Consolidating memories

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 66, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-24

  McGaugh, James L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

amygdala; Arousal; corticosterone; epinephrine; norepinephrine; stress

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEMORY; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; NEUROSCIENCE; PHYSIOLOGY;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; DRUG EFFECTS; HISTORY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MEMORY; METABOLISM; NEUROSCIENCES; PHYSIOLOGY; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84964300287     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: 15452085     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-014954     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Alpern HP, McGaugh JL. 1968. Retrograde amnesia as a function of duration of electroshock stimulation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 65:265-69
2. Anderson AK, Yamaguchi Y, Grabski W, Lacka D. 2006. Emotional memories are not all created equal: evidence for selective memory enhancement. Learn. Mem. 13(6):711-18
3. Bacon F. 1620. The New Organon. Unknown publisher
4. Bacon F. 2000. The New Organon, ed. L Jardine, M Silverthorne. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
5. Balderas I, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Salgdo-Tonda P, Chavez-Hurtado J, McGaugh JL, Bermudez-Rattoni F. 2008. The consolidation of object and context recognition memory involve different regions of the temporal lobe. Learn. Mem. 15(9):618-24
6. Barsegyan A, Mackenzie S, Kurose BD, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2010. Glucocorticoids in the prefrontal cortex enhance memory consolidation and impair working memory by a common neural mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107:16655-60
7. Barsegyan A, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2014. Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala modulates the consolidation of object-in-context recognition memory. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8:160
8. Bass DI, Nizam ZG, Partain KN, Wang A, Manns JR. 2014. Amygdala-mediated enhancement of memory for specific events depends on the hippocampus. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 107:37-41
9. Beckner VE, Tucker DM, Delville Y, Mohr DC. 2006. Stress facilitates consolidation of verbal memory for a film but does not affect retrieval. Behav. Neurosci. 120(3):518-27
10. Bennett C, Liang KC, McGaugh JL. 1985. Depletion of adrenal catecholamines alters the amnestic effect of amygdala stimulation. Behav. Brain Res. 15:83-91
11. Berlau DJ, McGaugh JL. 2003. Basolateral amygdala lesions do not prevent memory of context-footshock training. Learn. Mem. 10:495-502
12. Berlau DJ, McGaugh JL. 2006. Enhancement of extinction memory consolidation: the role of the noradren-ergic and GABAergic systems within the basolateral amygdala. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 86:123-32
13. Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ. 1972. Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 81(2):281-90
14. Blodgett HC. 1929. The effect of the introduction of reward upon the maze performance of rats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol. 4:113-34
15. Boccia MM, Blake MG, Baratti CM, McGaugh JL. 2009. Involvement of the basolateral amygdala in mus-carinic cholinergic modulation of extinction memory consolidation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 91:93-97
16. Borota D, Murray E, Keceli G, Chang A, Watabe JM, et al. 2014. Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans. Nat. Neurosci. 17(2):201-3
17. Bovet D, McGaugh JL, Oliverio A. 1966. Effects of posttrial administration of drugs on avoidance learning of mice. Life Sci. 5:1309-15
18. Breen RA, McGaugh JL. 1961. Facilitation of maze learning with posttrial injections of picrotoxin. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54:498-501
19. Brioni JD, McGaugh JL. 1988. Posttraining administration of GABAergic antagonists enhances retention of aversively motivated tasks. Psychopharmacology 96:505-10
20. Brioni JD, Nagahara AH, McGaugh JL. 1989. Involvement of the amygdala GABAergic system in the modulation of memory storage. Brain Res. 487:104-12
21. Brown R, Kulik J. 1977. Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5:73-99
22. Bussey TJ, Muir JL, Aggleton JP. 1999. Functionally dissociating aspects of event memory: the effects of combined perirhinal and postrhinal cortex lesions on object and place memory in the rat. J. Neurosci. 19:495-502
23. Cahill L, Alkire M. 2003. Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 79:194-98
24. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K. 2003. Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn. Mem. 10:270-74
25. Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, Alkire M, Tang C, et al. 1996. Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8016-21
26. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, McGaugh JL. 1994. β-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 372:702-4
27. Cahill L, Weinberger NM, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1999. Is the amygdala a locus of "conditioned fear"? Some questions and caveats. Neuron 23:227-28
28. Campolongo P, Roozendaal B, Trezza V, Cuomo V, Astarita G, et al. 2009a. The fat-induced satiety factor OEA enhances memory consolidation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:8027-31
29. Campolongo P, Roozendaal B, Trezza V, Hauer D, Schelling G, et al. 2009b. Endocannabinoids in the rat basolateral amygdala enhance memory consolidation: involvement of the glucocorticoid system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 206:4888-93
30. Canli T, Zhao Z, Brewer J, Gabrieli JD, Cahill L. 2000. Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. J. Neurosci. 20:RC99
31. Castellano C, McGaugh JL. 1991. Oxotremorine attenuates retrograde amnesia induced by posttraining administration of the GABAergic agonists muscimol and baclofen. Behav. Neural Biol. 56:25-31
32. Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM. 2012. Amygdala strengthening of cortical memory representations. In The Amygdala: A Discrete Multitasking Manager, ed. B Ferry, pp. 171-202. New York: InTech
33. Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM. 2013. Activation of the basolateral amygdala induces long-term enhancement of specific memory representations in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 101:8-18
34. Christianson S-A. 1992. Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Current Research and Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
35. Conway MA. 1995. Flashbulb Memories. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
36. Costa-Miserachs D, Portell-Cortés I, Aldavert-Vera L, Torras-Gracia M, Morgado-Bernal I. 1994. Long-term memory facilitation in rats by posttraining epinephrine. Behav. Neurosci. 108(3):269-74
37. Cottrell GA, Nakajima S. 1977. Effect of corticosteroids in the hippocampus on passive avoidance behavior in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 7:277-80
38. Dalmaz C, Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL. 1993. Noradrenergic and cholinergic interactions in the amygdala and the modulation of memory storage. Behav. Brain Res. 58:167-74
39. Davis M. 1992. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:353-75
40. de Quervain DJ-F, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1998. Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature 394:787-90
41. Dolcos F, LaBar KS, Cabeza R. 2004. Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron 42:855-63
42. Dornelles A, de Lima MN, Grazziotin M, Presti-Torres J, Garcia VA, et al. 2007. Adrenergic enhancement of consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 88(1):137-42
43. Dringenberg H, Vanderwolf C. 1996. Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: an amygdaloid activating system. Exp. Brain Res. 108:285-96
44. Duncan CP. 1949. The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 42:32-44
45. Ebbinghaus H. 1885. Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig: Drucker & Humblat
46. Ennaceur A, Neave N, Aggleton JP. 1996. Neurotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex do not mimic the behavioural effects of fornix transection in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 80:9-25
47. Fanselow MS. 1990. Factors governing one-trial contextual conditioning. Anim. Learn. Behav. 18:264-70
48. Ferry B, McGaugh JL. 1999. Clenbuterol administration into the basolateral amygdala post-training enhances retention in an inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 72:8-12
49. 1-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala in modulation of memory storage. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 372:9-16
50. Gallagher M, Kapp BS, Pascoe JP, Rapp PR. 1981. A neuropharmacology of amygdaloid systems which contribute to learning and memory. In The Amygdaloid Complex, ed. Y Ben-Ari, pp. 343-54. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland
51. Galvez R, Mesches M, McGaugh JL. 1996. Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock stimulation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 66:253-57
52. Gerard RW. 1961. The fixation of experience. In Brain Mechanisms and Learning, ed. JF Delafresnaye, pp. 21-35. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
53. Glickman SE. 1961. Perseverative neural processes and consolidation of the memory trace. Psychol. Bull. 58:218-33
54. Gloor P. 1992. Role of the amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy. In The Amygdala, ed. J Aggleton, pp. 505-38. New York: Wiley-Liss
55. Goddard GV. 1964. Amygdaloid stimulation and learning in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 58:23-30
56. Gold PE, Edwards RM, McGaugh JL. 1975a. Amnesia produced by unilateral, subseizure, electrical stimulation of the amygdala in rats. Behav. Biol. 15:95-105
57. Gold PE, Hankins L, Edwards RM, Chester J, McGaugh JL. 1975b. Memory interference and facilitation with posttrial amygdala stimulation: Effect on memory varies with footshock level. Brain Res. 86:509-13
58. Gold PE, Macri J, McGaugh JL. 1973. Retrograde amnesia produced by subseizure amygdala stimulation. Behav. Biol. 9:671-80
59. Gold PE, McDonald R, McGaugh JL. 1974. Direct cortical stimulation: a further study of treatment intensity effects on retrograde amnesia gradients. Behav. Biol. 10:485-90
60. Gold PE, van Buskirk R. 1975. Facilitation of time-dependent memory processes with posttrial epinephrine injections. Behav. Biol. 13:145-53
61. Gold PE, van Buskirk R. 1978. Post-training brain norepinephrine concentrations: correlation with retention performance of avoidance training with peripheral epinephrine modulation of memory processing. Behav. Biol. 23:509-20
62. Guzowski J, Lyford GL, Stevenson GD, Houston FP, McGaugh JL, et al. 2000. Inhibition of activity-dependent arc protein expression in the rat hippocampus impairs the maintenance of long-term po-tentiation and consolidation of long-term memory. J. Neurosci. 20:3993-4001
63. Halgren E. 1992. Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition. In The Amygdala, ed. J Aggleton, pp. 191-228. New York: Wiley-Liss
64. Hamann SB, Eli TD, Grafton ST, Kilts CD. 1999. Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 2:289-303
65. Hatfield T, McGaugh JL. 1999. Norepinephrine infused into the basolateral amygdala posttraining enhances retention in a spatial water maze task. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 71:232-39
66. Hatfield T, Spanis C, McGaugh JL. 1999. Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res. 835:340-45
67. Hebb DO. 1949. The Organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley
68. Hirsh R. 1974. The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: a theory. Behav. Biol. 12:421-44
69. Hull CL. 1943. Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
70. Hupbach A, Fieman R. 2012. Moderate stress enhances immediate and delayed retrieval of educationally relevant material in healthy young men. Behav. Neurosci. 126(6):819-25
71. Introini-Collison IB, Castellano C, McGaugh JL. 1994. Interaction of GABAergic and β-noradrenergic drugs in the regulation of memory storage. Behav. Neural Biol. 61:150-55
72. Introini-Collison IB, Dalmaz C, McGaugh JL. 1996. Amygdala β-noradrenergic influences on memory storage involve cholinergic activation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 65:57-64
73. Introini-Collison IB, Ford L, McGaugh JL. 1995. Memory impairment induced by intra-amygdala β-endorphin is mediated by noradrenergic influences. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 63:200-5
74. Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL. 1986. Epinephrine modulates long-term retention of an aversively-motivated discrimination task. Behav. Neural Biol. 45:358-65
75. Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL. 1987. Naloxone and beta-endorphin alter the effects of posttraining epinephrine on memory. Psychopharmacology 92:229-35
76. Introini-Collison IB, McGaugh JL. 1988. Modulation of memory by posttraining epinephrine: involvement of cholinergic mechanisms. Psychopharmacol. Berlin 94:379-85
77. Introini-Collison IB, Nagahara AH, McGaugh JL. 1989. Memory-enhancement with intra-amygdala post-training naloxone is blocked by concurrent administration of propranolol. Brain Res. 476:94-101
78. Introini-Collison IB, Saghafi D, Novack G, McGaugh JL. 1992. Memory-enhancing effects of posttraining dipivefrin and epinephrine: involvement of peripheral and central adrenergic receptors. Brain Res. 572:81-86
79. Izquierdo I, Dias RD. 1985. Influence on memory of posttraining or pre-test injections of ACTH, vasopressin, epinephrine and β-endorphin, and their interaction with naloxone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 10:165-72
80. James W. 1890. Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt
81. Jarvik ME, Kopp R. 1967. Transcorneal electroconvulsive shock and retrograde amnesia in mice. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 64:431-33
82. Kesner RP. 1982. Brain stimulation: effects on memory. Behav. Neural Biol. 36:315-67
83. Kesner RP, Ellis ME. 1983. Memory consolidation: brain region and neurotransmitter specificity. Neurosci. Lett. 39:295-300
84. Kesner RP, Wilburn MW. 1974. A review of electrical stimulation of the brain in context of learning and retention. Behav. Biol. 10(3):259-93
85. Kilpatrick L, Cahill L. 2003. Modulation of memory consolidation for olfactory learning by reversible inac-tivation of the basolateral amygdala. Behav. Neurosci. 117:184-88
86. Krech D, Rosenzweig MR, Bennett El. 1960. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 53:509-19
87. Krivanek J, McGaugh JL. 1968. Effects of pentylenetetrazol on memory storage in mice. Psychopharmacologia 12:303-21
88. Krivanek JA, McGaugh JL. 1969. Facilitating effects of pre-and posttrial amphetamine administration on discrimination learning in mice. Agents Actions 1:36-42
89. LaLumiere RT, Buen T-V, McGaugh JL. 2003. Posttraining intra-basolateral amygdala infusions of nore-pinephrine enhance consolidation of memory for contextual fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 23:6754-58
90. Lashley KS. 1917. The effect of strychnine and caffeine upon rate of learning. Psychobiology 1:141-70
91. LeDoux JE. 1995. Emotion: clues from the brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 46:209-35
92. LeDoux JE. 2000. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23:155-84
93. Leport AKR, Mattfeld AT, Dickinson-Anson H, Fallon JH, Stark CEL, et al. 2012. A behavioral and neu-roanatomical investigation of highly superior autobiographical memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 98:78-92
94. Liang KC, Bennett C, McGaugh JL. 1985. Peripheral epinephrine modulates the effects of posttraining amygdala stimulation on memory. Behav. Brain Res. 15:93-100
95. Liang KC, Juler RG, McGaugh JL. 1986. Modulating effects of post-training epinephrine on memory: involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic system. Brain Res. 368:125-33
96. Luttges MW, McGaugh JL. 1967. Permanence of retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock. Science 156:408-10
97. Luttges MW, McGaugh JL. 1971. Facilitation of avoidance conditioning in mice by posttraining administration of bemegride. Agents Actions 3:118-21
98. Madsen MC, McGaugh JL. 1961. The effect of ECS on one-trial avoidance learning. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54:522-23
99. Malin EL, McGaugh JL. 2006. Differential involvement of the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and basolateral amygdala in memory for context and footshock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103(6):1959-63
100. Maren S. 2003. The amygdala, synaptic plasticity, and fear memory. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 985:1006-13
101. Maren S, Fanselow MS. 1997. Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix, dorsal hippocampus, or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 67:142-49
102. Matus-Amat P, Higgins EA, Barrientos RM, Rudy JW. 2004. The role of the dorsal hippocampus in the acquisition and retrieval of context memory representations. J. Neurosci. 24:2431-39
103. McGaugh JL. 1959. Some neurochemical factors in learning. PhD thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley
104. McGaugh JL. 1966. Time-dependent processes in memory storage. Science 153:1351-58
105. McGaugh JL. 1968. Drug facilitation of memory and learning. In Psychopharmacology: A Review of Progress, ed. DH Efron, PHS Publ. No. 1836, 891-904. Washington, DC: US Gov. Print. Off.
106. McGaugh JL. 1973. Drug facilitation of learning and memory. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 13:229-41
107. McGaugh JL. 1983. Preserving the presence of the past. Hormonal influences on memory storage. Am. Psychol. 38(2):161-74
108. McGaugh JL. 1989. Involvement of hormonal and neuromodulatory systems in the regulation of memory storage. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 12:255-87
109. McGaugh JL. 1990. Significance and remembrance: the role of neuromodulatory systems. Psychol. Sci. 1(1):15-25
110. McGaugh JL. 1992. Neuromodulatory systems and the regulation of memory storage. In Neuropsychology of Memory, ed. LR Squire, N Butters, pp. 386-401. New York: Guilford
111. McGaugh JL. 2000. Memory: a century of consolidation. Science 287:248-51
112. McGaugh JL. 2003. Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
113. McGaugh JL. 2004. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27:1-28
114. McGaugh JL. 2006. Make mild moments memorable: Add a little arousal. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10:345-47
115. McGaugh JL. 2013. Making lasting memories: remembering the significant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110(2):10401-7
116. McGaugh JL, Alpern HP. 1966. Effects of electroshock on memory: amnesia without convulsions. Science 152:665-66
117. McGaugh JL, Cahill L. 1997. Interaction of neuromodulatory systems in modulating memory storage. Behav. Brain Res. 83:31-38
118. McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B. 1996. Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interaction with other brain systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:13508-14
119. McGaugh JL, Ferry B, Vazdarjanova A, Roozendaal B. 2000. Amygdala: role in modulation of memory storage. In The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis, ed. JP Aggleton, pp. 391-423. London: Oxford Univ. Press
120. McGaugh JL, Gold PE. 1976. Modulation of memory by electrical stimulation of the brain. In Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory, ed. MR Rosenzweig, EL Bennett, pp. 549-60. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
121. McGaugh JL, Gold PE. 1989. Hormonal modulation of memory. In Psychoendocrinology, ed. RB Brush, S Levine, pp. 305-39. New York: Academic
122. McGaugh JL, Herz MJ. 1972. Memory Consolidation. San Francisco: Albion
123. McGaugh JL, Landfield PW. 1970. Delayed development of amnesia following electroconvulsive shock. Physiol. Behav. 5:1109-13
124. McGaugh JL, Petrinovich L. 1959. The effect of strychnine sulphate on maze-learning. Am. J. Psychol. 72:99-102
125. McGaugh JL, Petrinovich LF. 1965. Effects of drugs on learning and memory. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 8:139-96
126. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2002. Role of adrenal stress hormones in forming lasting memories in the brain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12:205-10
127. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2008. Memory modulation. In Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference. Volume 3: Memory Systems, ed. H Eichenbaum, J Byrne, pp. 521-54. Oxford: Elsevier
128. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B. 2009. Drug enhancement of memory consolidation: historical perspective and neurobiological implications. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 202:3-14
129. McGaugh JL, Thomson CW, Westbrook WH, Hudspeth WJ. 1962. A further study of learning facilitation with strychnine sulphate. Psychopharmacologia 3:352-60
130. McIntyre CK, Hatfield T, McGaugh JL. 2002. Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16:1223-26
131. McIntyre CK, McGaugh JL, Williams CL. 2012. Interacting brain systems modulate memory consolidation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36:1750-62
132. McIntyre CK, Miyashita T, Setlow B, Marjon KD, Steward O, et al. 2005. Memory-influencing intra-basolateral amygdala drug infusions modulate expression of Arc protein in the hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:10718-23
133. McReynolds JR, Donowho K, Abdi A, McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B, McIntyre CK. 2010. Memory-enhancing corticosterone treatment increases amygdala norepinephrine and Arc protein expression in hippocampal synaptic fractions. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 93:312-21
134. Micheau J, Destrade C, Soumireu-Mourat B. 1981. Intraventricular corticosterone injection facilitates memory of an appetitive discriminative task in mice. Behav. Neural Biol. 31(1):100-4
135. Miranda MI, McGaugh JL. 2004. Enhancement of inhibitory avoidance and conditioned taste aversion memory with insular cortex infusions of 8-Br-cAMP: involvement of the basolateral amygdala. Learn. Mem. 11:312-17
136. Morris RGM. 1984. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 11(1):47-60
137. Müller GE, Pilzecker A. 1900. Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre vom Gedächtniss. Zeitung Psychol. 1:1-288
138. Nachmansohn D. 1938. Sur l'action de la strychnine. C. R. Soc. Biol. 129:941-43
139. Neisser U, Winograd E, Bergman ET, Schreiber CA, Palmer SE, Weldon MS. 1996. Remembering the earthquake: direct experience versus hearing the news. Memory 4(4):337-57
140. Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 2004. Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:853-58
141. Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL. 1994. Amygdala modulation of hippocampal-dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8477-81
142. Packard MG, McGaugh JL. 1996. Inactivation of hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 65:65-72
143. Paré D. 2003. Role of the basolateral amygdala in memory consolidation. Prog. Neurobiol. 70:409-20
144. Paré D, Collins DR, Pelletier JG. 2002. Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of emotional memories. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6:306-14
145. Parent MB, Avila E, McGaugh JL. 1995. Footshock facilitates the expression of aversively motivated memory in rats given post-training amygdala basolateral complex lesions. Brain Res. 676:235-44
146. Parker ES, Cahill L, McGaugh JL. 2006. A case of unusual autobiographical remembering. Neurocase 12:35-49
147. Pavlov IP. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes. London: Oxford Univ. Press
148. Petrinovich L, Bradford D, McGaugh JL. 1965. Drug facilitation of memory in rats. Psychon. Sci. 2:191-92
149. Ponnusamy R, Poulos AM, Fanselow MS. 2007. Amygdala-dependent and amygdala-independent pathways for contextual fear conditioning. Neuroscience 147(4):919-27
150. Power AE, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 2000. Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory consolidation in the rat is blocked by muscarinic receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:3481-87
151. Power AE, Thal LJ, McGaugh JL. 2002. Lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis induced by 192 IgG-saporin block memory enhancement with posttraining norepinephrine in the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:2325-29
152. Power AE, Vazdarjanova A, McGaugh JL. 2003. Muscarinic cholinergic influences in memory consolidation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 80:178-83
153. Pugh CR, Fleshner M, Rudy JW. 1997. Type II glucocorticoid receptor antagonists impair contextual but not auditory-cue fear conditioning in juvenile rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 67:75-79
154. Quirarte GL, Galvez R, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1998. Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs. Brain Res. 808:134-40
155. Quirarte GL, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1997. Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14048-53
156. Ressler KJ, Paschall G, Zhou X-L, Davis M. 2002. Regulation of synaptic plasticity genes during consolidation of fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 22:7892-902
157. Ricardo JA, Koh ET. 1978. Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Res. 153:1-26
158. Ritchie BF, Aeschliman B, Pierce P. 1950. Studies in spatial learning: VIII. Place performance and the acquisition of place dispositions. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 43:73-85
159. Roesler R, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 2002. Basolateral amygdala lesions block the memory-enhancing effect of 8-Br-cAMP infused into the entorhinal cortex of rats after training. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15:905-10
160. Rosenzweig MR, Krech D, Bennett EL. 1960. A search for relations between brain chemistry and behavior. Psychol. Bull. 57:476-92
161. Roozendaal B. 2000. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25:213-38
162. Roozendaal B, Castello N, Vedana G, Barsegyan A, McGaugh JL. 2008. Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala modulates consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 90:576-79
163. Roozendaal B, de Quervain DJ-F, Schelling G, McGaugh JL. 2004a. A systemically administered β-adrenoceptor antagonist blocks corticosterone-induced impairment of contextual memory retrieval in rats. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 81:150-54
164. Roozendaal B, Griffith QK, Buranday J, de Quervain DJ-F, McGaugh JL. 2003. The hippocampus mediates glucocorticoid-induced impairment of spatial memory retrieval: dependence on the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:1328-33
165. Roozendaal B, Hahn EL, Nathan SV, de Quervain DJ-F, McGaugh JL. 2004b. Glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval require concurrent noradrenergic activity in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. J. Neurosci. 24:8161-69
166. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1996. Amygdaloid nuclei lesions differentially affect glucocorticoid-induced memory enhancement in an inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 65:1-8
167. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1997. Glucocorticoid receptor agonist and antagonist administration into the basolateral but not central amygdala modulates memory storage. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 67:176-79
168. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 2011. Memory modulation. Behav. Neurosci. 125:797-824
169. Roozendaal B, McReynolds J, Van der Zee E, Lee S, McGaugh JL, McIntyre C. 2009. Glucocorticoid effects on memory consolidation depend on functional interactions between the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. J. Neurosci. 29:14299-308
170. Roozendaal B, Okuda S, Van de See EA, McGaugh JL. 2006. Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory requires arousal-induced noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:6741-46
171. Roozendaal B, Portillo-Marquez G, McGaugh JL. 1996. Basolateral amygdala lesions block glucocorticoid-induced modulation of memory for spatial learning. Behav. Neurosci. 110:1074-83
172. Rudy JW, Sutherland J. 1989. The hippocampal formation is necessary for rats to learn and remember con-figural discriminations. Behav. Brain Res. 34:97-109
173. Salinas JA, McGaugh JL. 1996. The amygdala modulates memory for changes in reward magnitude: involvement of the amygdaloid GABAergic system. Behav. Brain Res. 80:87-98
174. Sandi C, Rose SP. 1994. Corticosterone enhances long-term potentiation in one-day-old chicks trained in a weak passive avoidance learning paradigm. Brain Res. 647:106-12
175. Segal SK, Cahill L. 2009. Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(9):1263-71
176. Segal SK, Stark SM, Kattan D, Stark CE, Yassa MA. 2012. Norepinephrine-mediated emotional arousal facilitates subsequent pattern separation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 97(4):465-69
177. Sharot T, Martorella EA, Delgado MR, Phelps EA. 2007. How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104(1):389-94
178. Soetens E, Casaer S, D'Hooge R, Hueting JE. 1995. Effect of amphetamine on long-term retention of verbal material. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 119:155-62
179. Soetens E, D'Hooge R, Hueting JE. 1993. Amphetamine enhances human-memory consolidation. Neurosci. Lett. 161:9-12
180. Sternberg DB, Isaacs K, Gold PE, McGaugh JL. 1985. Epinephrine facilitation of appetitive learning: attenuation with adrenergic receptor antagonists. Behav. Neural Biol. 44:447-53
181. Thorndike EL. 1898. Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychol. Monogr.: Gen. Appl. 2:4
182. Tolman EC. 1932. Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. New York: Century
183. Tolman EC. 1949. There is more than one kind of learning. Psychol. Rev. 55:189-208
184. Tolman EC, Honzik CH. 1930. Introduction and removal of reward, and maze performance in rats. Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol. 4:17
185. Van Stegeren AH, Goekoop R, Everaerd W, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, et al. 2005. Noradrenaline mediates amygdala activation in men and women during encoding of emotional material. NeuroImage 24(3):898-909
186. Van Stegeren AH, Rohleder N, Everaerd W, Wolf OT. 2006. Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31(1):137-41
187. Van Stegeren AH, Wolf OT, Everaerd W, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Rombouts SA. 2007. Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 87(1):57-66
188. Vazdarjanova A, Cahill L, McGaugh JL. 2001. Disrupting basolateral amygdala function impairs unconditioned freezing and avoidance in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14:709-18
189. Vazdarjanova A, McGaugh JL. 1998. Basolateral amygdala is not critical for cognitive memory of contextual fear conditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15003-7
190. Vazdarjanova A, McGaugh JL. 1999. Basolateral amygdala is involved in modulating consolidation of memory for classical fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 19:6615-22
191. Weinberger NM. 2003. The nucleus basalis and memory codes: auditory cortical plasticity and the induction of specific, associative behavioral memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 80:268-84
192. Weinberger NM. 2007. Auditory associative memory and representational plasticity in the primary auditory cortex. Hear. Res. 229(1-2):54-68
193. Weiskrantz L. 1956. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49(4):381-91
194. Westbrook WH, McGaugh JL. 1964. Drug facilitation of latent learning. Psychopharmacologia 5:440-46
195. Williams CL, Jensen RA. 1991. Vagal afferents: a possible mechanism for the modulation of peripherally acting agents. In Peripheral Signaling of the Brain: Role in Neural-Immune Interactions, Learning and Memory, ed. RCA Frederickson, JL McGaugh, DL Felten, pp. 467-72. New York: Hogrefe & Huber
196. Williams CL, McGaugh JL. 1992. Reversible inactivation of the nucleus of the solitary tract impairs retention performance in an inhibitory avoidance task. Behav. Neural Biol. 58:204-10
197. Williams CL, McGaugh JL. 1993. Reversible lesions of the nucleus of the solitary tract attenuate the memory-modulating effects of posttraining epinephrine. Behav. Neurosci. 107:1-8
198. Williams CL, Men D, Clayton EC, Gold PE. 1998. Norepinephrine release in the amygdala after systemic injections of epinephrine or inescapable footshock: contribution of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Behav. Neurosci. 112:1414-22
199. Young MP. 1993. The organization of neural systems in the primate cerebral cortex. Proc. R. Soc. B. 252:13-18
200. Zorawski M, Killcross S. 2002. Posttraining glucocorticoid receptor agonist enhances memory in appetitive and aversive Pavlovian discrete-cue conditioning paradigms. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 78:458-64