메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 119-177

Work–Family Policy Trade-Offs for Mothers? Unpacking the Cross-National Variation in Motherhood Earnings Penalties

Author keywords

earnings; family; social policy; women

Indexed keywords


EID: 84962719865     PISSN: 07308884     EISSN: 15528464     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0730888415615385     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (140)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 84910092783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The parity penalty in life course perspective: Motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries
    • A.AbendrothM.L.HuffmanJ.Treas (2014) The parity penalty in life course perspective: Motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries. American Sociological Review79: 993–1014.
    • (2014) American Sociological Review , vol.79 , pp. 993-1014
    • Abendroth, A.1    Huffman, M.L.2    Treas, J.3
  • 3
    • 16344389760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States: The importance of college and fertility delay
    • C.Amuedo-DorantesJ.Kimmel (2005) The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States: The importance of college and fertility delay. Review of Economics of the Household3: 17–48.
    • (2005) Review of Economics of the Household , vol.3 , pp. 17-48
    • Amuedo-Dorantes, C.1    Kimmel, J.2
  • 4
    • 16344391569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort and work-schedule flexibility
    • D.AndersonM.BinderK.Krause (2003) The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort and work-schedule flexibility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review56: 273–294.
    • (2003) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.56 , pp. 273-294
    • Anderson, D.1    Binder, M.2    Krause, K.3
  • 5
    • 0041917643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has the price of motherhood declined over time? A cross-cohort comparison of the motherhood wage penalty
    • S.AvellarP.Smock (2003) Has the price of motherhood declined over time? A cross-cohort comparison of the motherhood wage penalty. Journal of Marriage and the Family65: 597–607.
    • (2003) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.65 , pp. 597-607
    • Avellar, S.1    Smock, P.2
  • 6
    • 77955540432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work and family research in the first decade of the 21st century
    • S.BianchiM.A.Milkie (2010) Work and family research in the first decade of the 21st century. Journal of Marriage and Family72: 705–725.
    • (2010) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.72 , pp. 705-725
    • Bianchi, S.1    Milkie, M.A.2
  • 7
    • 0027099034 scopus 로고
    • The gender earnings gap: Learning from international comparisons
    • F.BlauL.Kahn (1992) The gender earnings gap: Learning from international comparisons. American Economic Review82: 533–538.
    • (1992) American Economic Review , vol.82 , pp. 533-538
    • Blau, F.1    Kahn, L.2
  • 8
    • 0030482022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International differences in male wage inequality: Institutions versus market forces
    • F.BlauL.Kahn (1996) International differences in male wage inequality: Institutions versus market forces. Journal of Political Economy104: S29–S62.
    • (1996) Journal of Political Economy , vol.104 , pp. S29-S62
    • Blau, F.1    Kahn, L.2
  • 9
    • 0037281572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap
    • F.BlauL.Kahn (2003) Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap. Journal of Labor Economics21: 106–144.
    • (2003) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.21 , pp. 106-144
    • Blau, F.1    Kahn, L.2
  • 10
    • 84962708271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boeckmann, I., Budig, M. J., & Misra, J. (2012). Work-family policy indicators. Retrieved from http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/resources-other-work-family-policy-indicators.pdf
  • 11
    • 84930749911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mothers’ employment in wealthy countries: How do cultural and institutional factors shape the motherhood employment and working hours gap?
    • I.BoeckmannJ.MisraM.J.Budig (2015) Mothers’ employment in wealthy countries: How do cultural and institutional factors shape the motherhood employment and working hours gap?Social Forces94(3): 1301–1333.
    • (2015) Social Forces , vol.94 , Issue.3 , pp. 1301-1333
    • Boeckmann, I.1    Misra, J.2    Budig, M.J.3
  • 12
    • 33750492308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, self-employment, and earnings: The interlocking structures of family and professional status
    • M.Budig (2006) Gender, self-employment, and earnings: The interlocking structures of family and professional status. Gender & Society20: 725–753.
    • (2006) Gender & Society , vol.20 , pp. 725-753
    • Budig, M.1
  • 14
    • 78149273083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in disadvantage: Variation in the motherhood penalty across white women’s earnings distribution
    • M.J.BudigM.Hodges (2010) Differences in disadvantage: Variation in the motherhood penalty across white women’s earnings distribution. American Sociological Review75: 705–728.
    • (2010) American Sociological Review , vol.75 , pp. 705-728
    • Budig, M.J.1    Hodges, M.2
  • 15
    • 84861412551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: The importance of work–family policies and cultural attitudes
    • M.J.BudigJ.MisraI.Boeckmann (2012) The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: The importance of work–family policies and cultural attitudes. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society19: 163–193.
    • (2012) Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , vol.19 , pp. 163-193
    • Budig, M.J.1    Misra, J.2    Boeckmann, I.3
  • 16
    • 79960448690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A world of difference: International trends in women’s economic status
    • M.Charles (2011) A world of difference: International trends in women’s economic status. Annual Review of Sociology37: 355–371.
    • (2011) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.37 , pp. 355-371
    • Charles, M.1
  • 20
    • 24044436534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The family gap in pay in Europe: A cross-country study
    • R.DaviesG.Pierre (2005) The family gap in pay in Europe: A cross-country study. Labour Economics12: 469–486.
    • (2005) Labour Economics , vol.12 , pp. 469-486
    • Davies, R.1    Pierre, G.2
  • 22
    • 17744371150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labor markets, inequality, and change: A European perspective
    • T.A.DiPrete (2005) Labor markets, inequality, and change: A European perspective. Work and Occupations32: 119–139.
    • (2005) Work and Occupations , vol.32 , pp. 119-139
    • DiPrete, T.A.1
  • 23
    • 17744394516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European rigidity versus American flexibility? The institutional adaptability of collective bargaining
    • B.EbbinghausB.Kittel (2005) European rigidity versus American flexibility? The institutional adaptability of collective bargaining. Work and Occupations32: 163–195.
    • (2005) Work and Occupations , vol.32 , pp. 163-195
    • Ebbinghaus, B.1    Kittel, B.2
  • 24
    • 36549034328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The work family time squeeze: Conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries
    • J.Edlund (2007) The work family time squeeze: Conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology48: 451–480.
    • (2007) International Journal of Comparative Sociology , vol.48 , pp. 451-480
    • Edlund, J.1
  • 26
    • 84962763668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a methodology for the collection of harmonised statistics on childcare. Working Papers and Studies
    • Luxembourg, Retrieved from
    • Eurostat. (2004). Development of a methodology for the collection of harmonised statistics on childcare. Working Papers and Studies, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/statmanuals/files/KS-CC-04-001-EN.pdf
    • (2004) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
  • 27
    • 0036325556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work/family reconciliation, gender wage equity, and occupational gender segregation: The role of firms and public policy
    • J.Evans (2002) Work/family reconciliation, gender wage equity, and occupational gender segregation: The role of firms and public policy. Canadian Public Policy28: 187–216.
    • (2002) Canadian Public Policy , vol.28 , pp. 187-216
    • Evans, J.1
  • 28
    • 79957465298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental leave—possibility or trap? Does family leave length effect Swedish women’s labour market opportunities?
    • M.EvertssonA.-Z.Duvander (2010) Parental leave—possibility or trap? Does family leave length effect Swedish women’s labour market opportunities?European Sociological Review41: 201–236.
    • (2010) European Sociological Review , vol.41 , pp. 201-236
    • Evertsson, M.1    Duvander, A.-Z.2
  • 29
    • 84860523763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job polarization in Europe? Changes in the employment structure and job quality, 1995–2007
    • E.Fernandez-Macias (2012) Job polarization in Europe? Changes in the employment structure and job quality, 1995–2007. Work and Occupations39: 157–182.
    • (2012) Work and Occupations , vol.39 , pp. 157-182
    • Fernandez-Macias, E.1
  • 30
    • 0000412628 scopus 로고
    • The usefulness of predicted values for prior work experience in analyzing labor market outcomes for women
    • R.Filer (1993) The usefulness of predicted values for prior work experience in analyzing labor market outcomes for women. Journal of Human Resources28: 519–537.
    • (1993) Journal of Human Resources , vol.28 , pp. 519-537
    • Filer, R.1
  • 31
    • 17744375992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Income inequality, permanent incomes, and income dynamics: Comparing Europe to the United States
    • M.Gangl (2005) Income inequality, permanent incomes, and income dynamics: Comparing Europe to the United States. Work and Occupations32: 140–162.
    • (2005) Work and Occupations , vol.32 , pp. 140-162
    • Gangl, M.1
  • 32
    • 69249163930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States
    • M.GanglA.Ziefle (2009) Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Demography46: 341–369.
    • (2009) Demography , vol.46 , pp. 341-369
    • Gangl, M.1    Ziefle, A.2
  • 33
    • 68549121147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sacrificing their careers for their families? An analysis of the penalty to motherhood in Europe
    • V.Gash (2009) Sacrificing their careers for their families? An analysis of the penalty to motherhood in Europe. Social Indicators Research93: 569–586.
    • (2009) Social Indicators Research , vol.93 , pp. 569-586
    • Gash, V.1
  • 34
    • 84962628754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gauthier, A., & Bortnik, A. (2001). Documentation related to: Comparative maternity, parental, and childcare database. Preliminary version 2 (February 2001). Retrieved from http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/FYPP/images/DOCUMENTS/Documentation_Maternity_database_v2.doc
  • 35
    • 78751502368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public maternalism goes to market recruitment, hiring, and promotion in postsocialist Hungary
    • C.GlassE.Fodor (2011) Public maternalism goes to market recruitment, hiring, and promotion in postsocialist Hungary. Gender & Society25: 5–26.
    • (2011) Gender & Society , vol.25 , pp. 5-26
    • Glass, C.1    Fodor, E.2
  • 36
    • 34848827399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marriage and the motherhood wage penalty among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites
    • R.Glauber (2007) Marriage and the motherhood wage penalty among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites. Journal of Marriage and the Family69: 951–961.
    • (2007) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.69 , pp. 951-961
    • Glauber, R.1
  • 38
    • 0030850196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supporting the employment of mothers: Policy variation across fourteen welfare states
    • J.GornickM.MeyersK.Ross (1997) Supporting the employment of mothers: Policy variation across fourteen welfare states. Journal of European Social Policy7: 45–70.
    • (1997) Journal of European Social Policy , vol.7 , pp. 45-70
    • Gornick, J.1    Meyers, M.2    Ross, K.3
  • 39
    • 0035457833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childcare costs and women’s employment: A comparison of single and married mothers with pre-school-aged children
    • W.HanJ.Waldfogel (2002) Childcare costs and women’s employment: A comparison of single and married mothers with pre-school-aged children. Social Science Quarterly82: 552–568.
    • (2002) Social Science Quarterly , vol.82 , pp. 552-568
    • Han, W.1    Waldfogel, J.2
  • 40
    • 17744392651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMU and labor market institutions in Europe: The rise and fall of national social pacts
    • B.HanckeM.Rhodes (2005) EMU and labor market institutions in Europe: The rise and fall of national social pacts. Work and Occupations32: 196–228.
    • (2005) Work and Occupations , vol.32 , pp. 196-228
    • Hancke, B.1    Rhodes, M.2
  • 41
    • 16344362444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The family gap in pay: Evidence from seven industrialized countries
    • S.HarknessJ.Waldfogel (2003) The family gap in pay: Evidence from seven industrialized countries. Research in Labor Economics22: 369–414.
    • (2003) Research in Labor Economics , vol.22 , pp. 369-414
    • Harkness, S.1    Waldfogel, J.2
  • 42
    • 84962720693 scopus 로고
    • Sample selection bias as a specification error
    • J.Heckman (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica47: 153–161.
    • (1979) Econometrica , vol.47 , pp. 153-161
    • Heckman, J.1
  • 43
    • 78649798832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who gets the daddy bonus? Organizational hegemonic masculinity and the impact of fatherhood on earnings
    • M.J.HodgesM.J.Budig (2010) Who gets the daddy bonus? Organizational hegemonic masculinity and the impact of fatherhood on earnings. Gender & Society24: 717–745.
    • (2010) Gender & Society , vol.24 , pp. 717-745
    • Hodges, M.J.1    Budig, M.J.2
  • 44
    • 33749174763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Care in context: Men’s unpaid work in 20 countries, 1965–1998
    • J.Hook (2006) Care in context: Men’s unpaid work in 20 countries, 1965–1998. American Sociological Review71: 639–660.
    • (2006) American Sociological Review , vol.71 , pp. 639-660
    • Hook, J.1
  • 45
    • 84962689066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LABORSTA
    • International Labour Organization. (2012). LABORSTA. Retrieved from http://laborsta.ilo.org
    • (2012) Retrieved from
  • 46
    • 23944448657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labour force participation of women: Empirical evidence on the role of policy and other determinants in OECD countries
    • F.Jaumotte (2003a) Labour force participation of women: Empirical evidence on the role of policy and other determinants in OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies37: 51–108.
    • (2003) OECD Economic Studies , vol.37 , pp. 51-108
    • Jaumotte, F.1
  • 47
    • 14244256379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past trends and maieterminants in OECD countries, Retrieved from
    • Jaumotte, F. (2003b). Data set for: Female labour force participation: Past trends and main determinants in OECD countries. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org
    • (2003) Data set for: Female labour force participation
    • Jaumotte, F.1
  • 51
    • 84945663407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Pres
    • L.Kenworthy (2008) Jobs with equality, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    • (2008) Jobs with equality
    • Kenworthy, L.1
  • 52
    • 84878475232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does specialization explain marriage and parenthood penalties and premiums?
    • A.KillewaldM.Gough (2013) Does specialization explain marriage and parenthood penalties and premiums?American Sociological Review78: 477–502.
    • (2013) American Sociological Review , vol.78 , pp. 477-502
    • Killewald, A.1    Gough, M.2
  • 53
    • 0033125869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Job continuity among new mothers
    • J.KlermanA.Liebowitz (1999) Job continuity among new mothers. Demography361: 45–55.
    • (1999) Demography , vol.361 , pp. 45-55
    • Klerman, J.1    Liebowitz, A.2
  • 54
    • 0034195873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faces of inequality: Gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states
    • W.Korpi (2000) Faces of inequality: Gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states. Social Politics7: 127–191.
    • (2000) Social Politics , vol.7 , pp. 127-191
    • Korpi, W.1
  • 55
    • 84962744440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Korpi, W., Ferrarini, T., & Englund, S. (2009, May 11–12). Egalitarian gender paradise lost? Re-examining gender inequalities in different types of welfare states. Paper presented at the EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop, Berli
    • Korpi, W., Ferrarini, T., & Englund, S. (2009, May 11–12). Egalitarian gender paradise lost? Re-examining gender inequalities in different types of welfare states. Paper presented at the EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop, Berlin
  • 59
    • 0001051431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women
    • S.LundbergE.Rose (2000) Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labour Economics7: 689–710.
    • (2000) Labour Economics , vol.7 , pp. 689-710
    • Lundberg, S.1    Rose, E.2
  • 60
    • 70450181381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Configurations of gender inequality: The consequences of ideology and public policy
    • H.Mandel (2009) Configurations of gender inequality: The consequences of ideology and public policy. The British Journal of Sociology60: 693–719.
    • (2009) The British Journal of Sociology , vol.60 , pp. 693-719
    • Mandel, H.1
  • 62
    • 33645136053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A welfare state paradox: State interventions and women’s employment opportunities in 22 countries
    • H.MandelM.Semyonov (2006) A welfare state paradox: State interventions and women’s employment opportunities in 22 countries. American Journal of Sociology111: 1910–1949.
    • (2006) American Journal of Sociology , vol.111 , pp. 1910-1949
    • Mandel, H.1    Semyonov, M.2
  • 64
    • 84937327078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender equity, social institutions and the future of fertility
    • P.McDonald (2000) Gender equity, social institutions and the future of fertility. Journal of Population Research17: 1–16.
    • (2000) Journal of Population Research , vol.17 , pp. 1-16
    • McDonald, P.1
  • 65
    • 24044488268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The production of child care: How labor markets shape social policy and vice versa
    • K.Morgan (2005) The production of child care: How labor markets shape social policy and vice versa. Social Politics12: 243–263.
    • (2005) Social Politics , vol.12 , pp. 243-263
    • Morgan, K.1
  • 66
    • 0345547451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paid to care: The origins and effects of care leave policies in Western Europe
    • K.MorganK.Zippel (2003) Paid to care: The origins and effects of care leave policies in Western Europe. Social Politics10: 49–85.
    • (2003) Social Politics , vol.10 , pp. 49-85
    • Morgan, K.1    Zippel, K.2
  • 67
    • 77956761899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New developments in econometric methods for labor market analysis
    • Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland,,. In: (eds)
    • R.Moffitt (1999) New developments in econometric methods for labor market analysis. In: (eds) Handbook of labor economicsVol 3A. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, pp. 1367–1397.
    • (1999) Handbook of labor economics , vol.Vol 3A , pp. 1367-1397
    • Moffitt, R.1
  • 72
    • 85098818840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2012). OECD. Stat database. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/data/oecd-stat_data-00285-en. doi:10.1787/data-00285-en
  • 73
    • 0027721822 scopus 로고
    • Gender and the social rights of citizenship: The comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states
    • A.S.Orloff (1993) Gender and the social rights of citizenship: The comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states. American Sociological Review58: 303–328.
    • (1993) American Sociological Review , vol.58 , pp. 303-328
    • Orloff, A.S.1
  • 75
    • 30744436541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of women’s employment in comparative perspective
    • B.PettitJ.Hook (2005) The structure of women’s employment in comparative perspective. Social Forces84: 779–801.
    • (2005) Social Forces , vol.84 , pp. 779-801
    • Pettit, B.1    Hook, J.2
  • 78
    • 84930590097 scopus 로고
    • Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe
    • L.Quillian (1995) Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review60: 586–611.
    • (1995) American Sociological Review , vol.60 , pp. 586-611
    • Quillian, L.1
  • 80
    • 0034202982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power and optimal design for multisite randomized trials
    • S.W.RaudenbushX.Liu (2000) Statistical power and optimal design for multisite randomized trials. Psychological Methods5: 199–213.
    • (2000) Psychological Methods , vol.5 , pp. 199-213
    • Raudenbush, S.W.1    Liu, X.2
  • 83
    • 84898884808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blurred boundaries: Gender and work-family interference in cross-national context
    • L.RuppannerM.L.Huffman (2014) Blurred boundaries: Gender and work-family interference in cross-national context. Work and Occupations41: 210–236.
    • (2014) Work and Occupations , vol.41 , pp. 210-236
    • Ruppanner, L.1    Huffman, M.L.2
  • 85
    • 0002857778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taxation, family responsibilities, and employment
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press,,. In: (ed.)
    • D.Sainsbury (1999) Taxation, family responsibilities, and employment. In: (ed.) Gender and the welfare state, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 185–209.
    • (1999) Gender and the welfare state , pp. 185-209
    • Sainsbury, D.1
  • 86
    • 84962738111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sigle-Rushton, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2004). Motherhood and women’s earnings in Anglo-American, Continental European, and Nordic countries. Paper presented at the Conference on Cross-National Expenditures to Children, Princeton University. Retrieved from http://www.creato.no/espe_2004/sider/pdf/Waldfogel.pdf
  • 88
    • 84856528069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the motherhood wage penalty during the early occupational career
    • J.StaffJ.T.Mortimer (2012) Explaining the motherhood wage penalty during the early occupational career. Demography49: 1–21.
    • (2012) Demography , vol.49 , pp. 1-21
    • Staff, J.1    Mortimer, J.T.2
  • 89
    • 3142669907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did job security decline in the 1990s?
    • New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation,, In: (ed.)
    • J.Stewart (2000) Did job security decline in the 1990s? In: (ed.) On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past?, New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 257–299.
    • (2000) On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past? , pp. 257-299
    • Stewart, J.1
  • 90
    • 84970155778 scopus 로고
    • Theory testing in a world of constrained research design: The significance of Heckman’s censored sampling bias correction for nonexperimental research
    • R.M.StolzenbergD.A.Relles (1990) Theory testing in a world of constrained research design: The significance of Heckman’s censored sampling bias correction for nonexperimental research. Sociological Methods and Research19: 395–415.
    • (1990) Sociological Methods and Research , vol.19 , pp. 395-415
    • Stolzenberg, R.M.1    Relles, D.A.2
  • 91
    • 0039701880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timing of childbearing and women’s wages
    • H.Taniguchi (1999) The timing of childbearing and women’s wages. Journal of Marriage and the Family61: 1008–1019.
    • (1999) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.61 , pp. 1008-1019
    • Taniguchi, H.1
  • 92
    • 84962744039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational attainment and family gaps in women’s wages: Evidence from five industrialized countries (Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper No. 246)
    • Todd, E. (2001). Educational attainment and family gaps in women’s wages: Evidence from five industrialized countries (Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper No. 246). Retrieved from http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/246.pdf
    • (2001) Retrieved from
    • Todd, E.1
  • 94
    • 0031438590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of children on women’s wages
    • J.Waldfogel (1997) The effect of children on women’s wages. American Sociological Review62: 209–217.
    • (1997) American Sociological Review , vol.62 , pp. 209-217
    • Waldfogel, J.1
  • 95
    • 0032361107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The family gap for young women in the United States and Britain: Can maternity leave make a difference?
    • J.Waldfogel (1998a) The family gap for young women in the United States and Britain: Can maternity leave make a difference?Journal of Labor Economics16: 505–545.
    • (1998) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.16 , pp. 505-545
    • Waldfogel, J.1
  • 96
    • 0000939053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children
    • J.Waldfogel (1998b) Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives12: 137–156.
    • (1998) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.12 , pp. 137-156
    • Waldfogel, J.1
  • 97
    • 77951518805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender inequality in job authority: A cross-national comparison of 26 countries
    • M.YaishH.Stier (2009) Gender inequality in job authority: A cross-national comparison of 26 countries. Work and Occupations36: 343–366.
    • (2009) Work and Occupations , vol.36 , pp. 343-366
    • Yaish, M.1    Stier, H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.