Salivary Biomarkers of Chronic Psychosocial Stress and CVD Risks: A Systematic Review

Biological Research for Nursing

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 241-263

  An, Kyungeh ^a   Salyer, Jeanne ^a   Brown, Roy E ^a   Kao, Hsueh Fen Sabrina ^b   Starkweather, Angela ^c   Shim, Insop ^d  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^d Kyung Hee University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease; cortisol; psychosocial stress; salivary biomarkers

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; BIOMARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84963644241     PISSN: 10998004     EISSN: 15524175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1099800415604437     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. J.K.Aronson (2005). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 59, 491–494. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02435.x
2. I.M.BalodisK.Wynne-EdwardsM.C.Olmstead (2010). The other side of the curve: Examining the relationship between pre-stressor physiological responses and stress reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1363–1373. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.011
3. J.A.BoschM.TurkenburgK.NazmiE.C.VeermanE.J.de GeusA.V.Nieuw Amerongen (2003). Stress as a determinant of saliva-mediated adherence and coadherence of oral and nonoral microorganisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 604–12.
4. J.A.BoschE.C.VeermanE.J.de GeusG.B.Proctor (2011). α-Amylase as a reliable and convenient measure of sympathetic activity: don’t start salivating just yet!. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(4), 449–53. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.019.
5. M.S.BoyneA.WoollardD.I.PhillipsC.Taylor-BryanF.I.BennettC.Osmond…T.E.Forrester (2009). The association of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and blood pressure in an Afro-Caribbean population. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 736–742. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.005
6. R.T.ChattertonJr.K.M.VogelsongY.C.LuA.B.EllmanG.A.Hudgens (1996). Salivary alpha-amylase as a measure of endogenous adrenergic activity. Clinical Physiology, 16, 433–448.
7. S.CohenJ.E.SchwartzE.EpelC.KirschbaumS.SidneyT.Seeman (2006). Socioeconomic status, race, and diurnal cortisol decline in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 41–50. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000195967.51768.ea
8. A.ConradF.H.WilhelmW.T.RothD.SpiegelC.B.Taylor (2008). Circadian affective, cardiopulmonary, and cortisol variability in depressed and nondepressed individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 769–777. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.08.003
9. J.A.DeCaro (2008). Methodological considerations in the use of salivary alpha-amylase as a stress marker in field research. American Journal of Human Biology, 20, 617–619.
10. M.J.DekkerJ.W.KoperM.O.van AkenH.A.PolsA.HofmanF.H.de Jong…H.Tiemeier (2008). Salivary cortisol is related to atherosclerosis of carotid arteries. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93, 3741–3747. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0496
11. A.S.DeSantisA.V.DiezRouxA.HajatA.E.AielloS.H.GoldenN.S.Jenny…S.Shea (2012). Associations of salivary cortisol levels with inflammatory markers: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1009–1018. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.009
12. A.S.DeSantisA.V.DiezRouxA.HajatS.H.GoldenN.S.JennyB.N.Sanchez…T.E.Seeman (2011). Associations of salivary cortisol levels with metabolic syndrome and its components: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96, 3483–3492. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0483
13. D.P.DoA.V.Diez RouxA.HajatA.H.AuchinclossS.S.MerkinN.Ranjit…T.Seeman (2011). Circadian rhythm of cortisol and neighborhood characteristics in a population-based sample: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Health & Place, 17, 625–632. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.019
14. A.K.B.V.R.DortlandS.A.VreeburgE.J.GiltayC.M.M.LichtN.VogelzangsT.van Veen…F.G.Zitman (2013). The impact of stress systems and lifestyle on dyslipidemia and obesity in anxiety and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 209–218. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.017
15. N.H.EllerB.NetterstromP.Allerup (2005). Progression in intima media thickness—The significance of hormonal biomarkers of chronic stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 715–723. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.005
16. J.D.FoleyIIIJ.D.SneedS.R.SteinhublJ.KolasaJ.L.EbersoleY.Lin…C.S.Miller (2012). Oral fluids that detect cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 114, 207–214.
17. E.B.GordisD.A.GrangerE.J.SusmanP.K.Trickett (2006). Asymmetry between salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to stress: Relation to aggressive behavior in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 976–987.
18. D.A.GrangerC.BlairM.WilloughbyK.T.KivlighanL.C.HibelC.K.Fortunato, … Family Life Project Investigators. (2007). Individual differences in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in mothers and their infants: Relation to tobacco smoke exposure. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 692–701.
19. N.GrantM.HamerA.Steptoe (2009). Social isolation and stress-related cardiovascular, lipid, and cortisol responses. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 29–37. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9081-z
20. A.HajatA.Diez-RouxJ.PolakT.SeemanS.MerkinJ.Lima…P.Holvoet (2010). Association between salivary cortisol levels and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171, S120.
21. M.HamerR.EndrighiS.M.VenurajuA.LahiriA.Steptoe (2012). Cortisol responses to mental stress and the progression of coronary artery calcification in healthy men and women. PLoS One, 7, e31356.
22. M.HamerK.O’DonnellA.LahiriA.Steptoe (2010). Salivary cortisol responses to mental stress are associated with coronary artery calcification in healthy men and women. European Heart Journal, 31, 424–429.
23. M.HamerK.O’DonnellA.SteptoeA.Lahiri (2009). Neuroendocrine function and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in healthy adults. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, S198.
24. J.P.T.HigginsD.G.Altman (2008). Assessment risk of bias in included studies. In (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions(Version 5.0.1, Chap. 8). The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved fromwww.cochrane-handbook.org
25. N.HjortskovA.H.GardeP.ØrbækÅ.M.Hansen (2004). Evaluation of salivary cortisol as a biomarker of self-reported mental stress in field studies. Stress and Health, 20, 91–98. doi:10.1002/smi.1000
26. S.JanketJ.H.MeurmanA.E.BairdM.QvarnstromP.NuutinenL.K.Ackerson…T.E.Van Dyke (2010). Salivary immunoglobulins and prevalent coronary artery disease. Journal of Dental Research, 89, 389–394. doi:10.1177/0022034509359884
27. S.J.JanketJ.H.MeurmanP.NuutinenM.QvarnstromM.E.NunnA.E.Baird…J.A.Jones (2006). Salivary lysozyme and prevalent coronary heart disease: Possible effects of oral health on endothelial dysfunction. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 26, 433–434. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000198249.67996.e0
28. L.JarupM.L.DudleyW.BabischD.HouthuijsW.SwartG.Pershagen, … HYENA Consortium. (2005). Hypertension and Exposure to Noise Near Airports (HYENA): Study design and noise exposure assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1473–1478.
29. A.JekellA.HossainU.AlehagenU.DahlstromA.Rosen (2004). Elevated circulating levels of thioredoxin and stress in chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 6, 883–890. doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.03.003
30. R.P.JusterS.SindiM.F.MarinA.PernaA.HasemiJ.C.PruessnerS.J.Lupien (2011). A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 797–805. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.11.001
31. M.KumariM.ShipleyM.StaffordM.Kivimaki (2011). Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: Findings from the Whitehall II study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96, 1478–1485. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2137
32. S.Kunz-EbrechtC.KirschbaumA.Steptoe (2004). Work stress, socioeconomic status and neuroendocrine activation over the working day. Social Science & Medicine, 58, 1523–1530. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00347-2
33. R.S.Lazarus (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
34. U.LundbergB.Hellstrom (2002). Workload and morning salivary cortisol in women. Work and Stress, 16, 356–363. doi:10.1080/0267837021000064427
35. K.MatthewsJ.SchwartzS.CohenT.Seeman (2006). Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 657–661. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000244071.42939.0e
36. R.MaurusA.BegumL.K.WilliamsJ.R.FredriksenR.ZhangS.G.WithersG.D.Brayer (2008). Alternative catalytic anions differentially modulate human alpha-amylase activity and specificity. Biochemistry, 47, 3332–3344. doi:10.1021/bi701652t
37. D.MeyburghL.MalanJ.M.Van RooyenJ.C.Potgieter (2012). Cardiovascular, cortisol and coping responses in urban Africans: The SAPBA study. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23, 28–33.
38. G.E.MillerE.ChenJ.SzeT.MarinJ.M.G.ArevaloR.Doll…S.W.Cole (2008). A functional genomic fingerprint of chronic stress in humans: Blunted glucocorticoid and increased NF-kappa B signaling. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 266–272. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.017
39. I.Mirzaii-DizgahS.F.HejaziE.RiahiM.M.Salehi (2012). Saliva-based creatine kinase MB measurement as a potential point-of-care testing for detection of myocardial infarction. Clinical Oral Investigations, 16, 775–779.
40. I.Mirzaii-DizgahM.Jafari-Sabet (2011). Unstimulated whole saliva creatine phosphokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Oral Diseases, 17, 597–600. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01817.x
41. D.MoherA.LiberatiJ.TetzlaffD.G.Altman, & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
42. T.NaidooK.KonkolB.BiccardK.DudoseA.J.McKune (2012). Elevated salivary C-reactive protein predicted by low cardio-respiratory fitness and being overweight in African children. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 23, 501–506. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2012-058
43. U.M.NaterR.La MarcaL.FlorinA.MosesW.LanghansM.M.KollerU.Ehlert (2006). Stress-induced changes in human salivary alpha-amylase activity—Associations with adrenergic activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 49–58.
44. National Institute of Health Biomarker Definition Working Group. (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 69, 89–95. doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.113989. PMID 11240971
45. C.M.NorrisA.LjubsaK.M.Hegadoren (2009). Gender as a determinant of responses to a self-screening questionnaire on anxiety and depression by patients with coronary artery disease. Gender Medicine, 6, 479–487. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2009.09.001
46. I.Ouellet-MorinA.DaneseB.WilliamsL.Arseneault (2011). Validation of a high-sensitivity assay for C-reactive protein in human saliva. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 25, 640–646. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.020
47. J.L.W.RobinsN.L.McCainR.K.ElswickJr. (2012). Exploring the complexity of cardiometabolic risk in women. Biological Research for Nursing, 14, 160–170. doi:10.1177/1099800411398652
48. N.RohlederU.M.NaterJ.M.WolfU.EhlertC.Kirschbau (2004). Psychosocial stress-induced activation of salivary alpha-amylase: An indicator of sympathetic activity?Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 258–263.
49. R.RosmondS.WalleriusP.WangerL.MartinG.HolmP.Bjorntorp (2003). A 5-year follow-up study of disease incidence in men with an abnormal hormone pattern. Journal of Internal Medicine, 254, 386–390.
50. M.RydenB.HedbackL.Jonasson (2009). Does stress reduction change the levels of cortisol secretion in patients with coronary artery disease?Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 29, 314–317. doi:10.1097/HCR.0b013e3181ac785f
51. C.D.RyffG.Dienberg LoveH.L.UrryD.MullerM.A.RosenkranzE.M.FriedmanB.Singer. (2006). Psychological well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates?Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 85–95. doi:10.1159/000090892
52. M.SahebJameeM.EslamiF.AtarbashiMoghadamA.Sarafnejad (2008). Salivary concentration of TNFalpha, IL1 alpha, IL6, and IL8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal, 13, E292–E295.
53. R.M.SchoorlemmerG.M.PeetersN.M.van SchoorP.Lips (2009). Relationships between cortisol level, mortality and chronic diseases in older persons. Clinical Endocrinology, 71, 779–786. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03552.x
54. K.A.SchwarzG.Dunphy (2003). An examination of perceived stress in family caregivers of older adults with heart failure. Experimental Aging Research, 29, 221–235.
55. J.SelanderG.BluhmT.TheorellG.PershagenW.BabischI.Seiffert, … HYENA Consortium. (2009). Saliva cortisol and exposure to aircraft noise in six European countries. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 1713–1717. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900933
56. A.SeldenrijkM.HamerA.LahiriB.W.PenninxA.Steptoe (2012). Psychological distress, cortisol stress response and subclinical coronary calcification. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.001
57. H.Selye (1974). Stress without distress. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.
58. A.SteptoeL.BrydonS.Kunz-Ebrecht (2005). Changes in financial strain over three years, ambulatory blood pressure, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 281–287. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000156932.96261.d2
59. A.SteptoeS.Kunz-EbrechtN.OwenP.FeldmanG.WillemsenC.KirschbaumM.Marmot (2003). Socioeconomic status and stress-related biological responses over the working day. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 461–470. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000035717.78650.A1
60. A.SteptoeG.J.MolloyN.Messerli-BurgyA.WikmanG.RandallL.Perkins-PorrasJ.C.Kaski (2011). Fear of dying and inflammation following acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal, 32, 2405–2411. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr132
61. A.SteptoeN.OwenS.Kunz-EbrechtL.Brydon (2004). Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 593–611. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00086-6
62. A.SteptoeJ.SiegristC.KirschbaumM.Marmot (2004). Effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, and measures of cortisol and blood pressure over the working day. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 323–329.
63. A.SteptoeJ.WardleM.Marmot (2005). Positive affect and health-related neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 6508–6512. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409174102
64. K.StrimbuJ.A.Tavel (2010). “What are biomarkers?” Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 5, 463–466. doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177
65. L.R.StroudE.FosterG.D.PapandonatosK.HandwergerD.A.GrangerK.T.KivlighanR.Niaura (2009). Stress response and the adolescent transition: Performance versus peer rejection stressors. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 47–68. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000042
66. M.TerzoloS.BovioA.PiaP.ContonG.ReimondoC.Dall’Asta…F.Mantero (2005). Midnight serum cortisol as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with a clinically inapparent adrenal adenoma. European Journal of Endocrinology, 153, 307–315. doi:10.1530/eje.1.01959
67. C.ThomasC.HertzmanC.Power (2009). Night work, long working hours, psychosocial work stress and cortisol secretion in mid-life: Evidence from a British birth cohort. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66, 824–831. doi:10.1136/oem.2008.044396
68. A.van StegerenN.RohlederW.EveraerdO.T.Wolf (2006). Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: Effect of betablockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 137–141.
69. J.M.ViolantiC.M.BurchfielD.FekedulegnM.E.AndrewJ.DornT.A.Hartley…D.B.Miller (2009). Cortisol patterns and brachial artery reactivity in a high stress environment. Psychiatry Research, 169, 75–81. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.012
70. B.Weber-HamannJ.KratzschD.KopfF.LederbogenM.GillesI.HeuserM.Deuschle (2007). Resistin and adiponectin in major depression: The association with free cortisol and effects of antidepressant treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 344–350. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.002
71. B.Weber-HamannM.WernerF.HentschelN.BindeballeF.LederbogenM.DeuschleI.Heuser (2006). Metabolic changes in elderly patients with major depression: Evidence for increased accumulation of visceral fat at follow-up. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 347–354. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.014 ER
72. I.S.WongA.S.OstryP.A.DemersH.W.Davies (2012). Job strain and shift work influences on biomarkers and subclinical heart disease indicators: A pilot study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9, 467–477. doi:10.1080/15459624.2012.693831
73. S.XiangR.DenverM.BaileyH.Krum (2003). Physiologic determinants of endothelin concentrations in human saliva. Clinical Chemistry, 49, 2012–2019. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.020875