Making lasting memories: Remembering the significant

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 110, Issue SUPPL2, 2013, Pages 10402-10407

  McGaugh, James L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CORTICOSTERONE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; BRAIN REGION; EMOTIONALITY; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; LASTING MEMORY; LONG TERM MEMORY; MEMORY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

AMYGDALA; AROUSAL; CORTICOSTERONE; EMOTIONS; EPINEPHRINE; HUMANS; MEMORY, LONG-TERM; RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84879303933     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301209110     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Glore J (1987) Personal Arts (SCR Theatre, Costa Mesa, CA), Vol 2.
2. Bernecker S (2010) Memory (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford).
3. James W (1890) Principles of Psychology (Henry Holt and Company, New York).
4. Craik F I M, Lockhart RS (1972) Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. J Verbal Learn and Verbal Behav 11:671-684.
5. Ebbinghaus H (1885) Uber das Gedachtnis (Drucker and Humblat, Leipzig, Germany).
6. Roediger HL, 3rd, Butler AC (2011) The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends Cogn Sci 15 1:20-27.
7. Brown R, Kulik J (1977) Flashbulb memories. Cognition 5 1:73-99.
8. Conway MA (1995) Flashbulb Memories (Erlbaum, Brighton, England).
9. McGaugh JL (2003) Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories (Columbia Univ Press, New York).
10. Reisberg D, Hertel P (2003) Memory and Emotion (Oxford Univ Press, New York).
11. Stratton GM (1919) Retroactive hypermnesia and other emotional effects on memory. Psychol Rev 26 6:474-486.
12. Pillemer DB (1984) Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan. Cognition 16 1:63-80.
13. Bohannon JN, 3rd (1988) Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: Atale of two theories. Cognition 29 2:179-196.
14. Christianson S-A (1992) Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Current Research and Theory (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ).
15. Conway MA, et al. (1994) The formation of flashbulb memories. Mem Cognit 22(3):326-343.
16. Neisser U, et al. (1996) Remembering the earthquake: Direct experience vs. hearing the news. Memory 4 4:337-357.
17. Schmolck H, Buffalo EA, Squire LR (2000) Memory distortions develop over time: Recollections of the O. J. Simpson trial verdict after 15 and 32 months. Psychol Sci 11 1:39-45.
18. Sharot T, Martorella EA, Delgado MR, Phelps EA (2007) How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 1:389-394.
19. Bacon F (2000) The New Organon, eds Jardine L, Silverthorne M (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom).
20. Mueller GE, Pilzecker A (1900) Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre vom Gedächtniss. Z Psychol 1 1:1-288.
21. Hebb DO (1949) The Organization of Behavior (Wiley, New York).
22. Duncan CP (1949) The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 42 1:32-44.
23. McGaugh JL, Herz MJ (1972) Memory Consolidation (Albion Publishing Company, San Francisco).
24. McGaugh JL (2000) Memory-a century of consolidation. Science 287(5451):248-251.
25. McGaugh JL (1966) Time-dependent processes in memorystorage. Science 153(3742):1351-1358.
26. Breen RA, McGAUGH JL (1961) Facilitation of maze learning with posttrial injections of picrotoxin. J Comp Physiol Psychol 54:498-501.
27. Westbrook WH, McGaugh JL (1964) Drug facilitation of latent learning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 5:440-446.
28. McGaugh JL, Petrinovich LF (1965) Effects of drugs on learning and memory. Int Rev Neurobiol 8:139-196.
29. Krivanek J, McGaugh JL (1968) Effects of pentylenetetrazol on memory storage in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 12 4:303-321.
30. McGaugh JL (1968) Drug facilitation of memory and learning. Psychopharmacology: A Review of Progress, PHS Publ. No. 1836:891-904, ed Efron DH (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC).
31. McGaugh JL (1973) Drug facilitation of learning and memory. Annu Rev Pharmacol 13:229-241.
32. McGaugh JL, Roozendaal B (2009) Drug enhancement of memory consolidation: Historical perspective and neurobiological implications. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 202(1-3):3-14
33. Soetens E, D'Hooge R, Hueting JE (1993) Amphetamine enhances human-memory consolidation. Neurosci Lett 161 1:9-12.
34. Gerard RW (1961) The fixation of experience. Brain Mechanisms and Learning, eds Fessard A, Gerard RW, Konorski J (Thomas, Springfield, IL), pp 21-35.
35. Micheau J, Destrade C, Soumireu-Mourat B (1984) Time-dependent effects of posttraining intrahippocampal injections of corticosterone on retenion of appetitive learning tasks in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 106:39-46.
36. Sandi C, Rose S P R (1994) Corticosterone enhances long-term retention in one-dayold chicks trained in a weak passive avoidance learning paradigm. Brain Res 647(1):106-112.
37. Zorawski M, Killcross S (2002) Posttraining glucocorticoid receptor agonist enhances memory in appetitive and aversive Pavlovian discrete-cue conditioning paradigms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 78 2:458-464.
38. Roozendaal B, et al. (2006a) Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic activity mediates corticosterone-induced enhancement of auditory fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 86 3:249-255.
39. Berlau DJ, McGaugh JL (2006) Enhancement of extinction memory consolidation: The role of the noradrenergic and GABAergic systems within the basolateral amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 86 2:123-132.
40. Gold PE, Van Buskirk RB (1975) Facilitation of time-dependent memory processes with posttrial epinephrine injections. Behav Biol 13 2:145-153.
41. Gold PE, McGaugh JL (1977) Hormones and memory. Neuropeptide Influences on the Brain and Behavior, eds Miller LH, Sandman CA, Kastin AJ (Raven, New York), pp 127-143.
42. McGaugh JL (1983) Hormonal influences on memory. Annu Rev Psychol 34:297-323.
43. McGaugh JL, Gold PE (1989) Hormonal modulation of memory. Psychoendocrinology, eds Brush RB, Levine S (Academic, New York), pp 305-339.
44. Roozendaal B (2000) 1999 Curt P. Richter award. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25 3:213-238.
45. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2011) Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci 125(6):797-824.
46. Krugers HJ, Zhou M, Joels M, Kindt M (2011) Regulation of excitatory synapses and fearful memories by stress hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 5(2011):62.
47. Parfitt GM, Barbosa AK, Campos RC, Koth AP, Barros DM (2012) Moderate stress enhances memory persistence: Are adrenergic mechanisms involved? Behav Neurosci 126 5:729-734.
48. Dornelles A, et al. (2007) Adrenergic enhancement of consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 88 1:137-142.
49. Arai T, Watanabe T, Nagaro T, Matsuo S (1981) Blood-brain barrier impairment after cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 9 6:444-448.
50. Miyashita T, Williams CL (2006) Epinephrine administration increases neural impulses propagated along the vagus nerve: Role of peripheral beta-adrenergic receptors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 85 2:116-124.
51. McIntyre CK, McGaugh JL, Williams CL (2012) Interacting brain systems modulate memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36 7:1750-1762.
52. Clark KB, et al. (1998) Posttraining electrical stimulation of vagal afferents with concomitant vagal efferent inactivation enhances memory storage processes in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70 3:364-373.
53. Clark KB, Naritoku DK, Smith DC, Browning RA, Jensen RA (1999) Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects. Nat Neurosci 2 1:94-98.
54. Clayton EC, Williams CL (2000) Adrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius potentiates amygdala norepinephrine release and enhances retention performance in emotionally arousing and spatial memorytasks. Behav Brain Res 112(1-2):151-158
55. Hassert DL, Miyashita T, Williams CL (2004) The effects of peripheral vagal nerve stimulation at a memory-modulating intensity on norepinephrine output in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Neurosci 118 1:79-88.
56. Gold PE, Hankins L, Edwards RM, Chester J, McGaugh JL (1975) Memory interference and facilitation with posttrial amygdala stimulation: Effect on memory varies with footshock level. Brain Res 86 3:509-513.
57. McGaugh JL, Gold PE (1976) Modulation of memory by electrical stimulation of the brain. Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory, eds Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp 549-560.
58. Bergado JA, Rojas Y, Capdevila V, Gonzalez O, Almaguer-Melian W (2006) Stimulation of the basolateral amygdala improves the acquisition of a motor skill. Restor Neurol Neurosci 24 2:115-121.
59. Bass DI, Partain KN, Manns JR (2012) Event-specific enhancement of memory via brief electrical stimulation to the basolateral complex of the amygdala in rats. Behav Neurosci 126 1:204-208.
60. Kesner RP, Ellis ME (1983) Memory consolidation: Brain region and neurotransmitter specificity. Neurosci Lett 39 3:295-300.
61. Gallagher M, Kapp BS, Pascoe JP, Rapp PR (1981) A neuropharmacology of amygdaloid systems which contributeto learning and memory. The Amygdaloid Complex, ed Ben-Ari Y (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp 343-354.
62. Gold PE, van Buskirk R (1978) Posttraining brain norepinephrine concentrations: Correlation with retention performance of avoidance training and with peripheral epinephrine modulation of memory processing. Behav Biol 23 4:509-520.
63. Liang KC, Juler RG, McGaugh JL (1986) Modulating effects of posttraining epinephrine on memory: Involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic system. Brain Res 368 1:125-133.
64. Hatfield T, McGaugh JL (1999) Norepinephrine infused into the basolateral amygdala posttraining enhances retention in a spatial water maze task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 71 2:232-239.
65. Huff NC, Wright-Hardesty KJ, Higgins EA, Matus-Amat P, Rudy JW (2005) Context pre-exposure obscures amygdala modulation of contextual-fear conditioning. Learn Mem 12 5:456-460.
66. La Lumiere RT, Buen T-V, McGaugh JL (2003) Post-training intra-basolateral amygdala infusions of norepinephrine enhance consolidation of memory for contextual fear conditioning. J Neurosci 23 17:6754-6758.
67. Roozendaal B, Castello NA, Vedana G, Barsegyan A, McGaugh JL (2008) Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala modulates consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 90 3:576-579.
68. McGaugh JL (2004) The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu Rev Neurosci 27:1-28.
69. Quirarte GL, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1997) Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory storage involves noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 25:14048-14053.
70. Roozendaal B, Quirarte GL, McGaugh JL (2002) Glucocorticoids interact with the basolateral amygdala β-adrenoceptor-cAMP/cAMP/PKA system in influencing memory consolidation. Eur J Neurosci 15 3:553-560.
71. Roozendaal B, Okuda S, Van der Zee EA, McGaugh JL (2006) Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory requires arousal-induced noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 17:6741-6746.
72. Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (2004) Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 3:853-858.
73. Galvez R, Mesches MH, McGaugh JL (1996) Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock stimulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 66 3:253-257.
74. Quirarte GL, Galvez R, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL (1998) Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs. Brain Res 808 2:134-140.
75. McIntyre CK, Hatfield T, McGaugh JL (2002) Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats. Eur J Neurosci 16 7:1223-1226.
76. Hatfield T, Spanis C, McGaugh JL (1999) Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res 835 2:340-345.
77. McGaugh JL (2002) Memory consolidation and the amygdala: A systems perspective. Trends Neurosci 25 9:456-461.
78. Stefanik MT, et al. (2013) Optogenetic inhibition of cocaine seeking in rats. Addict Biol 18 1:50-53.
79. Paré D, Collins DR, Pelletier JG (2002) Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of emotional memories. Trends Cogn Sci 6 7:306-314.
80. Pelletier JG, Likhtik E, Filali M, Paré D (2005) Lasting increases in basolateral amygdala activity after emotional arousal: Implications for facilitated consolidation of emotional memories. Learn Mem 12 2:96-102.
81. Popescu AT, Popa D, Paré D (2009) Coherent gamma oscillations couple the amygdala and striatum during learning. Nat Neurosci 12 6:801-807.
82. O'Keefe J, Dostrovsky J (1971) The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res 34 1:171-175.
83. Olton DS, Becker JT, Handelmann GE (1979) Hippocampus, space, and memory. Behav Brain Sci 2:313-365.
84. Eichenbaum H, Stewart C, Morris R G M (1990) Hippocampal representation in place learning. J Neurosci 10 11:3531-3542.
85. Packard MG, White NM (1991) Dissociation of hippocampus and caudate nucleus memory systems by posttraining intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists. Behav Neurosci 105 2:295-306.
86. Packard MG, McGaugh JL (1996) Inactivation of hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 65 1:65-72.
87. Packard MG, Goodman J (2012) Emotional arousal and multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Front Behav Neurosci 6(2012):14.
88. Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL (1994) Amygdala modulation of hippocampaldependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 18:8477-8481.
89. Malin EL, McGaugh JL (2006) Differential involvement of the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and basolateral amygdala in memory for context and footshock. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 6:1959-1963.
90. McIntyre CK, et al. (2005) Memory-influencing intra-basolateral amygdala drug infusions modulate expression of Arc protein in the hippocampus. Proc NatlAcadSci USA 102 30:10718-10723.
91. Guzowski JF, et al. (2000) Inhibition of activity-dependent arc protein expression in the rat hippocampus impairs the maintenance of long-term potentiation and the consolidation of long-term memory. J Neurosci 20 11:3993-4001.
92. Ikegaya Y, Saito H, Abe K (1995) High-frequency stimulation of the basolateral amygdala facilitates the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Neurosci Res 22 2:203-207.
93. Akirav I, Richter-Levin G (1999) Biphasic modulation of hippocampal plasticity by behavioral stress and basolateral amygdala stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci 19(23):10530-10535.
94. Dringenberg HC, Vanderwolf CH (1996) Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: An amygdaloid activating system. Exp Brain Res 108 2:285-296.
95. Dringenberg HC, Saber AJ, Cahill L (2001) Enhanced frontal cortex activation in rats by convergent amygdaloid and noxious sensory signals. Neuroreport 12 11:2395-2398.
96. Dringenberg HC, Kuo MC, Tomaszek S (2004) Stabilization of thalamo-cortical longterm potentiation by the amygdala: Cholinergic and transcription-dependent mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 20 2:557-565.
97. Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (2012) Amygdala strengthening of cortical memory representations. The Amygdala-A Discrete Multitasking Manager, ed Ferry B (In Tech, Rijeka, Croatia).
98. Weinberger NM (2004) Specific long-term memory traces in primary auditory cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 4:279-290.
99. Weinberger NM (2007) Associative representational plasticity in the auditory cortex: A synthesis of two disciplines. Learn Mem 14(1-2):1-16
100. Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (2009) The basolateral amygdala modulates specific sensory memory representations in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 91 4:382-392.
101. Chavez CM, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (2013) Activation of the basolateral amygdala induces long-term enhancement of specific memory representations in the cerebral cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 101:8-18.
102. Anderson AK, Yamaguchi Y, Grabski W, Lacka D (2006) Emotional memories are not all created equal: Evidence for selective memory enhancement. Learn Mem 13(6):711-718.
103. Liu D L J, Graham S, Zorawski M (2008) Enhanced selective memory consolidation following post-learning pleasant and aversive arousal. Neurobiol Learn Mem 89 1:36-46.
104. Henckens M J AG, Hermans EJ, Pu Z, Joëls M, Fernandez G (2009) Stressed memories: How acute stress affects memory formation in humans. J Neurosci 29(32):10111-10119.
105. Nielson KA, Lorber W (2009) Enhanced post-learning memory consolidation is influenced by arousal predisposition and emotion regulation but not by stimulus valence or arousal. Neurobiol Learn Mem 92 1:70-79.
106. Kensinger EA, Addis DR, Atapattu RK (2011) Amygdala activity at encoding corresponds with memory vividness and with memory for select episodic details. Neuropsychologia 49 4:663-673.
107. Steidl S, Razik F, Anderson AK (2011) Emotion enhanced retention of cognitive skill learning. Emotion 11 1:12-19.
108. Nielson KA, Powless M (2007) Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30 min after learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 88 1:40-47.
109. Nielson KA, Radtke RC, Jensen RA (1996) Arousal-induced modulation of memory storage processes in humans. Neurobiol Learn Mem 66 2:133-142.
110. Nielson KA, Arentsen TJ (2012) Memory modulation in the classroom: Selective enhancement of college examination performance by arousal induced after lecture. Neurobiol Learn Mem 98 1:12-16.
111. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, McGaugh JL (1994) β-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 371 6499:702-704.
112. Cahill L, Alkire MT (2003) Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: Interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 79 2:194-198.
113. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K (2003) Enhanced human memory consolidation with postlearning stress: Interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn Mem 10 4:270-274.
114. Hupbach A, Fieman R (2012) Moderate stress enhances immediate and delayed retrieval of educationally relevant material in healthy young men. Behav Neurosci 126 6:819-825.
115. Maheu FS, Joober R, Beaulieu S, Lupien SJ (2004) Differential effects of adrenergic and corticosteroid hormonal systems on human short-and long-term declarative memory for emotionally arousing material. Behav Neurosci 118 2:420-428.
116. Smeets T, Otgaar H, Candel I, Wolf OT (2008) True or false? Memory is differentially affected by stress-induced cortisol elevations and sympathetic activity at consolidation and retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 10:1378-1386.
117. Segal SK, Cahill L (2009) Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(9):1263-1271.
118. Segal SK, Stark SM, Kattan D, Stark CE, Yassa MA (2012) Norepinephrine-mediated emotional arousal facilitates subsequent pattern separation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 97 4:465-469.
119. Yassa MA, Stark CE (2011) Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 34 10:515-525.
120. Cahill L, et al. (1996) Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 15:8016-8021.
121. Hamann SB, Ely TD, Grafton ST, Kilts CD (1999) Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nat Neurosci 2 3:289-293.
122. Hamann SB, Ely TD, Hoffman JM, Kilts CD (2002) Ecstasy and agony: Activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psychol Sci 13 2:135-141.
123. Canli T, Zhao Z, Brewer J, Gabrieli JD, Cahill L (2000) Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. J Neurosci 20(19):RC99.
124. Canli T, Desmond JE, Zhao Z, Gabrieli JD (2002) Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 16:10789-10794.
125. Kensinger EA, Corkin S (2004) Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 9:3310-3315.
126. Kilpatrick L, Cahill L (2003) Modulation of memory consolidation for olfactory learning by reversible inactivation of the basolateral amygdala. Behav Neurosci 117 1:184-188.
127. Dolcos F, La Bar KS, Cabeza R (2004) Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron 42 5:855-863.
128. La Bar KS, Cabeza R (2006) Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 7 1:54-64.
129. Kensinger EA, Krendl AC, Corkin S (2006) Memories of an emotional and a nonemotional event: Effects of aging and delay interval. Exp Aging Res 32 1:23-45.
130. Ritchey M, Dolcos F, Cabeza R (2008) Role of amygdala connectivity in the persistence of emotional memories over time: An event-related FMRI investigation. Cereb Cortex 18 11:2494-2504.
131. Ritchey M, La Bar KS, Cabeza R (2011) Level of processing modulates the neural correlates of emotional memory formation. J Cogn Neurosci 23 4:757-771.
132. Schwarze U, Bingel U, Sommer T (2012) Event-related nociceptive arousal enhances memory consolidation for neutral scenes. J Neurosci 32 4:1481-1487.
133. van Stegeren AH, et al. (2005) Noradrenaline mediates amygdala activation in men and women during encoding of emotional material. Neuroimage 24 3:898-909.
134. van Stegeren A, Rohleder N, Everaerd W, Wolf OT (2006) Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: Effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31 1:137-141.
135. van Stegeren AH, et al. (2007) Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 87 1:57-66.
136. Strange BA, Dolan RJ (2004) β-adrenergic modulation of emotional memory-evoked human amygdala and hippocampal responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(31):11454-11458.
137. van Stegeren AH, Roozendaal B, Kindt M, Wolf OT, Joëls M (2010) Interacting noradrenergic and corticosteroid systems shift human brain activation patterns during encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 93 1:56-65.
138. Pitman RK (2006) Secondary pharmacological prevention of PTSD: Therapeutic implications of a translational model. PTSD: Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, eds Kato N, Kawata M, Pitman RK (Springer, Berlin), pp 281-296.
139. Pitman RK, et al. (2002) Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Biol Psychiatry 51 2:189-192.
140. Vaiva G, et al. (2003) Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma. Biol Psychiatry 54 9:947-949.
141. Holbrook TL, Galarneau MR, Dye JL, Quinn K, Dougherty AL (2010) Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 362 2:110-117.
142. McGaugh JL, Introini-Collison IB, Nagahara AH (1988) Memory-enhancing effects of posttraining naloxone: Involvement of β-noradrenergic influences in the amygdaloid complex. Brain Res 446 1:37-49.
143. Borges JL (1944) Funes el memorioso. Ficciones, ed Kerrigan A, trans Bonner A (1962) (Grove Press, New York).
144. Luria AR (1968) The Mind of a Mnemonist; A Little Book about a Vast Memory (Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA).
145. Hunt E, Love T (1972) How good can memory be?. Coding Processes in Human Memory, eds Melton AW, Martin E (Winston-Wiley, Washington, DC).
146. Hurst LC, Mulhall DJ (1988) Another calendar savant. Br JPsychiatry 152:274-277.
147. Heavey L, Pring L, Hermelin B (1999) A date to remember: The nature of memory in savant calendrical calculators. Psychol Med 29 1:145-160.
148. Parker ES, Cahill L, McGaugh JL (2006) A case of unusual autobiographical remembering. Neurocase 12 1:35-49.
149. Le Port A K R, et al. (2012) A behavioral and neuroanatomical investigation of highly superior autobiographical memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 98 1:78-92.
150. Wilding J, Valentine E (1997) Superior Memory (Psychology Press, East Sussex, United Kingdom).
151. Kapur N, Ellison D, Smith MP, McLellan DL, Burrows EH (1992) Focal retrograde amnesia following bilateral temporal lobe pathology. A neuropsychological and magnetic resonance study. Brain 115(Pt 1):73-85.
152. Levine B, et al. (1998) Episodic memory and the self in a case of isolated retrograde amnesia. Brain 121(Pt 10):1951-1973.
153. Steinvorth S, Corkin S, Halgren E (2006) Ecphory of autobiographical memories: An fMRI study of recent and remote memory retrieval. Neuroimage 30 1:285-298.
154. Ribot R (1882) Diseases of Memory (Appleton, New York).
155. Scoville WB, Milner B (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 20 1:11-21.
156. Milner B (1972) Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man. Clin Neurosurg 19:421-446.
157. Mishkin M, Malamut B, Bachevalier J (1984) Memories and habits: Two neural systems. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, eds Lynch G, McGaugh JL, Weinberger NM (Guilford, New York), pp 65-77.
158. White NM, McDonald RJ (2002) Multiple parallel memory systems in the brain of the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 77 2:125-184.