Inside Newark: Decline, rebellion, and the search for transformation

Inside Newark: Decline, Rebellion, and the Search for Transformation

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-390

  Curvin, Robert ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84962777988     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (410)

1. Timothy Crist, “Godly Government: Puritans and the Founding of Newark” (paper presented to the Newark History Society, meeting held at the New Jersey Historical Society, 52 Park Place, Newark, November 9, 2009), 1-15.
2. Timothy Crist, “Godly Government: Puritans and the Founding of Newark” (paper presented to the Newark History Society, meeting held at the New Jersey Historical Society, 52 Park Place, Newark, November 9, 2009), 16nn.
3. Laurie Cohen, “Tracking High School Graduation Rates in the Newark Public Schools” (unpublished manuscript, submitted for Graduate Seminar on Post Industrial Cities, Edward J. Bloustein School, Rutgers University, spring 2012).
4. American Community Survey, 2010, www.census.gov/acs/www.
5. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 53.
6. Stanley Winters, “Newark’s Plight in Perspective,” Urban Consensus, April 1972.
7. Mary Bruno, An American River (Vashon, WA: Dewitt Press, 2012), 23-43.
8. Michael E. Porter, Opportunity Newark, Initiative for a Competitive Inner City/Newark Alliance, 2006, www.Newark-alliance.org/docs/media/1324-newarksummary.
9. Mike Kinney and Mark Mueller, “Two Suburban Schools Refuse Trips to Newark for Football,” Star-Ledger, October 27, 2008.
10. Michael Danielson, The Politics of Exclusion (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 202-205;
11. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 210-212.
12. Kevin Michael Kruse, Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 61.
13. Beryl Satter, Family Properties (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009);
14. George Sternlieb, The Tenement Landlord (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1966).
15. William Frey and Dowell Myers, “Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas and Cities, 1990-2000: Trends and Explanations” (University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 2005).
16. Florence Wagman Roisman, “Intentional Racial Discrimination and Segregation by the Federal Government as a Principal Cause of Concentrated Poverty,” a response to Schill and Wachter, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, May 1, 1995.
17. New Jersey Advisory Committee to the United States Commission of Civil Rights, “Public Housing in Newark’s Central Ward,” April 1968. This bound brochure is a report of public hearings.
18. Ada Louise Huxtable, “A Prescription for Disaster,” New York Times, November 5, 1972.
19. Tim O’Neil, “A Look Back: Pruitt and Igoe Started Strong, but in the End Failed,” St. Louis Post Dispatch, July 25, 2010, www.umsl.edu-keelr/010/Pruitt-igoe.htm.
20. Michael B. Katz, Why Don’t American Cities Burn (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 49.
21. Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), xx.
22. Frank Rich, “Fourth of July, 1776, 1964, 2010,” New York Times, July 4, 2010, 8.
23. Samuel L. Myers and Margaret C. Simms, The Economics of Race and Crime (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988).
24. Alfonso Narvaez, "121-Story Office Tower Proposed for Newark,” New York Times, August 17, 1986;
25. Wayne King, “Developer’s New Gift Unwanted in Newark,” New York Times, September 29, 1989;
26. Marc Holzer, Elizabeth Strom, Lois Redman Simons, and Tony Gonzales, Reinventing Newark: Visions of the City from the Twentieth Century (Rutgers University, National Center for Public Productivity, 2005).
27. Paul Hoffman and Ira Pecznick, To Drop a Dime (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976).
28. New Jersey State Commission of Investigation, “Afro-lineal Organized Crime,” 1991, section titled “The Family North,” 3-7, www.state.nj.us/sci/index.shtm.
29. “Views and Outlook,” Wall Street Journal, July, 25, 2009.
30. Diana Henriques, “Practices of HFA Attacked,” Trenton Times, August 14, 1980, 1;
31. State Commission of Investigation, “Report to the Governor and Members of the Legislature of the State of NJ,” March 23, 1981, www.state.nj.us/sci/pdf/njhfa.pdf.
32. Joe Ryan and Ted Sherman, “Massive N.J. Corruption Sting Targets Mayors, Legislators, Rabbis,” Star-Ledger, July 23, 2009.
33. Joseph F. Sullivan, “Senator in Jersey Is Indicted on $360,000 Bribe Charge,” New York Times, October 23, 1979;
34. Alfonso Narvaez, “Jersey Legislator and Father Guilty of Taking Kickbacks; to Be Sentenced May 27,” New York Times, April 12, 1980;
35. Robert Hanley, “Fugitive Politician Ordered to Serve Prison Term,” New York Times, December 30, 1987.
36. “Black Ghetto Politics in Newark after World War II,” in Cities of the Garden State, edited by Joel Schwartz and Daniel Prosser (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 1977).
37. Fred Means, “A Time of Hope: Black Newark in the 1950s” (paper presented at a panel discussion by the Newark History Society, held at the New Jersey Historical Society, September 13, 2010).
38. Phillip Hauser, “Demographic Factors in the Integration of the Negro,” Daedalus 94 (Fall 1965): 850.
39. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
40. Clement A. Price, “The Afro-American Community of Newark, 1917-1947: A Social History” (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1975), 40-62.
41. New Jersey Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, “Public Housing in Newark’s Central Ward” (U.S. Civil Rights Commission, April 1968), 1;
42. Curtis Lucas, Third Ward Newark (Chicago: Ziff-Davis, 1946), 1.
43. Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal in Newark (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963).
44. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950, 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1952).
45. “Metropolitan Leads in Church Membership,” Afro-American, March 22, 1947, 20.
46. “First Negro Named to Newark Bench,” New York Times, October 19, 1958.
47. “Pettigrew to NHA,” Newark News, April 24, 1955.
48. “Carlin Praised on Pettigrew,” Newark News, April 7, 1955
49. “Ask Naming of Pettigrew,” Newark News, January 27, 1963.
50. “Carlton Norris, 60, of Newark NAACP,” New York Times, September 8, 1963.
51. Richard Hofstader, The Age of Reform (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), 9.
52. Stanley Winters, “Newark Blight in Perspective,” Urban Consensus (April 1972).
53. Fred Cook, “The People vs. the Mob; or Who Runs New Jersey,” New York Times Magazine, February 1, 1970, 11;
54. Lester Velie, “The Man to See in New Jersey: From Rackets to Riches,” Colliers, September 1, 1951, 48;
55. U.S. Congress, Senate, Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, New York and New Jersey, Hearings before a Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Senate, pursuant to S.R. 202, 81st Cong., 2nd sess., 1950 and S.R. 129, 82nd Congress, 1st sess., 1951
56. U.S. Congress, Senate, Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Final Report of Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Senate, pursuant to S.R. 202, 81st Congress, 2nd sess., 1950, as amended by S.R. 60 and S.R. 129, 82nd Congress,1st sess., 1951, 65-73
57. Cook, “The People vs. the Mob,” 35.
58. Zwillman, “Personal History and Background,” June 7, 1950, 3-4, http://vault.fbi.gov.
59. Toussaint Ware, “Third Ward Political Evils in 1920‘s Left Ugly Scars,” Afro-American, November 10, 1951, 20.
60. State of New Jersey, Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey (Trenton: MacCrellish and Quigley, 1949), 520.
61. “Bowser Wins Assembly Seat,” Afro-American, May 9, 1953.
62. Chester Rapkin, “Group Relations in Newark-1957, Problems, Prospects, and a Program for Research” (Mayor’s Commission on Group Relations, 1957), 16-28.
63. “Dr. McCarroll Breaks Bar, Joins City Hospital Staff,” Afro-American, January 12, 1946
64. "50-Year Old Hospital Tradition Is Broken,” Afro-American, September 1, 1951.
65. “Pastors Call Upon Mayor to Name Judge, Law Aide,” Afro-American, April 26, 1952, 1
66. Samuel A. Haynes, “Mayor Makes 2 Offers Instead of Judgeship,” Afro-American, May 17, 1952, 1.
67. “Mayor Insults Race on Judgeship,” Afro-American, May 24, 1952, 1.
68. “Newark to Abolish JC (Jim Crow) Housing Policy,” Afro-American, August 19, 1950.
69. “School Board Not Disturbed: 300 Parents Stage Protest,” Afro-American, June 24, 1950, 1
70. “Board Surrenders, Pigeonholes Transfer Bill,” Afro-American, July 1, 1950, 1.
71. “Voters to End Rule by Commission: Charter Group Cites Major Advantages Mayor-Council Rule Would Bring to City,” Afro-American, August 15, 1953.
72. Stanley Winters, “Charter Change and Civic Reform in Newark, 1953-1954,” New Jersey History 118, nos. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2000), 34-65;
73. Michael Decter, “Charter Reform in Newark” (senior thesis, Princeton University, 1969);
74. Phillip Douglass, “Reform in Newark, 1953-1972" (senior thesis, Princeton University, 1972).
75. Winters, “Charter Change,” 47-48.
76. "74,000 Newark Citizens Forgotten by Planners: NAACP Censures Charter Study Unit,” Afro-American, May 9, 1953.
77. Samuel A. Haynes, "5 New Wards Set in Newark: ‘Central’ Is Key Election District,” Afro-American, December 5, 1953.
78. “Commission Eyes Mixup in Central Ward Population,” Afro-American, January 9, 1954
79. Douglass, “Reform in Newark, 1953-1972.” 46.
80. “Councilman from Ward Drive Gains,” Afro-American, December 26, 1953, 1.
81. “Yancey, Hazelwood Endorsed as Councilmanic Candidates,” Afro-American, February 27, 1954
82. “No Unity, No Funds,” Afro-American, February 27, 1954, 1.
83. Alan V. Lowenstein, Alan V. Lowenstein: New Jersey Lawyer and Community Leader (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001), 227.
84. Gerald Pomper, “A Report on Newark Politics” (Rutgers University Urban Studies Center, September 17, 1963, author’s files).
85. “Councilman Turner Raps Landlords,” Newark News, January 4, 1956.
86. Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics, 153-154.
87. “Negro Leaders Criticize Turner,” Newark News, February 12, 1956.
88. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto (New York, Harper & Row, 1965), 163.
89. Edgar Litt, Ethnic Politics in America (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1970), 60-65.
90. “Sugrue Denies Police Raids Discriminatory,” Newark News, April 20, 1957
91. “Turner Offers an Apology,” Newark News, April 25, 1957.
92. “Councilman Turner Gives Carlin Plan for Changes,” Afro-American, August 14, 1954, 1; Coggins interview.
93. Harold F. Gosnell, Negro Politicians (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 190-195.
94. James Q. Wilson, “Two Negro Politicians: An Interpretation,” Midwest Journal of Politics 4 (November 1960).
95. Rutgers University, Business Executive Research Committee, “Economic Development of the Greater Newark Area: Recent Trends and Prospects,” 1958.
96. Rutgers University, Business Executive Research Committee, “Economic Development of the Greater Newark Area: Recent Trends and Prospects,” 5-7.
97. Rapkin et al., “Group Relations in Newark-1957.” 66.
98. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Educational Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997), 93-95.
99. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Educational Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997), 95.
100. Rapkin, “Group Relations in Newark-1957.” Jim Newton in Eisenhower: The White House Years (New York: Doubleday, 2011)
101. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto (New York: Hill and Wang, 1970).
102. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 679.
103. David Levering Lewis, King: A Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 235.
104. Branch, Parting the Waters, 679.
105. John Cunningham, Newark, rev. ed. (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1988), 306.
106. Alan V. Lowenstein, Alan V. Lowenstein: New Jersey Lawyer and Community Leader (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001).
107. Gerald Pomper, “A Report on Newark Politics” (Urban Studies Center, Rutgers University, n.d.), 2, copy in author’s files.
108. Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 61.
109. Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 65.
110. Duane Lockard, The Politics of State and Local Government (New York: Macmillan, 1963), 118.
111. Stanley Winters, “Charter Change and Civic Reform in Newark, 1953-1954,” New Jersey History 118, nos. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 2000): 35.
112. Hugh Joseph Addonizio, en.wiki.org/wiki/HughJosephAddonizio.
113. Mark Pizzaro, “Irish Make Last Stand with Carlin against Addonizio,” PolitikerNJ, March 17, 2010;
114. “Addonizio Pledges Support for Negro Aims,” Afro-American, March 17, 1962.
115. Julia Rabig, “The Laboratory of Democracy,” in Black Power at Work, ed. David Goldberg and Trevor Griffey (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 51-59.
116. Harry Burke, “Building Trades Reject Demands: Arbitrary, Says Essex Unit,” Newark News, July 24, 1963.
117. “Richardson Cites Vote,” Newark News, November 8, 1963
118. “Carey Rebuffs Richardson,” Newark News, March 10, 1964.
119. “Richardson Slate Dies,” Newark News, July 9, 1964.
120. “Richardson Slate Garners 10,000 Votes; Impact Unclear,” Newark News, November 14, 1965.
121. Jennifer Frost, “An Interracial Movement of the Poor”: Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s (New York: NYU Press, 2001).
122. David Milton Gerwin, “The End of Coalition: The Failure of Community Organizing in Newark in the 1960‘s” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1998).
123. “All About Essex,” Newark News, August 31, 1964.
124. “Turner Says NAACP Should Lead All Civil Rights Groups,” Newark News, June 10, 1963.
125. Harold Baron, “Black Powerlessness in Chicago,” Trans-Action, November, 1968.
126. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto (New York, Harper & Row, 1965), 196.
127. “Norris Critics Ask Him to Resign NAACP Presidency,” Newark News, June 10, 1963.
128. “Cantrell Named County Sheriff ‘s Chaplain,” Star-Ledger, December 29, 1963.
129. Douglas Eldridge, “Vote Rules Hailed by NAACP Camps,” Newark News, January 28, 1965.
130. Douglas Eldridge, “Mayor Denies Role in NAACP Voting,” Newark News, February 24, 1965.
131. Lewis M. Killian, “The Significance of Extremism in the Black Revolution,” Social Forces 20, no. 1 (Summer 1972), 42.
132. Lee Johnson, “Inside Newark,” Afro-American, October 5, 1963.
133. Komozi Woodward, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
134. Report for Action (Governor’s Select Commission on Civil Disorders: State of New Jersey, February 1968)
135. The Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968)
136. Kevin Mumford, Newark: A History of Race, Rights, and Riots in America (New York: NYU Press, 2007).
137. Tom Hayden’s Rebellion in Newark (New York: Vintage Books, 1967);
138. Nathan Wright’s Ready to Riot (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1968);
139. No Cause for Indictment (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971; Hoboken, NJ: Melville House, 2007)
140. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
141. Wright, Ready to Riot, 11.
142. Gurr, Why Men Rebel, 22-58.
143. Stanley Lieberson and Arnold R. Silverman, “The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots,” American Sociological Review 30, no. 6 (December 1965):887-898.
144. Henry Bienen, Violence and Social Change: A Review of Current Literature (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1968).
145. Wright, Ready to Riot, 11.
146. Albert Bergesen, “Race Riots of 1967: An Analysis of Police Violence in Detroit and Newark,” Journal of Black Studies 12, no. 3 (March 1982): 273.
147. John T. Cunningham, Newark (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1966), 314.
148. Anthony J. Carbo, Memoirs of a Newark, New Jersey Police Officer (Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2006).
149. John Wefing, The Life and Times of Richard J. Hughes (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 171.
150. Carbo, Memoirs, 125
151. Carbo, Memoirs, 117.
152. Michael Lipsky and David Olson, Commission Politics: The Processing of Racial Crisis in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1977), 244.
153. Lipsky and Olson, Commission Politics, 381.
154. Charles Grutzner, “U.S. Indicts Mayor of Newark, 9 Present or Former Officials, on $253,000 Extortion Charges,” New York Times, December 18, 1969;
155. Grutzner, “Addonizio Balks at All Questions in Newark Inquiry,” New York Times, December 10, 1969;
156. Grutzner, "2 Jersey Judges Relieved of Duty in Crime Inquiry,” New York Times, December 30, 1968;
157. Thomas Brady, “Addonizio and 4 Convicted of Extortion by U.S. Jury,” New York Times, July 22, 1970;
158. Walter Waggoner, “Lacey to Expand Investigations in Jersey,” New York Times, July 24, 1970.
159. PBS.org/WGBH/mjk/sf_video_pop_04B_tr_html.
160. Harold Kaplan, Urban Renewal Politics: Slum Clearance in Newark (New York:Columbia University Press, 1963).
161. David Levitus, “Planning Slum Clearance and the Road to Crisis in Newark,” Metro; www.newarkmetro.rutgers.edu/reports/display.php?id=173.
162. Jeffrey K. Hadden, Louis H. Masotti, and Victor Theissen, “The Making of Negro Mayors 1967,” Transaction (January/February 1968);
163. William Nelson, “Black Political Mobilization” (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Illinois, 1972)
164. Elliott Moorman, “Toward a Black Model of Organization: The 1970 Mayoral and Councilmanic Election in Newark, New Jersey” (senior thesis, Princeton University, 1970).
165. Komozi Woodward, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
166. William Nelson, “Black Political Mobilization” (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Illinois, 1972), 37.
167. Robert Curvin, “The Persistent Minority” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1975).
168. Robert Curvin, “Black Ghetto Politics after World War II,” in Cities of the Garden State, ed. Joel Schwartz and Daniel Prosser (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 1977).
169. “Gibson: Issues Revolve Around Municipal Services,” Newark News, May 8, 1970, 13.
170. Tex Novellino, “Gibson’s Plan to Improve City Hall Performance,” Star-Ledger, April 14, 1970.
171. Ron Porambo, No Cause for Indictment (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971; Hoboken, NJ: Melville House, 2007).
172. Douglas Eldridge, “Indictments Strengthen Addonizio Opposition,” Newark News, December 19, 1969.
173. Homer Bigart, “Cynicism and Sorrow Prevail in Newark in Scandal’s Wake,” New York Times, December 19, 1969;
174. Charles Grutzner, “Newark Officials Under Inquiry,” New York Times, December 19, 1969;
175. Thomas P. Ronan, “Blacks Drive for Mayoralty in Newark,” New York Times, December 19, 1969.
176. L. H. Whitmore, Together (New York: Morrow, 1971).
177. Ron Rosenbaum, “Newark, First Real Test of the New Black Politics,” Village Voice, April 16, 1970.
178. Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation, 148.
179. Ronald Sullivan, “Racism Issue Grows in Newark,” New York Times, June 6, 1970.
180. Tex Novellino and Roger Harris, “Gibson, Addonizio in Run-off,” Star-Ledger, May 13, 1970, 1.
181. Peter Bridge, “Gibson, Mayor Seek Votes Rivals Won,” Newark News, May 14, 1970.
182. Addonizio Says Divisive Forces at Work in Newark,” Newark News, May 8, 1970.
183. Newark News, June 11, 1970.
184. John C. Waugh, “Tom Bradley’s Non Partisan Bi-Partisan Campaign,” Black Politician (October 1969): 9-11.
185. Douglas Eldridge, “Addonizio Charges Gibson is Front for Baraka,” Newark News, June 4, 1970, 1.
186. Ronald Sullivan, “Newark Mayoral Contest Reaches a Bitter Climax,” New York Times, June 14, 1970, 77.
187. Peter Bridge, “Gibson Wins by 12,000,” Newark News, June 17, 1970, 1
188. “Six New Members in City Council,” Newark News, June 17, 1970, 8.
189. Douglas Eldridge, “Voters Evenly Matched,” Newark News, December 19, 1969.
190. Walter Waggoner, “Unity Behind a Vote-Getter Urged in Mayoral Race,” New York Times, March 15, 1970.
191. Edward Higgins, “Newsmen Attacked by Addonizio Backers,” Newark News, June 17, 1970, 8.
192. Robert Curvin, “The Persistent Minority” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1975).
193. Double Trouble: Black Mayors, Black Communities, and the Call for a Deep Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
194. Carl B. Stokes, Promises of Power: A Political Autobiography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 272.
195. Kenneth G. Weinberg, Carl Stokes and the Winning of Cleveland (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1968).
196. Joseph Sullivan, “U.S. Jury Studying Gibson’s Finances,” New York Times, October 1, 1979;
197. Leslie Maitland, “Trial Reveals Refusal to Indict Gibson for Tax Fraud,” New York Times, January 25, 1981;
198. Maitland, “U.S. Prosecutor Finds No Crime in Gibson Taxes,” New York Times, April 11, 1981;
199. Maitland, “Con Man in White Hat,” review of The Sting Man Inside Abscam, by Robert W. Greene (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1981)
200. New York Times Sunday Book Review, June 7, 1981.
201. David K. Shipler, “Gibson Finds Corruption Exceeds His Fears,” New York Times, September 20, 1970, 168.
202. Craig Montouri, “Study It, Live It, and Love It: Why Do Very Few Engineers Enter Politics?,” www.quora.com, September 26, 2012.
203. Robert Lane, Political Life (New York: Free Press, 1959), 163.
204. Eric Richard, “The Mayor’s Office: Its Intra Politics in Newark, NJ” (paper submitted for Politics 310, Princeton University, December 1971).
205. Fox Butterfield, “Gibson Is Widely Considered Successful in Restoring Integrity to City Hall,” New York Times, October 3, 1971.
206. Peter D. Dixon, “The Sources of Italian Politics, the North Ward of Newark” (senior thesis, Princeton University, 1973).
207. Philadelphia Inquirer, February 2, 1972.
208. Dixon, “The Sources of Italian Politics,” 80.
209. Dixon, “The Sources of Italian Politics,” 102-103.
210. Marge McCullen, “The Newark City Council: Finding Itself,” Newark, May/June 1971, 45.
211. Nathaniel Sheppard, “Gibson Says Political Rivals Plotted Clash,” New York Times, August 17, 1973.
212. Ronald Smothers, “Gibson Denounces Protesting Group,” New York Times, August 21, 1973.
213. William B. Gwyn, “The Failure of the Newark Ombudsman” (Ombudsman Activities Project, Santa Barbara, California, University of California, 1973).
214. Joseph Sullivan, “Gibson Assails City Council in Newark,” New York Times, January 7, 1972, 10.
215. “Gibson Attacked for Having Out-of-State Aides,” Star-Ledger, October 12, 1972.
216. “Gibson Fights Back at Council,” Star-Ledger, December 30, 1972.
217. Joseph Sullivan, “Gibson and Council Compromise on Newark Model Cities Funds,” New York Times, February 16, 1972.
218. “Council Asks State to Investigate Vailsburg Conflict,” Star-Ledger, February 8, 1973.
219. “Gibson Yields to U.S. on PEP Cash, Firings,” Star-Ledger, June 13, 1973.
220. “Newark Council, in a Raucous Session, Votes to Keep Turco Despite Guilty Plea,” New York Times, October 20, 1973.
221. “Council Committee Seeks Gibson and Harris Recall,” Star-Ledger, December 30, 1972.
222. “Council Debate Ends in Violence,” Star-Ledger, March 3, 1972.
223. Walter Waggoner, "75 Invade Office of Mayor Gibson,” New York Times, March 24, 1976;
224. “Carrino Fined in Invasion of Mayor Gibson’s Office,” New York Times, June 17, 1976.
225. Komozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 72.
226. The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones (New York: Freundich Books, 1984).
227. Joseph Sullivan, “Gibson Called a ‘Puppet’ by Baraka in Open Split,” New York Times, August 18, 1973.
228. Jones, Autobiography of LeRoi Jones, 302.
229. Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation, 244-255.
230. Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation, 249.
231. Tex Novellino and Stanley Terrell, “Baraka and Six Are Arrested at Council Meeting,” Star-Ledger, February 6, 1975, 16.
232. Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation, 250-255.
233. Steve Golin, The Newark Teacher Strikes: Hope on the Line (New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press, 2006);
234. Robert Braun, Teachers and Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972).
235. Paul L. Tractenberg, “Pupil Performance in Basic Skills in the Newark School System since 1967,” in Newark, 1967-1977, an Assessment, ed. Stanley B. Winters (Newark:New Jersey Institute of Technology, 1978).
236. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling (New York: Teachers College Press, 1996).
237. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 110.
238. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 102.
239. M. A. Farber, “Teachers Ratify Pact in Newark,” New York Times, February 26, 1970.
240. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 144.
241. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 142.
242. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 170.
243. Golin, Newark Teacher Strikes, 177.
244. Fox Butterfield, “Newark School Strike Ends as Gibson Plan Is Backed,” New York Times, April 19, 1971.
245. Alfonso Narvaez, “Some Link Rioting to Chronic Neglect,” New York Times, September 4, 1974.
246. Richard Coniff, “Incidents Strike Fear into Hearts of Newark Residents,” Star-Ledger, September 4, 1974, 7.
247. Alfonso A. Narvaez, “Some Link Rioting to Chronic Neglect,” New York Times, September 4, 1970.
248. Douglas Eldridge, “Black Convention Shows Its Worth,” Newark News, May 14, 1970, 1.
249. “Hispanic Leaders Won’t Back Gibson in County Exec Race,” Star-Ledger, April 10, 1988
250. Curvin, “The Persistent Minority,” 230.
251. Paul Hoffman with Ira Pecznick, To Drop a Dime (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976).
252. Joan Cook, “Bomb Explodes Near the Home of Gibson, But No Tie Is Seen,” New York Times, July 27, 1974.
253. Thomas A. Johnson, “Gibson Ministers to Newark’s Needs with Large Amounts of Federal Aid,” New York Times, February 23, 1976.
254. Walter Waggoner, “Newark Program to Aid House Repairs,” New York Times, June 26, 1976.
255. Joseph Sullivan, “Gibson Loses Bid for a Fifth Turn,” New York Times, May 14, 1986.
256. Ronald Smothers, “Ex-Newark Mayor Seeks to Pioneer as County Executive,” New York Times, April 14, 1998.
257. Ronald Smothers, “Mistrial for Ex-Mayor of Newark,” New York Times, November 29, 2001.
258. Paul Horvitz, “In Newark, a New Style Takes Over,” Philly.Com, May 15, 1986;
259. Daniel Walker, “Newark Mayor Loses Bid for Fifth Term,” Associated Press, apnews archive.com, May 14, 1986.
260. “James Stresses Revitalization, Boosts Goals of Collaboration Group,” Star-Ledger, June 11, 1986.
261. John McLaughlin, “In the Face of Blistering Bluster from James, Byrne Retreats,” Star-Ledger, August 17, 2000, 17.
262. Angela Stewart, “Newark Mayor-Elect Orders Checks to Avoid Scandal in Top-Level Posts,” Star-Ledger, June 20, 1986.
263. Alfonso Narvaez, “Mayor James Brings Air of Optimism,” New York Times, October 3, 1986.
264. Adrienne Fox, “James ‘Report Card’ Shows High Marks,” Star-Ledger, April 20, 1990.
265. Alfonso Narvaez, "100 Days in Newark, Mayor James Brings Optimism,” New York Times, October 6, 1986.
266. Judith Miller, “A Self-Made Man Takes On Newark: Shy Philanthropist Gives His Time and Money to New Arts Center,” New York Times, October 14, 1997.
267. Jeffrey C. Mays, “James Applauded for His Role in the Arts,” Star-Ledger, June 16, 2002, 34.
268. Bruce Locklin, “Newark Mayor Urged Tax Break for Contributors,” Bergen Record, December 4, 1994.
269. Neil McFarquhar, “Raids Yield $100,000 In Newark,” New York Times, Novem ber 11, 1995;
270. John Sullivan, “Mayor’s Aide in Newark Is Indicted,” New York Times, January 26, 1996;
271. Ronald Smothers, “Ex-Official in Newark Is Convicted,” New York Times, March 22, 1997.
272. Clifford Levy, “Vote Panel Cites Mayor of Newark,” New York Times, February 22, 1995.
273. Marian Courtney, “Coping with ‘Crisis Times’ for Cities,” New York Times, December 26, 1993.
274. Ronald Smothers, “Newark Mayor Wins Vote, Defeating 2 for 4th Term,” New York Times, May 13, 1998.
275. Andrew Zimbalist and Roger Noll, eds., Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: Are New Stadiums Worth the Cost? (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997).
276. Jeffrey C. Mays, “Project Price Tag Nears $500m,” Star-Ledger, October 15, 2007.
277. Jeffrey C. Mays, “Mayor Appoints Commission to Study Arena Proposal,” Star-Ledger, October 15, 2007.
278. Sarah Portlock, “New Newark Businesses to Sprout Up in the Rock’s Shadow,” Star-Ledger, March 28, 2011.
279. O’Flaherty, “Newark’s Non-Renaissance and Beyond,” 13
280. Jeffrey Mays, “No One’s Home: Newark and Builder at Odds over Housing Project,” Star-Ledger, July 6, 2006.
281. Andrew Jacobs, “Victory with a Vengeance,” New York Times, November 27, 2002.
282. “Sharpe James Indicted on 33 Counts of Corruption,” Politicker NJ.com, July 12, 2007.
283. Bob Braun, “Competing Arguments in Sharpe James Trial,” Star-Ledger, April 9, 2008.
284. “Sharpe James Convicted,” Star-Ledger, December 8, 2009.
285. Bob Braun, “A Judge Who Chafed at the Advice He Got,” Star-Ledger, July 30, 2008.
286. Jeffrey Mays, “Newark Council Tab Dwarfs Other Cities,” Star-Ledger, April 10, 2005.
287. “Councilman Tucker Blasts James in Election Preview,” Star-Ledger, February 6, 1997, 37.
288. Sharpe James, “Let’s Provide Leadership for New Ideas, New Opportunities” (address to National League of Cities), National Cities Weekly, December 12, 1994, www.nic.org.
289. Ryan Hutchins, “It’s Official: Cory Booker Announces Candidacy for U.S. Senate,” Star-Ledger, June 8, 2013.
290. David Giambusso, “Cory Booker Makes History As He Defeats Steve Lonegan in U.S. Senate Election,” Star-Ledger, October 17, 2013;
291. Politico, “New Jersey Special Election Results 2013-Map, County Results Live Updates,” www.politico. com/2013-election/results/senate/new-jersey.
292. Oprah Winfrey, Oprah’s Next Chapter @OwnTV #Next Chapter, May 27, 2012.
293. Peter Shafer and Mark R. Cohen, eds., Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco (Leiden: Brill, 1998).
294. Nakita Stewart, “A Man on a Mission: Cory Booker,” Star-Ledger, October 3, 2000.
295. Greater Talent website, www.greatertalent.com.
296. “A Newark Councilman Is Charged with Graft,” New York Times, May 18, 1988.
297. Jeffery Mays and Katie Wang, “For Booker, Often Told Tales Turn into Trouble,” Star-Ledger, August 6, 2007.
298. Scott Raab, “The Battle of Newark, Starring Cory Booker,” Esquire, July 1, 2008.
299. David Giambusso, “Cory Booker Recounts Risking His Life in a Dramatic Fire Rescue of Newark Neighbor,” Star-Ledger, April 4, 2012.
300. Ron Smothers, “With Usual Flourish, Sharpe James Pulls Curtain on a Career and an Era in Newark,” New York Times, April 11, 2007.
301. Jeffrey Mays, “Newark Mayor Asks Advice on Deputy’s Job,” Star-Ledger, January 5, 2005.
302. Bruno Tedeschi, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker, Taking Oath of Office, Urges City Forward,” Star-Ledger, July 2, 2006.
303. Ron Smothers, “Booker Has 100 Day Plan for Newark Reorganization,” New York Times, July 11, 2006;
304. “Mayor Booker Launches Massive Ethics Reform for Newark Municipal Government Employees,” U.S. Federal News Service, November 1, 2006.
305. Joe Ryan, “Former Aide to Newark Mayor Cory Booker Is Indicted on Extortion, Corruption Charges,” Star-Ledger, March 4, 2010.
306. Gaby Wood, “The Next President of America?" London Observer, February 9, 2009.
307. Kathe Newman, “Geographics of Mortgage Market Segmentation: The Case of Essex County,” New Jersey, Housing Studies 19, no. 1 (2004).
308. Kareem Fahim, “To Starbucks, a Closing; To Newark, a Trauma,” New York Times, July 23, 2008.
309. Andrew Jacobs, “Newark’s Mayor Battles Old Guard and Rumors,” New York Times, July 3, 2007.
310. Katie Wang and Jeffrey C. Mays, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker’s First Year a Wearying Journey,” Star-Ledger, January 18, 2008.
311. David Giambusso, “Newark Middle Class Is Overshadowed by Brick City Documentary,” Star-Ledger, October 16, 2009.
312. See www.greatertalent.com.
313. Bruno Tedeschi, “Newark Mayor Apologizes for Remarks at Summit Fundraiser,” Star-Ledger, August 2, 2007.
314. Andrew Jacobs, “Booker Tries to Unseat Legislators, Dividing Party,” New York Times, March 20, 2007.
315. Jeffrey Mays, “Booker Sees Slate of District Leaders Fall Short,” Star-Ledger, June 5, 2008.
316. Jeffrey Mays, “Charles Bell Wins Newark Central Ward Seat,” Star-Ledger, November 4, 2008.
317. Ted Sherman, “Oprah Winfrey Donates More Than $1.5 Million to Five Newark Nonprofits,” Star-Ledger, February 1, 2009.
318. Brian Hohmann, “Adubato Agonistes: Stephen Adubato, White Ethnicity, and the (Re)Construction of Public Selfhood” (master’s thesis, Rutgers University, 2010).
319. Rebecca Casciano, " ‘By Any Means Necessary’: The American Welfare State and Machine Politics in Newark’s North Ward” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2009).
320. Ted Sherman, “Essex County Prosecutor Clifford Minor Sentenced to Federal Prison for Jailhouse Plot,” Star-Ledger, October 24, 2011.
321. Rohan Mascarenhas, “Sharif Pulls Out Central Ward Council Victory by 11 Votes,” Star-Ledger, June 17, 2010.
322. David Giambusso, “Newark Inauguration Speeches Signal Tense Relationship between Mayor Booker and Council,” Star-Ledger, July 1, 2010.
323. Tom Moran, “Newark Mayor Booker Faces Worst Crisis of His Career after Council Dismisses MUA Proposal,” Star-Ledger, August 8, 2010.
324. Nate Schweber and Fernanda Santos, “Shooting of 4 College Friends Baffles Newark,” New York Times, August 6, 2007;
325. Alexi Friedman, “Chilling Details Emerge in Newark Schoolyard Murders, As Suspect Pleads Guilty,” Star-Ledger, December 24, 2011.
326. New Jersey State Police Uniform Crime Statistics, www.njsp.org/info/stats.html.
327. Andra Gillespie, The New Black Politician: Cory Booker, Newark, and Post-Racial America (New York: NYU Press, 2011), 128.
328. Dan O’Flaherty, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker’s Water Plan Would Lead to Worse System,” Star-Ledger, March 13, 2012;
329. David Giambusso, “Municipal Authority Could Bring Millions to Newark,” Star-Ledger, June 20, 2010;
330. Giambusso, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker, Council Clash over Timeline of Municipal Utility Authority,” Star-Ledger, July 14, 2010.
331. Claire Henninger, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker Backs N.J. Governor Chris Christie’s 2.5 Percent Tax Cap,” Star-Ledger, June 21, 2010.
332. David Giambusso and James Queally, “Chaos Erupts at Newark City Hall Meeting,” Star-Ledger, November 20, 2012;
333. “Newark City Council Video Appears to Show Thuggery,” Star-Ledger, editorial, November 21, 2012.
334. David Giambusso, “Judge Rules Cory Booker Did Not Have Authority to Vote for Open Newark Council Seat,” Star-Ledger, December 11, 2012.
335. “Newark’s Booker Lures Wall Street Millions to City Few Have Seen,” Bloomberg Markets Magazine, October 3, 2012.
336. Elizabeth Dwoskin, “As Newark Rebuilds, Help from Beyond City Limits,” New York Times, April 26, 2008.
337. Michael Powell, “Back Home, a Mayor’s Sparkle Has Begun to Dim,” New York Times, October 24, 2011.
338. William Julius Wilson, The Bridge Over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
339. Edward S. Glaude Jr., In a Shade of Blue: Pragmatism and the Politics of Black America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
340. Tim Wise, Color Blind: The Rise of Post Racial Equality and the Retreat from Racial Equity (Ann Arbor, MI: City Lights, 2010).
341. Meet the Press, NBC Television, May 20, 2012.
342. Martin Kilson, A Letter from Harvard: “How to Spot a Black Trojan Horse,” Black Commentator, no. 2 (May 8, 2002), www.blackcommentator.comharvard.html.
343. Editorial, “End Waste on the Website,” Star-Ledger, October 9, 2008.
344. David Giambusso, “Newark Mayor Cory Booker’s Nonprofit Charity Remains Go-To Market Place for City Contractors,” Star-Ledger, September 18, 2011.
345. Matt Bai, “Papa Doesn’t Preach,” New York Times Magazine, April 7, 2011.
346. Richard Ben Cramer, “Can the Best Mayor Win?" cited in Jon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1990), 256.
347. Deborah Yaffe, Other People’s Children (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007);
348. Joanne E. Howard, Abbott v. Burke: An Historical Analysis of School Finance Reform in New Jersey (Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft, 2008).
349. New Jersey Department of Education Website, “School Expenditures in 1982, 1990, 2000, 2009,” www.state.nj.us/njded.
350. Newark Board of Education website, www.nps.k12.nj.us.
351. Advocates for Children of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, Kids Count, 2002-2012, 5. Abbott Leadership Institute DVD, author’s files.
352. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Education Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997).
353. Jean Anyon, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Education Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997) 116.
354. New Jersey Commission on Civil Disorders, Report for Action, 1968, 75.
355. Michael Lipsky and David Olsen, Riot Commission Politics (Madison: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, 1969).
356. Robert Curvin, “The Persistent Minority” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1975).
357. Robert Dahl, Who Governs (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961), 150.
358. Stanley Terrell, "$660,000 Salley Buyout Ratified As Newark Board Gets Resignation,” Star-Ledger, November 5, 1985, 1
359. “Newark Schools Upheld on Race,” New York Times, August 15, 1969.
360. Anyon, Ghetto Schooling, 124-126.
361. Norman Eiger, “Newark School Wars” (Ed.D. diss., Rutgers University School of Education, 1976).
362. New Jersey State Commission on Investigation website, www.state.nj.us/sci/index.shtm.
363. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 16-18.
364. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 275.
365. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 37-42.
366. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 179.
367. Richard Lehne, The Quest for Justice: The Politics of School Finance Reform (New York: Longman Publishing, 1978), 147-152.
368. Margaret Goertz, “Money and Education: Where Did the 400 Million Dollars Go? The Impact of the New Jersey Public School Education Act of 1975" (Washington, DC: Education Testing Service, 1978), 2.
369. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 110, 145;
370. Education Law Center website, www .edlawcenter.org.
371. Yaffe, Other People’s Children, 98.
372. Alphonso Narvaez, “Newark Schools Open with Change in Leadership,” New York Times, September 6, 1984.
373. Marcia Brown, “All About People United For Public Schools” (presentation to Abbott Leadership Institute at Rutgers Newark, January 24, 2009);
374. Barbara Kukla, “School Board Starts Putting the Brakes on Members’ Expense Accounts,” Star-Ledger, February 4, 1985.
375. Robert J. Braun, “Officials Shocked by New Newark Teachers Contract,” Star-Ledger, August 18, 1985.
376. “School Official Admits Guilt in Bribery Case,” New York Times, January 24, 1989.
377. Mary McGrath, “Battle Lines Set for Takeover of Newark Schools,” Bergen Record, July 23, 1994.
378. Kimberly J. McLarin, “New Jersey Prepares a Takeover of Newark’s Desperate Schools,” New York Times, July 23, 1994.
379. Kimberly J. McLarin, “New Jersey Prepares a Takeover of Newark’s Desperate Schools,” New York Times, July 23, 1994 2.
380. Kimberly J. McLarin, “New Jersey Prepares a Takeover of Newark’s Desperate Schools,” New York Times, July 23, 1994 10.
381. Ana M. Alaya, “Newark School Chief Leaves a Daunting Mission Unfinished,” Star-Ledger, June 20, 1999.
382. Kasi K. Addison, “Departing Newark School Chief Always Put Kids First,” Star-Ledger, June 29, 2008.
383. Paul L. Tractenberg and Alan R. Sadovnik, Governance and Urban School Improvement: Lessons for New Jersey from Nine Cities (Institute on Education Law and Policy, Rutgers University, September 2010).
384. Time magazine issue of April 21, 2011
385. David Giambusso and Jessica Calefati, “Academics Say $1M Newark Reform Survey Was Inconclusive,” Star-Ledger, December 30, 2010.
386. “PENewark Outreach to Reform Newark Schools Is a Waste of Time, Money, Critics Say,” Star-Ledger, November 12, 2010.
387. Joan Whitlow, “It’s Facebook Money and Newark’s Future,” Star-Ledger, October 7, 2011.
388. Jenna Portnoy, “Cory Booker Releases Secret Emails on $100m Facebook Gift to Newark Schools,” Star-Ledger, December 25, 2012. E-mails released per court order.
389. Ross Danis, “Finding Newark Schools Millions: Opinion,” Star-Ledger, March 20, 2013.
390. Kelly Heyboer, “Newark Teachers Strike Historic Deal Including Bonuses for Top Educators,” Star-Ledger, October 24, 2012; confidential interview.
391. Global Education Advisors [consultants], “Newark Public Schools: School Placement Decision Support Analysis,” Newark Board of Education, February 8, 2011.
392. David Giambusso and Jessica Calefati, “Acting N.J. Education Chief Founded Consulting Firm Hired to Overhaul Failing Newark Schools,” Star-Ledger, February 23, 2011.
393. Jessica Calefati, “Sen. Ron Rice Vows to Block Christopher Cerf ‘s Confirmation As Next N.J. Education Chief,” Star-Ledger, March 11, 2011.
394. Robert Curvin, “Cami Anderson Is the White Lady from Harlem,” Star-Ledger, May 8, 2011.
395. Francis A. Campbell, Craig T. Ramey, Elizabeth Pungello, Joseph Sparling, and Shari Miller-Johnson, “Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes from the Abecedarian Project,” Applied Developmental Science 6, no. 1 (2002): 42-47.
396. C. Theodore Pinckney, “A Case Study of State Intervention in the Newark, New Jersey Public Schools: A Contrarian Response” (Ed.D. diss., University of Sarasota, Florida, 1997).
397. Milton Honig, “Slum Elimination in Newark Urged,” New York Times, November 13, 1957;
398. John T. Cunningham, Newark, rev. ed. (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1988), 307.
399. Don Dust, “A Close-Up Look at Newark,” Newark!, 1975, 17.
400. Regional Plan Association, “New Jersey Improving,” 1978, 4.
401. T. D. Allman, “Newark, 1979,” New Jersey Monthly, January 1979.
402. Stephen Levy, “The Wanderer Gets Off at Exit 14,” New Jersey Monthly (January 1979).
403. Richard P. Nathan and Charles F. Adams Jr., “Four Perspectives on Urban Hardship,” Political Science Quarterly 91, no. 1 (spring 1976): 47-62.
404. American Leadership Forum, “The Newark Collaboration Group,” Fall 1991.
405. “James Stresses Revitalization, Boosts Goals of Collaboration,” Star-Ledger, June 11, 1986.
406. Arthur O’Sullivan, Terri Sexton, and Steven M. Schifrin, Property Taxes and Tax Revolts: The Legacy of Proposition 13 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
407. “Census 2010: Gains and Losses in Congress,” New York Times, December 21, 2010.
408. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow (New York: The New Press, 2010), 204.
409. John Kania and Mark Kramer, “Collective Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review 56 (Winter 2011).
410. Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics,” in Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed., ed. August Meier, Elliott Rudwick, and Francis L Broderick (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), 452-453.