732 739. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.079.
58. Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, McKenney JM, Grundy SM, Gill EA, Wild RA, Wilson DP, Brown WV., National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia, part 1: full report. J Clin Lipidol 2015 9 129 169. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.02.003.
59. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, Larsen ML, Bendiksen FS, Lindahl C, Szarek M, Tsai J, Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study Group High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005 294 2437 2445. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.19.2437.
60. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM, Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004 350 1495 1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
61. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, Wenger NK, Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005 352 1425 1435. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050461.
62. Yusuf S., MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial: commentary. Lancet 2002 360 7 22
63. Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Schulze V, Gurbel PA, Tantry U, Lin Y, Brockmeyer M, Kandzari DE, Kubica JM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Kubica J, Volpe M, Agewall S, Kereiakes DJ, Kelm M., Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015 163 40 51. doi: 10.7326/M14-2957.
64. Shrank WH, Barlow JF, Brennan TA., New therapies in the treatment of high cholesterol: an argument to return to goal-based lipid guidelines. JAMA 2015 314 1443 1444. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10017.
65. Colantonio LD, Baber U, Banach M, Tanner RM, Warnock DG, Gutiérrez OM, Safford MM, Wanner C, Howard G, Muntner P., Contrasting cholesterol management guidelines for adults with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015 26 1173 1180. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014040400.
66. Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, McKenney JM, Grundy SM, Gill EA, Wild RA, Wilson DP, Brown WV., National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia, part 1: executive summary. J Clin Lipidol 2014 8 473 488. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.07.007.