Aerodynamic roughness of glacial ice surfaces derived from high-resolution topographic data

Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface

Volumn 121, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 748-766

  Smith, Mark W ^a   Quincey, Duncan J ^a   Dixon, Timothy ^a   Bingham, Robert G ^b   Carrivick, Jonathan L ^a   Irvine Fynn, Tristram D L ^c   Rippin, David M ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

aerodynamic roughness; anisotropy; high resolution topography; ice surface energy balance; Structure from Motion (SfM); terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; ANISOTROPY; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; ENERGY BALANCE; GLACIER; IMAGE RESOLUTION; MICROTOPOGRAPHY; SURFACE ROUGHNESS;

EID: 84964636319     PISSN: 21699003     EISSN: 21699011     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015JF003759     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ahlmann, H. W., and, O. Tryselius, (1929), Der Kärsa-Gletscher in Schwedisch-Lappland, Geogr. Ann., 11, 1-32.
2. Andreas, E. L., (2002), Parameterizing scalar transfer over snow and ice: A review, J. Hydrometeorol., 3 (4), 417-432.
3. Andreas, E. L., (2011), A relationship between the aerodynamic and physical roughness of winter sea ice, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1581-1588.
4. Arnold, N. S., and, W. G. Rees, (2003), Self-similarity in glacier surface characteristics, J. Glaciol., 49 (167), 547-554.
5. Arnold, N. S., W. G. Rees, A. J. Hodson, and, J. Kohler, (2006), Topographic controls on the surface energy balance of a high Arctic valley glacier, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F02011, doi: 10.1029/2005JF000426.
6. Bagnold, R. A., (1941), The Physics of Wind-Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, pp. 265, Methuen, London.
7. Banke, E. G., and, S. D. Smith, (1973), Wind stress on Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 7871-7883, doi: 10.1029/JC078i033p07871.
8. Bemis, S. P., S. Micklethwaite, D. Turner, M. R. James, S. Akciz, S. T. Thiele, and, H. A. Bangash, (2014), Ground-based and UAV-Based photogrammetry: A multi-scale, high-resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology, J. Struct. Geol., 69, 163-178.
9. Bintanja, R., and, M. R. van den Broeke, (1994), Local climate, circulation and surface-energy balance of an Antarctic blue-ice area, Ann. Glaciol., 20, 160-168.
10. Bintanja, R., and, M. R. van den Broeke, (1995), The surface energy balance of Antarctic snow and blue ice, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34 (4), 902-926.
11. Blumberg, D. G., and, R. Greeley, (1993), Field studies of aerodynamic roughness length, J. Arid Environ., 25, 39-48.
12. Bodin, A., (1993), Physical properties of the Kärsa glacier, Swedish Lapland, Stockholm, University of Stockholm, Department of Physical Geography, Research Report 17.
13. Bottema, M., (1996), Roughness parameters over regular rough surfaces: Experimental requirements and model validation, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 64, 249-265.
14. Braithwaite, R. J., and, O. B. Olesen, (1990), Response of the energy balance on the margin of the Greenland ice sheet to temperature changes, J. Glaciol., 36, 217-21.
15. Brasington, J., D. Vericat, and, I. Rychkov, (2012), Modelling river bed morphology, roughness and surface sedimentology using high resolution terrestrial laser scanning, Water Resour. Res., 48, W11519, doi: 10.1029/2012WR012223.
16. Brock, B. W., I. C. Willis, M. J. Sharp, and, N. S. Arnold, (2000), Modelling seasonal and spatial variations in the surface energy balance of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 53-62.
17. Brock, B. W., I. C. Willis, and, M. J. Sharp, (2006), Measurement and parameterization of aerodynamic roughness length variations at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, J. Glaciol., 52, 281-297.
18. Brock, B. W., C. Mihalcea, M. P. Kirkbride, G. Diolaiuti, M. E. J. Cutler, and, C. Smiraglia, (2010), Meteorology and surface energy fluxes in the 2005-2007 ablation seasons at the Miage debris-covered glacier, Mont Blanc Massif, Italian Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D09106, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013224.
19. Carrivick, J. L., M. W. Smith, and, D. M. Carrivick, (2015), High-resolution topography of the upper Tarfala valley, GFF, 1-14.
20. Chappell, A., and, G. L. Heritage, (2007), Using illumination and shadow to model aerodynamic resistance and flow separation: An isotropic study, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5817-5830.
21. Chappell, A., S. Van Pelt, T. Zobeck, and, Z. Dong, (2010), Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1462-1470.
22. CloudCompare (2016), CloudCompare version 2.6.1, GPL software. [Available at http://www.cloudcompare.org /.]
23. Counihan, J., (1971), Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements, Atmos. Environ., 5, 637-642.
24. Denby, B., and, W. Greuell, (2000), The use of bulk and profile methods for determining surface heat fluxes in the presence of glacier winds, J. Glaciol., 46 (154), 445-452.
25. Denby, B., and, P. Smeets, (2000), Derivation of turbulent flux profiles and roughness lengths from katabatic flow dynamics, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39 (9), 1601-1612.
26. Dong, Z., X. Lui, and, X. Wang, (2002), Aerodynamic roughness of gravel surfaces, Geomorphology, 43, 17-31.
27. Dumont, M., P. Sirguey, Y. Arnaud, and, D. Six, (2011), Monitoring spatial and temporal variations of surface albedo on Saint Sorlin Glacier (French Alps) using terrestrial photography, Cryosphere, 5 (3), 759-771.
28. Fassnacht, S. R., J. D. Stednick, J. S. Deems, and, M. V. Corrao, (2009a), Metrics for assessing snow surface roughness from digital imagery, Water Resour. Res., 45, W00D31, doi: 10.1029/2008WR006986.
29. Fassnacht, S. R., M. W. Williams, and, M. V. Corrao, (2009b), Changes in the surface roughness of snow from millimetre to metre scales, Ecol. Complex., 6, 221-229.
30. Fryrear, D. W., (1985), Soil cover and wind erosion, Trans. ASAE, 28, 781-784.
31. Garratt, J. R., (1992), The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Sci. Ser., pp. 336, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
32. Giesen, R. H., L. M. Andreassen, J. Oerlemans, and, M. R. Van Den Broeke, (2014), Surface energy balance in the ablation zone of Langfjordjøkelen, an arctic, maritime glacier in northern Norway, J. Glaciol., 60 (219), 57-70.
33. Greuell, W., and, C. Genthon, (2004), Modelling land-ice surface mass balance, in Mass Balance of the Cryosphere: Observations and Modelling of Contemporary and Future Changes, pp. 117-168, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
34. Greuell, W., and, P. Smeets, (2001), Variations with elevation in the surface energy balance on the Pasterze (Austria), J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D23), 31,717-31,727, doi: 10.1029/2001JD900127.
35. Hay, J. E., and, B. B. Fitzharris, (1988), The synoptic climatology of ablation on a New Zealand glacier, J. Clim., 8, 201-215.
36. Helsel, D. R., and, R. M. Hirsch, (1992), Statistical Methods in Water Resources, Springer-Verlag, New York.
37. Herzfeld, U. C., H. Mayer, W. Feller, and, M. Mimler, (2000), Geostatistical analysis of glacier-roughness data, Ann. Glaciol., 30, 235-242.
38. Hock, R., (2005), Glacier melt: A review of processes and their modelling, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 29 (3), 362-391.
39. Hock, R., and, B. Holmgren, (1996), Some aspects of energy balance and ablation of Storglaciären, northern Sweden, Geogr. Ann., 78A (2-3), 121-131.
40. Hock, R., and, B. Holmgren, (2005), A distributed surface energy-balance model for complex topography and its application to Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 51 (172), 25-36.
41. Holmgren, B., (1971), Climate and Energy Exchange on a Sub-polar Ice Cap in Summer. Arctic Institute of North America Devon Island Expedition 1961-1963, Uppsala, Uppsala Universitet, Meteorologiska Institutionen, Meddelande 111.
42. Immerzeel, W. W., P. D. A. Kraaijenbrink, J. M. Shea, A. B. Shrestha, F. Pellicciotti, M. F. P. Bierkens, and, S. M. de Jong, (2014), High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles, Remote Sens. Environ., 150, 93-103.
43. Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., E. Sanz-Ablanedo, N. Rutter, M. W. Smith, and, J. H. Chandler, (2014), Measuring glacier surface roughness using plot-scale, close-range digital photogrammetry, J. Glaciol., 60, 957-969.
44. Ishikawa, N., I. F. Owens, and, A. P. Sturman, (1992), Heat balance characteristics during fine periods on the lower parts of the Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand, Int. J. Climatol., 12 (4), 397-410.
45. Jackson, B. S., and, J. J. Carroll, (1978), Aerodynamic roughness as a function of wind direction over asymmetric surface elements, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 14, 323-330.
46. James, M. R., and, S. Robson, (2012), Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F03017, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002289.
47. James, M. R., and, S. Robson, (2014), Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and ground-based image networks, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 39, 1413-1420, doi: 10.1002/esp.3609.
48. Karlén, W., (1973), Holocene glacier and climatic variations, Kebnekaise Mountains, Swedish Lapland, Geogr. Ann., 55A (1), 29-63.
49. Kerr, T., I. Owens, W. Rack, and, R. Gardner, (2009), Using ground-based laser scanning to monitor surface change on the Rolleston Glacier, New Zealand, J. Hydrol., 48, 59-71.
50. Kuipers, H., (1957), A reliefmeter for soil cultivation studies, Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 5, 255-267.
51. Laumann, T., and, N. Reeh, (1993), Sensitivity to climate change of the mass balance of glaciers in southern Norway, J. Glaciol., 39, 656-665.
52. Lettau, H. H., (1969), Note on aerodynamic roughness parameter estimation on the basis of roughness element description, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 828-832.
53. Lin, L. I. -K., (2000), A note on the concordance correlation coefficient, Biometrics, 56, 324-325.
54. Lin, L. I.-K., (1989), A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility, Biometrics, 45, 255-268.
55. 0) over diverse surfaces, central Mojave Desert, California, USA, Geomorphology, 63 (1), 103-113.
56. Marcus, M. G., R. D. Moore, and, I. F. Owens, (1984), Short-term estimates of surface energy transfers and ablation on the lower Franz Josef Glacier, South Westland New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 28, 559-67.
57. Meagher, D., (1982), Geometric modelling using octree encoding, Comput. Graphics Image Process., 19, 129-147.
58. Millikan, C. M., (1938), A critical discussion of turbulent flows in channels and circular tubes, in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Applied Mechanics Cambridge, MA, pp. 386-392, Wiley/Chapman and Hall, New York.
59. Moreels, P., and, P. Perona, (2007), Evaluation of features detectors and descriptors based on 3D objects, Int. J. Comput. Vision, 73 (3), 263-284.
60. Müller, F., and, C. M. Keeler, (1969), Errors in short-term ablation measurements on melting ice surfaces, J. Glaciol., 8 (52), 91-105.
61. Munro, D. S., (1989), Surface roughness and bulk heat transfer on a glacier: Comparison with eddy correlation, J. Glaciol., 35 (121), 343-348.
62. Nield, J. M., R. C. Chiverrell, S. E. Darby, J. Leyland, L. H. Vircavs, and, B. Jacobs, (2012), Complex spatial feedbacks of tephra redistribution, ice melt and surface roughness modulate ablation on tephra covered glaciers, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 38 (1), 95-102.
63. Nield, J. M., et al., (2013), Estimating aerodynamic roughness over complex surface terrain, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 12,948-12,961, doi: 10.1002/2013JD020632.
64. Panofsky, H. A., (1984), Vertical variation of the roughness length at the boulder atmospheric observatory, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 28, 305-308.
65. Passalacqua, P., et al., (2015), Analyzing high resolution topography for advancing the understanding of mass and energy transfer through landscapes: A review, Earth Sci. Rev., 148, 174-193.
66. Powell, D. M., (2014), Flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers: Progress in research, Earth Sci. Rev., 136, 301-338.
67. Prandtl, L., (1926), Über die ausgebildete turbulenz, Verh. 2nd. Intl. Kong. Fur Tech. Mech. Zurich, (english translation, NACA technical memoir), 435, pp. 62-74.
68. Raupach, M. R., (1992), Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 60, 375-395.
69. Rees, W. G., and, N. S. Arnold, (2006), Scale-dependent roughness of a glacier surface: Implications for radar backscatter and aerodynamic roughness modelling, J. Glaciol., 52, 214-222.
70. RIEGL (2012), Data Sheet Riegl VZ-1000. [Available at http://www.riegl.com/uploads/tx-pxpriegldownloads/DataSheet-VZ-1000-2015-03-24.pdf, (Date Accessed 21st August 2015).]
71. Rippin, D. M., A. Pomfret, and, N. King, (2015), High resolution mapping of supraglacial drainage pathways reveals link between micro-channel drainage density, surface roughness and surface reflectance, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, doi: 10.1002/esp.3719.
72. Ryan, J. C., A. L. Hubbard, J. E. Box, J. Todd, P. Christoffersen, J. R. Carr, T. O. Holt, and, N. Snooke, (2015), UAV photogrammetry and structure from motion to assess calving dynamics at Store Glacier, a large outlet draining the Greenland ice sheet, Cryosphere, 9 (1), 1-11.
73. Schürch, P., A. L. Densmore, N. J. Rosser, M. Lim, and, B. W. McArdell, (2011), Detection of surface change in complex topography using terrestrial laser scanning: Application to the Illgraben debris-flow channel, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 36 (14), 1847-1859.
74. Sellers, W., (1965), Physical Climatology, pp. 272, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
75. Sicart, J. E., M. Litt, W. Helgason, V. B. Tahar, and, T. Chaperon, (2014), A study of the atmospheric surface layer and roughness lengths on the high-altitude tropical Zongo glacier, Bolivia, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 3793-3808, doi: 10.1002/2013JD020615.
76. Smeets, C. J. P. P., and, M. R. van den Broeke, (2008), Temporal and spatial variations of the aerodynamic roughness length in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 128 (3), 315-338.
77. Smeets, C. J. P. P., P. G. Duynkerke, and, H. F. Vugts, (1999), Observed wind profiles and turbulence fluxes over an ice surface with changing surface roughness, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 92 (1), 101-123.
78. Smith, B. E., C. F. Raymond, and, T. Scambos, (2006), Anisotropic texture of ice sheets, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F01019, doi: 10.1029/2005JF000393.
79. Smith, M. W., (2014), Roughness in the Earth sciences, Earth Sci. Rev., 136, 202-225, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.05.016.
80. Smith, M. W., and, D. Vericat, (2015), From experimental plots to experimental landscapes: Topography, erosion and deposition in sub-humid badlands from Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 40, 1656-1671.
81. Smith, M. W., J. L. Carrivick, and, D. J. Quincey, (2015), Structure from motion photogrammetry in physical geography, Prog. Phys. Geogr., doi: 10.1177/0309133315615805.
82. Sullivan, R., and, R. Greeley, (1993), Comparison of aerodynamic roughness measured in a field experiment and in a wind tunnel simulation, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 48 (1), 25-50.
83. Theurer, W., (1973), Dispersion of ground-level emissions in complex built-up areas, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Germany (in German).
84. van den Broeke, M., (1996), Characteristics of the lower ablation zone of the west Greenland ice sheet for energy-balance modelling, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 160-66.
85. Vericat, D., M. W. Smith, and, J. Brasington, (2014), Patterns of topographic change in sub-humid badlands determined by high resolution multi-temporal topographic surveys, Catena, 120, 164-176.
86. Wallén, C. C., (1948), Glacial-meteorological investigations on the Karsa Glacier in Swedish Lappland, Geogr. Ann., 30 (3-4), 451-672.
87. Wallén, C. C., (1949), Shrinkage of the Karsa Glacier and its probable meteorological causes, Geogr. Ann., 31 (1-2), 275-291.
88. Wallén, C. C., (1959), The Karsa Glacier and its relation to the climate of the Torne Trask region, Geogr. Ann., 41 (4), 236-244.
89. Wieringa, J., (1993), Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrain, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 63, 323-363.
90. Wooding, R. A., E. F. Bradley, and, J. K. Marshall, (1973), Drag due to regular arrays of roughness elements of varying geometry, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 5, 285-308.