The cheating liver: imaging of focal steatosis and fatty sparing

Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 671-678

  Dioguardi Burgio, Marco ^a   Bruno, Onorina ^b   Agnello, Francesco ^a   Torrisi, Chiara ^a   Vernuccio, Federica ^a   Cabibbo, Giuseppe ^a   Soresi, Maurizio ^c   Petta, Salvatore ^a   Calamia, Mauro ^a   Papia, Giovanni ^a   Gambino, Angelo ^a   Ricceri, Viola ^a   Midiri, Massimo ^a   Lagalla, Roberto ^a   Brancatelli, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b BEAUJON HOSPITAL   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

Author keywords

CT; fatty sparing; Focal steatosis; liver; MRI

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

ARTERY PERFUSION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; FATTY LIVER; HUMAN; INSULINOMA; LIVER ADENOMA; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER METASTASIS; LIVER NODULE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREDICTIVE VALUE; QUANTITATIVE DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FEMALE; LIVER; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; AGED; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY; FATTY LIVER, ALCOHOLIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIVER; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84964012361     PISSN: 17474124     EISSN: 17474132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1169919     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. S.Petta, C.Muratore, A.Craxì Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis: the present and the future. Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Sep;41(9):615–625.
2. L.A.Adams, J.F.Lymp, J.St Sauver, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:113–121.
3. H.Tilg, A.R.Moschen. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology. 2010 Nov;52(5):1836–1846.
4. G.Marchesini, G.Forlani. Diabetes and hepatocellular cancer risk: not only a matter of hyperglycemia. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1298–1300.
5. A.Lonardo, S.Ballestri, G.Targher, et al. Diagnosis and management of cardiovascular risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 May;9(5):629–650.
6. V.V.Sahasrabuddhe, M.Z.Gunja, B.I.Graubard, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Dec 5;104(23):1808–1814.
7. F.H.Cassidy, T.Yokoo, L.Aganovic, et al. Fatty liver disease: MR imaging techniques for the detection and quantification of liver steatosis. Radiographics. 2009;29(1):231–260.•• Comprehensive review about MR-imaging techniques for the study of liver steatosis.
8. A.A.Bravo, S.G.Sheth, S.Chopra. Liver biopsy. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 15;344(7):495–500.
9. A.Regev, M.Berho, L.J.Jeffers, et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Oct;97(10):2614–2618. PMID: 12385448
10. S.Ballestri, A.Lonardo, D.Romagnoli, et al. Ultrasonographic fatty liver indicator, a novel score which rules out NASH and is correlated with metabolic parameters in NAFLD. Liver Int. 2012 Sep;32(8):1242–1252.
11. M.Webb, H.Yeshua, S.Zelber-Sagi, et al. Diagnostic value of a computerized hepatorenal index for sonographic quantification of liver steatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Apr;192(4):909–914.
12. A.De Moura Almeida, H.P.Cotrim, D.B.Barbosa, et al. Fatty liver disease in severe obese patients: diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasound. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(9):1415–1418.
13. S.H.Park, P.N.Kim, K.W.Kim, et al. Macrovesicular hepatic steatosis in living liver donors: use of CT for quantitative and qualitative assessment. Radiology. 2006 Apr;239(1):105–112.
14. Y.Kodama, C.S.Ng, T.T.Wu, et al. Comparison of CT methods for determining the fat content of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):1307–1312.•• Compares CT techniques for the diagnosis of liver steatosis.
15. Y.S.Park, S.H.Park, S.S.Lee, et al. Biopsy-proven nonsteatotic liver in adults: estimation of reference range for difference in attenuation between the liver and the spleen at nonenhanced CT. Radiology. 2011 Mar;258(3):760–766.
16. D.Y.Kim, S.H.Park, S.S.Lee, et al. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the diagnosis of fatty liver: prospective study with same-day biopsy used as the reference standard. Eur Radiol. 2010 Feb;20(2):359–366.
17. E.M.Merkle, R.C.Nelson. Dual gradient-echo in-phase and opposed-phase hepatic MR imaging: a useful tool for evaluating more than fatty infiltration or fatty sparing. Radiographics. 2006;26(5):1409–1418.
18. K.J.Chang, I.R.Kamel, K.J.Macura, et al. 3.0-T MR imaging of the abdomen: comparison with 1.5 T. Radiographics. 2008 NovDec;28(7):1983–1998.
19. V.Vilgrain, M.Ronot, M.Abdel-Rehim, et al. Hepatic steatosis: a major trap in liver imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013;94(78):713–727.•• Comprehensive review about hepatic steatosis, focal steatosis, and fatty sparing.
20. C.Basaran, M.Karcaaltincaba, D.Akata, et al. Fat-containing lesions of the liver: cross-sectional imaging findings with emphasis on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005 Apr;184(4):1103–1110.
21. D.L.Topping, P.A.Mayes. The immediate effects of insulin and fructose on the metabolism of the perfused liver. Changes in lipoprotein secretion, fatty acid oxidation and esterification, lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Biochem J. 1972;126(2):295–311.
22. D.M.Battaglia, I.R.Wanless, A.P.Brady, et al. Intrahepatic sequestered segment of liver presenting as focal fatty change. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90(12):2238–2239.
23. Y.Fukukura, F.Fujiyoshi, H.Inoue, et al. Focal fatty infiltration in the posterior aspect of hepatic segment IV: relationship to pancreaticoduodenal venous drainage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(12):3590–3595.
24. A.Dohan, C.Eveno, P.Soyer, et al. Focal fatty infiltration in Segment IV of the liver mimicking peritoneal carcinomatosis on CT and MR imaging. J Visc Surg. 2014;151(4):319–321.
25. H.Genchellac, S.Yilmaz, A.Ucar, et al. Hepatic pseudolesion around the falciform ligament: prevalence, aberrant venous supply, and fatty infiltration evaluated by multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31(4):526–533.• Describes hepatic pseudolesions around the falciform ligament.
26. M.Macari, R.Yeretsian, J.Babb. Assessment of low signal adjacent to the falciform ligament on contrast-enhanced MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(6):1443–1448.
27. S.Kobayashi, O.Matsui, M.Kadoya, et al. CT arteriographic confirmation of focal hepatic fatty infiltration adjacent to the falciform ligament associated with drainage of inferior vein of Sappey: a case report. Radiat Med. 2001;19(1):51–54.
28. I.R.Wanless, J.M.Bargman, D.G.Oreopoulos, et al. Subcapsular steatonecrosis in response to peritoneal insulin delivery: a clue to the pathogenesis of steatonecrosis in obesity. Mod Pathol. 1989;2(2):69–74.
29. K.Khalili, F.P.Lan, A.E.Hanbidge, et al. Hepatic subcapsular steatosis in response to intraperitoneal insulin delivery: CT findings and prevalence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(6):1601–1604.• Describes CT appearance of steatosis caused by intraperitoneal insulin delivery.
30. J.Sohn, E.Siegelman, A.Osiason. Unusual patterns of hepatic steatosis caused by the local effect of insulin revealed on chemical shift MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(2):471–474.• Describes MRI appearance of steatosis caused by intraperitoneal insulin delivery.
31. A.Fregeville, A.Couvelard, V.Paradis, et al. Metastatic insulinoma and glucagonoma from the pancreas responsible for specific peritumoral patterns of hepatic steatosis secondary to local effects of insulin and glucagon on hepatocytes. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(4):1150,1365.
32. J.Kemper, G.Jung, L.W.Poll, et al. CT and MRI findings of multifocal hepatic steatosis mimicking malignancy. Abdom Imaging. 2002;27(6):708–710.•• Describes CT and MRI appearance of multifocal hepatic steatosis.
33. T.J.Kroncke, M.Taupitz, D.Kivelitz, et al. Multifocal nodular fatty infiltration of the liver mimicking metastatic disease on CT: imaging findings and diagnosis using MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(7):1095–1100.
34. K.Morii, S.Nakamura, T.Yamamoto, et al. Steatotic regenerative nodules mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2014;34(3):477. doi:10.1111/liv.12256.
35. R.F.Hanna, D.A.Aguirre, N.Kased, et al. Cirrhosis-associated hepatocellular nodules: correlation of histopathologic and MR imaging features. Radiographics. 2008;28(3):747–769.
36. M.Karcaaltincaba, O.Akhan. Imaging of hepatic steatosis and fatty sparing. Eur J Radiol. 2007 Jan;61(1):33–43.•• Comprehensive review about hepatic steatosis and fatty sparing.
37. E.Unal, M.N.Ozmen, D.Akata, et al. Imaging of aberrant left gastric vein and associated pseudolesions of segments II and III of the liver and mimickers. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2015;21(2):105–110.
38. J.J.Chung, M.J.Kim, J.H.Kim, et al. Fat sparing of surrounding liver from metastasis in patients with fatty liver: MR imaging with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(5):1347–1350.
39. T.Gabata, M.Kadoya, O.Matsui, et al. Peritumoral spared area in fatty liver: correlation between opposed-phase gradient-echo MR imaging and CT arteriography. Abdom Imaging. 2001;26(4):384–389.•• Describes CT and MRI appearance of peritumoral fatty sparing.
40. M.Grossholz, F.Terrier, L.Rubbia, et al. Focal sparing in the fatty liver as a sign of an adjacent space-occupying lesion. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(5):1391–1395.
41. R.C.Chen, C.S.Li, J.M.Lii, et al. Peritumoral fat-spared area is well correlated with the presence of temporal peritumoral enhancement in hepatic hemangioma in fatty liver. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;22(1):86–91.
42. K.Fujikawa, K.Shiraki, T.Ito, et al. Focal spared area in fatty liver mimicking a tumor. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(47):1253–1254.
43. W.W.Tom, B.M.Yeh, J.C.Cheng, et al. Hepatic pseudotumor due to nodular fatty sparing: the diagnostic role of opposed-phase MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(3):721–724.•• Shows the role of out-of-phase GRE images for the diagnosis of nodular fatty sparing.
44. T.Arita, N.Matsunaga, Y.Honma, et al. Focally spared area of fatty liver caused by arterioportal shunt. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1996;20(3):360–362.
45. A.C.Westphalen, A.Qayyum, B.M.Yeh, et al. Liver fat: effect of hepatic iron deposition on evaluation with opposed-phase MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;242(2):450–455.
46. A.Qayyum. MR spectroscopy of the liver: principles and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2009 Oct;29(6):1653–1664.
47. D.P.O’Regan, M.F.Callaghan, M.Wylezinska-Arridge, et al. Liver fat content and T2*: simultaneous measurement by using breath-hold multiecho MR imaging at 3.0 T–feasibility. Radiology. 2008;247(2):550–557.
48. G.d’Assignies, M.Ruel, A.Khiat, et al. Noninvasive quantitation of human liver steatosis using magnetic resonance and bioassay methods. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(8):2033–2040.
49. A.R.Pineda, S.B.Reeder, Z.Wen, et al. Cramér-Rao bounds for three-point decomposition of water and fat. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54(3):625–635.
50. S.B.Reeder, I.Cruite, G.Hamilton, et al. Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Oct;34(4):729–749.
51. A.Tang, J.Tan, M.Sun, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: MR imaging of liver proton density fat fraction to assess hepatic steatosis. Radiology. 2013;267(2):422–431.
52. I.S.Idilman, H.Aniktar, R.Idilman, et al. Hepatic steatosis: quantification by proton density fat fraction with MR imaging versus liver biopsy. Radiology. 2013;267(3):767–775.