Multiculturalism and extremism: International law perspectives

Studies in Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights

Volumn 6, Issue , 2007, Pages 443-464

  Xanthaki, Alexandra ^a  

^a Elliott Jaques Building   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84964912842     PISSN: 18717829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (59)

1. D. McGoldrick, 'Multiculturalism and Its Discontents' in N. Ghanea and A. Xanthaki (eds.), Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London, 2005), pp. 211-235 at 212.
2. B. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism, Cultural Diversity and Political Theory 2d edition (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006), p. 3.
3. The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain: The Parekh Report (London, 2001).
4. J. Johnson, 'Why Respect Culture?' (2000) 44 American Journal of Political Science 405-418 at 406.
5. For example, in the UK context, see G. Kepel, 'Europe's answer to Londonistan' Open Democracy, 24 August 2005
6. W. Pfaff, 'A monster of our own making' Observer, 21 August 2005
7. 'When multiculturalism is a nonsense' Financial Times, 31 August 2005.
8. M. Dixon, Textbook on International Law (Blackstone Press Ltd., London, 1996), p. 2.
9. See J.S. Mill, On Liberty (1857).
10. C. Taylor, 'Atomism in S. Avineri and A. De-Shalit, Communitarianism and Individualism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), 29-50 at p 49.
11. W. Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991), p. 169.
12. M. McDonald, 'Should Communities have Rights? Reflections on Liberal Individualism' (1991) 4 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 217-237, at 219.
13. M. Sandel, 'The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self' in S. Avineri and A. De-Shalit, Communitarianism and Individualism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 12-28 at p. 23.
14. A. MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study to Moral Theory (Duckworth, London, 1981), p. 221.
15. Nevertheless, MacIntyre limits these narratives to the family, the tribe and the neighbourhood, rather than to the state, the nation or the class. See A. MacIntyre, 'Justice as a Virtue: Changing Concepts' in Avineri and De-Shalit, above n. 8, pp. 51-64.
16. W. Kymlicka, 'Liberal Individualism and Liberal Neutrality' (1989) 99 Ethics 883-905 at 899.
17. V. Van Dyke, 'The Individual, the State and Ethnic Communities in Political Theory' (1977) 29 World Politics 343-369 at 363.
18. See also C. Taylor, 'The Politics of Recognition in A. Gudmann, Multiculturalism (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994), p. 58.
19. A. Addis, 'Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities' (1992) 62 Notre Dame Law Review 615-676 at p. 644.
20. Office of National Statistics, 'Profiles', available on the ONS website at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/uk.asp (18 July 2006), (hereafter, UK 2001 National Census, Profiles).
21. Office of National Statistics, 'Profiles', available on the ONS website at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/uk.asp (18 July 2006), (hereafter, UK 2001 National Census, Profiles).
22. T. Modood, R. Berthoud, J. Lakey, J. Nazroo, P. Smith, S. Virdee and S. Beishon, Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage (Policy Studies Institute, London, 1987)
23. also Open Society Institute, Muslims in the UK: Policies for Engaged Citizens (Open Society, London, 2004).
24. P. Thatornberry, 'Ethnic Dimensions of International Human Rights' in A. Hegarty and S. Leonard (eds.), Human Rights: An Agenda for the 21st Century (Cavendish Press, London, 1999), 355-377 at p. 367.
25. A. McHarg and D. Nicholson, 'Justifying Affirmative Action: Perception and Reality' (2006) 33 Journal of Law and Society 1-23 at p. 3.
26. N. Burrows and M. Robison 'Positive Action for Women in Employment: Time to Align with Europe?' (2006) 33 Journal of Law and Society 39 and 40.
27. 'When Multiculturalism is a Nonsense' Financial Times, 31 August 2005
28. I. Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 58-70.
29. For a discussion on these cases, see B.G. Ramcharan, 'Individual, Collective and Group Rights: History, Theory, Practice and Contemporary Evolution' (1993) 1 International Journal of Group Rights 27-43.
30. V. Van Dyke, 'Human Rights and Rights of Groups' (1994) 18 American Journal of Political Science 725-741
31. also V. van Dyke, 'Justice as Fairness: For Groups?' (1975) 69 American Political Science Review 607-614.
32. T. Modood, Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2005), p. 111.
33. P. Gilroy, 'Multiculture in Times of War', Paper delivered on 10 May 2006 at the LSE, London.
34. I.M. Young, 'Together in Difference: Transforming the Logic of Group Political Conflict' in Will Kymlicka (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995), pp. 155-178.
35. Office of National Statistics, Focus on Religion, London, ONS, 2004, p. 5, available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme-compendia/for2004/FocusonReligion.pdf (accessed 20 October 2004), (hereafter, ONS, Focus on Religion).
36. C. Alexander, The Asian Gang, Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity (Berg, Oxford, 2000), at p. 6.
37. C. Alexander, 'The Asian Gang: Contesting Britishness' 2004/5 Connections, http://www.cre.gov.uk/publs/connections/articles/04wi-asiangang.html.
38. C. Dwyer, 'Negotiating diasporic identities: young British South Asian Muslim women' (2000) 23 Women's Studies International Forum 475-486.
39. T. Modood, A. Triadafyllidou and R. Zapata-Barrero (eds.), Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship, A European Approach (Routledge, London, 2006).
40. A. Mason, 'Political Community, Liberal Nationalism and the Ethics of Assimilation' (1999) 109 Ethics 261-286 at 278.
41. D. Kostakopoulou, 'Thatick, Thatin and Thatinner Patriotisms: Is This All There Is?' (2006) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 73-106.
42. P. Wilkens, 'European Integration and Roma: Postnational Pluralism or Lingering Liminality?' Paper presented for the Conference 'Immigration in Cross-National Context: What are the implications for Europe?' June 19-23, 2004, Luxembourg.
43. T. Hadden, 'Integration and Separation: Legal and Political Choices in Implementing Minority Rights' in Ghanea and Xanthaki (eds.), above n. 1 at p. 174.
44. I.M. Young, 'Together in Difference: Transforming the Logic of Group Political Conflict' in W. Kymlicka (ed.), The Rights of Minority Cultures (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995), 155-179, p. 157.
45. M. Schulte-Tenckhoff, 'The Right of persons belonging to minorities to enjoy their own culture', Working paper submitted to the 1997 working group on minorities, UN Doc. E/CN. 4/Sub.2/ AC.5/1997/WP. 7, paras. 28-30.
46. G. Delanty, 'Re-inventing Community and Citizenship in the Global Era: A Critique of the Communitarian Concept of Community' in E. Christodoulidis (ed.), Communitarianism and Citizenship (Ashgate, Aldershot, 1998), pp. 33-52 at p. 39.
47. World Commission on Culture and Development, Report: Our Creative Diversity, Chapter II, p. 70.
48. UNESCO organised in January 1999 the colloquium 'Towards a constructive pluralism' where the idea of pluralism was discussed in depth. See http://www.unesco.org/culture/culturalpluralism/htmleng/overview.ht.
49. A. Addis, 'Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities' (1992) 67 Notre Dame Law Review 615-676.
50. For example, in a statement, Tony Blair said that 'it was down to the moderate Muslims to stand up to extremism', 'Muslims must rule out extremism' BBC News, 4 July 2006.
51. M.M.M. Estebanez, International Organisations and Minority Protection in Europe (Turku/Abo: Abo Akademi, 1996), p. 40.
52. J. Waldron, 'Minority Cultures and the Cosmopolitan Alternative' (1995) 25 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 751-793
53. as reprinted in Kymlicka, The Rights of Minority Cultures, pp. 93-119 at p. 109.
54. J.T. Levy, 'Sexual Orientation, Exit and Refuge' in A. Eisenberg and J. Spinner-Halev (eds.), Minorities Within Minorities, Equality, Rights and Diversity (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005), pp. 172-188.
55. C. Kukathas, 'Are there any cultural rights?' (1992) 20 Political Theory 105-139 at 113.
56. R. Alexy, 'Individual Rights and Collective Goods' in C. Nino (ed.), The Ethics of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991), pp. 163-181.
57. P. Thatornberry, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2002), p. 63.
58. A. Eisenberg, 'Context, Cultural Difference, Sex and Social Justice' (2002) 35 Canadian Journal of Political Science 613-628 at 624.
59. E. Kelly, 'Justice and Communitarian Identity Politics' (2001) 35 The Journal of Value Enquiry 71-93.