Optimising text messaging to improve adherence to web-based smoking cessation treatment: A randomised control trial protocol

BMJ Open

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2016, Pages

  Graham, Amanda L ^a,b   Jacobs, Megan A ^a   Cohn, Amy M ^a,b   Cha, Sarah ^a   Abroms, Lorien C ^c   Papandonatos, George D ^d   Whittaker, Robyn ^e  

^a American Legacy Foundation   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; ETHICS; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FACTORIAL DESIGN; HUMAN; INTERNET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PREVALENCE; PUBLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SECONDARY ANALYSIS; SMOKING CESSATION; SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; TEXT MESSAGING; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; ADOLESCENT; AGED; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; SMOKING CESSATION; TEXT MESSAGING; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84962355451     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010687     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
2. Graham AL, Abrams DB. Reducing the cancer burden of lifestyle factors: opportunities and challenges of the Internet. J Med Internet Res 2005;7:e26.
3. Fox S. Peer-to-peer healthcare. 2011. http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/P2PHealthcare.aspx. http://www.webcitation.org/69cRxwJlK
4. North American Quitline Consortium. Web-Based Services in the U.S. and Canada 2014. http://www.webcitation.org/6VmCxFNsj
5. Alere Wellbeing Inc. American Cancer Society Quit For Life Program. 2014. Archived at http://www.webcitation.org/6VmBNqJAr
6. Cobb NK, Graham AL. Characterizing Internet searchers of smoking cessation information. J Med Internet Res 2006;8:e17.
7. van Mierlo T, Voci S, Lee S, et al. Superusers in social networks for smoking cessation: analysis of demographic characteristics and posting behavior from the Canadian Cancer Society's smokers' helpline online and Stop Smoking Center.net. J Med Internet Res 2012;14:e66.
8. Wangberg SC, Nilsen O, Antypas K, et al. Effect of tailoring in an internet-based intervention for smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e121.
9. Civljak M, Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD007078.
10. Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, et al. Effects of Web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:929-37.
11. Shahab L, McEwen A. Online support for smoking cessation: a systematic review of the literature. Addiction 2009;104:1792-804.
12. Pike KJ, Rabius V, McAlister A, et al. American Cancer Society's Quit Link: randomized trial of Internet assistance. Nicotine Tob Res 2007;9:415-20.
13. Rabius V, Pike KJ, Wiatrek D, et al. Comparing internet assistance for smoking cessation: 13-month follow-up of a six-arm randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e45.
14. Saul JE, Schillo BA, Evered S, et al. Impact of a statewide Internet-based tobacco cessation intervention. J Med Internet Res 2007;9:e28.
15. An LC, Schillo BA, Saul JE, et al. Utilization of smoking cessation informational, interactive, and online community resources as predictors of abstinence: cohort study. J Med Internet Res 2008;10: e55.
16. Cobb NK, Graham AL, Bock BC, et al. Initial evaluation of a real-world Internet smoking cessation system. Nicotine Tob Res 2005;7:207-16.
17. Graham AL, Papandonatos GD, Erar B, et al. Use of an online smoking cessation community promotes abstinence: results of propensity score weighting. Health Psychol 2015;34 (Suppl):1286-95.
18. Schwarzer R, Satow L. Online intervention engagement predicts smoking cessation. Prev Med 2012;55:233-6.
19. Richardson A, Graham AL, Cobb N, et al. Engagement promotes abstinence in a web-based cessation intervention: cohort study. J Med Internet Res 2013;15:e14.
20. Zbikowski SM, Hapgood J, Barnwell SS, et al. Phone and web-based tobacco cessation treatment: real-world utilization patterns and outcomes for 11,000 tobacco users. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e41.
21. Borland R, Balmford J, Benda P. Population-level effects of automated smoking cessation help programs: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2013;108:618-28.
22. Strecher VJ, McClure J, Alexander G, et al. The role of engagement in a tailored web-based smoking cessation program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e36.
23. Balmford J, Borland R, Benda P. Patterns of use of an automated interactive personalized coaching program for smoking cessation. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e54.
24. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Farrer L. Adherence in internet interventions for anxiety and depression. J Med Internet Res 2009;11:e13.
25. Couper MP, Alexander GL, Zhang N, et al. Engagement and retention: measuring breadth and depth of participant use of an online intervention. J Med Internet Res 2010;12:e52.
26. Danaher BG, Boles SM, Akers L, et al. Defining participant exposure measures in Web-based health behavior change programs. J Med Internet Res 2006;8:e15.
27. Davies R, Yeung E, Mori B, et al. Virtually present: the perceived impact of remote facilitation on small group learning. Med Teach 2012;34:e676-83.
28. Donkin L, Christensen H, Naismith SL, et al. A systematic review of the impact of adherence on the effectiveness of e-therapies. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e52.
29. Donkin L, Hickie IB, Christensen H, et al. Sampling bias in an internet treatment trial for depression. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2: e174.
30. Eysenbach G. The law of attrition. J Med Internet Res 2005;7:e11.
31. Glasgow RE, Christiansen SM, Kurz D, et al. Engagement in a diabetes self-management website: usage patterns and generalizability of program use. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e9.
32. Neve MJ, Collins CE, Morgan PJ. Dropout, nonusage attrition, and pretreatment predictors of nonusage attrition in a commercial Web-based weight loss program. J Med Internet Res 2010;12:e69.
33. Poirier J, Cobb NK. Social influence as a driver of engagement in a web-based health intervention. J Med Internet Res 2012;14:e36.
34. Van't Riet J, Crutzen R, De Vries H. Investigating predictors of visiting, using, and revisiting an online health-communication program: a longitudinal study. J Med Internet Res 2010;12:e37.
35. Wangberg SC, Bergmo TS, Johnsen JA. Adherence in Internet-based interventions. Patient Prefer Adherence 2008;2:57-65.
36. Brouwer W, Kroeze W, Crutzen R, et al. Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e2.
37. Crutzen R, de Nooijer J, Brouwer W, et al. Strategies to facilitate exposure to internet-delivered health behavior change interventions aimed at adolescents or young adults: a systematic review. Health Educ Behav 2011;38:49-62.
38. Kelders SM, Kok RN, Ossebaard HC, et al. Persuasive system design does matter: a systematic review of adherence to web-based interventions. J Med Internet Res 2012;14:e152.
39. Hutton HE, Wilson LM, Apelberg BJ, et al. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Web-based interventions for smoking cessation among adolescents, college students, and adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2011;13:227-38.
40. Schubart JR, Stuckey HL, Ganeshamoorthy A, et al. Chronic health conditions and internet behavioral interventions: a review of factors to enhance user engagement. Comput Inform Nurs 2011;29 (Suppl):TC9-20.
41. Kohl LF, Crutzen R, de Vries NK. Online prevention aimed at lifestyle behaviors: a systematic review of reviews. J Med Internet Res 2013;15:e146.
42. Cugelman B, Thelwall M, Dawes P. Online interventions for social marketing health behavior change campaigns: a meta-analysis of psychological architectures and adherence factors. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e17.
43. World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
44. Mohr DC, Cuijpers P, Lehman K. Supportive accountability: a model for providing human support to enhance adherence to eHealth interventions. J Med Internet Res 2011;13:e30.
45. Danaher BG, Seeley JR. Methodological issues in research on web-based behavioral interventions. Ann Behav Med 2009;38:28-39.
46. Fry JP, Neff RA. Periodic prompts and reminders in health promotion and health behavior interventions: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2009;11:e16.
47. van Dulmen S, Sluijs E, van Dijk L, et al. Patient adherence to medical treatment: a review of reviews. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:55.
48. An LC, Perry CL, Lein EB, et al. Strategies for increasing adherence to an online smoking cessation intervention for college students. Nicotine Tob Res 2006;8(Suppl 1):S7-12.
49. Schneider F, de Vries H, Candel M, et al. Periodic email prompts to re-use an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle program: influence of prompt content and timing. J Med Internet Res 2013;15:e23.
50. Woodall WG, Buller DB, Saba L, et al. Effect of emailed messages on return use of a nutrition education website and subsequent changes in dietary behavior. J Med Internet Res 2007;9:e27.
51. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, et al. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2010;12:e4.
52. Wantland DJ, Portillo CJ, Holzemer WL, et al. The effectiveness of Web-based vs. non-Web-based interventions: a metaanalysis of behavioral change outcomes. J Med Internet Res 2004;6:e40.
53. Hanauer DA, Wentzell K, Laffel N, et al. Computerized Automated Reminder Diabetes System (CARDS): e-mail and SMS cell phone text messaging reminders to support diabetes management. Diabetes Technol Ther 2009;11:99-106.
54. Cho JH, Lee HC, Lim DJ, et al. Mobile communication using a mobile phone with a glucometer for glucose control in Type 2 patients with diabetes: as effective as an Internet-based glucose monitoring system. J Telemed Telecare 2009;15:77-82.
55. Pew Research Center. Mobile Technology Fact Sheet. 2014. http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/mobile-technology-fact-sheet/ (accessed 15 Nov 2015).
56. Duggan M. Cell Phone Activities: Pew Research Center. 2013. http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/09/19/cell-phone-activities-2013/ (accessed 15 Nov 2015).
57. Smith A. Americans and Text Messaging. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2011.
58. Lester RT, Ritvo P, Mills EJ, et al. Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010;376: 1838-45.
59. Strandbygaard U, Thomsen SF, Backer V. A daily SMS reminder increases adherence to asthma treatment: a three-month follow-up study. Respir Med 2010;104:166-71.
60. Pena-Robichaux V, Kvedar JC, Watson AJ. Text messages as a reminder aid and educational tool in adults and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Dermatol Res Pract 2010;2010:pii: 894258.
61. Leong KC, Chen WS, Leong KW, et al. The use of text messaging to improve attendance in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract 2006;23:699-705.
62. Liew SM, Tong SF, Lee VK, et al. Text messaging reminders to reduce non-attendance in chronic disease follow-up: a clinical trial. Br J Gen Pract 2009;59:916-20.
63. Downer SR, Meara JG, Da Costa AC, et al. SMS text messaging improves outpatient attendance. Aust Health Rev 2006;30: 389-96.
64. Koshy E, Car J, Majeed A. Effectiveness of mobile-phone short message service (SMS) reminders for ophthalmology outpatient appointments: observational study. BMC Ophthalmol 2008;8:9.
65. Geraghty M, Glynn M, Amin M, et al. Patient mobile telephone 'text' reminder: a novel way to reduce non-attendance at the ENT clinic. J Laryngol Otol 2008;122:296-8.
66. da Costa TM, Salomao PL, Martha AS, et al. The impact of short message service text messages sent as appointment reminders to patients' cell phones at outpatient clinics in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int J Med Inform 2010;79:65-70.
67. Rodgers A, Corbett T, Bramley D, et al. Do u smoke after txt? Results of a randomised trial of smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging. Tob Control 2005;14:255-61.
68. Abroms LC, Ahuja M, Kodl Y, et al. Text2Quit: results from a pilot test of a personalized, interactive mobile health smoking cessation program. J Health Commun 2012;17(Suppl 1):44-53.
69. Whittaker R, Borland R, Bullen C, et al. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD006611.
70. Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, et al. Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;11:CD006611.
71. Abroms LC, Boal AL, Simmens SJ, et al. A randomized trial of Text2Quit: a text messaging program for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med 2014;47:242-50.
72. Brendryen H, Drozd F, Kraft P. A digital smoking cessation program delivered through internet and cell phone without nicotine replacement (happy ending): randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e51.
73. Cole-Lewis H, Kershaw T. Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32:56-69.
74. Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: the moderating role of involvement. J Consum Res 1983;19:135-46.
75. Kreuter MW, Holt CL. How do people process health information? Applications in an age of individualized communication. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2001;10:206-9.
76. Dijkstra A, Ballast K. Personalization and perceived personal relevance in computer-tailored persuasion in smoking cessation. Br J Health Psychol 2012;17:60-73.
77. Dijkstra A. Working mechanisms of computer-tailored health education: evidence from smoking cessation. Health Educ Res 2005;20:527-39.
78. Webb MS, Simmons VN, Brandon TH. Tailored interventions for motivating smoking cessation: using placebo tailoring to examine the influence of expectancies and personalization. Health Psychol 2005;24:179-88.
79. Head KJ, Noar SM, Iannarino NT, et al. Efficacy of text messagingbased interventions for health promotion: a meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 2013;97:41-8.
80. Jamison J, Naughton F, Sutton S, et al. Delivering smoking cessation support by mobile phone text message: what information do smokers want? J Appl Behav Research 2013;18:1-23.
81. Naughton F, Jamison J, Sutton S. Attitudes towards SMS text message smoking cessation support: a qualitative study of pregnant smokers. Health Educ Res 2013;28:911-22.
82. Hurling R, Catt M, Boni MD, et al. Using internet and mobile phone technology to deliver an automated physical activity program: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2007;9:e7.
83. Hurling R, Fairley BW, Dias MB. Internet-based exercise interventions: are more interactive designs better? Psychol Health 2006;21:757-72.
84. Brendryen H, Kraft P. Happy ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi-media smoking cessation intervention. Addiction 2008;103:478-84; discussion 85-6.
85. Kreuter MW, Strecher VJ, Glassman B. One size does not fit all: the case for tailoring print materials. Ann Behav Med 1999;21:276-83.
86. Kreuter MW, Oswald DL, Bull FC, et al. Are tailored health education materials always more effective than non-tailored materials? Health Educ Res 2000;15:305-15.
87. Skinner CS, Campbell MK, Rimer BK, et al. How effective is tailored print communication? Ann Behav Med 1999;21:290-8.
88. Noar SM, Benac CN, Harris MS. Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions. Psychol Bull 2007;133:673-93.
89. Ingersoll K, Dillingham R, Reynolds G, et al. Development of a personalized bidirectional text messaging tool for HIV adherence assessment and intervention among substance abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat 2014;46:66-73.
90. Riley WT, Rivera DE, Atienza AA, et al. Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: are our theories up to the task? Transl Behav Med 2011;1:53-71.
91. Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, et al. Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2011;378:49-55.
92. Fox S, Jones S. The social life of health information: Americans' pursuit of health takes places within a widening network of both online and offline sources. 2009. http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2009/PIP-Health-2009.pdf Archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/67LNe4tne (accessed 11 Jun).
93. Duggan M, Rainie L. Cell phone activities 2012. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2012.
94. Boyles JL, Smith A, Madden M. Privacy and Data Management on Mobile Devices. Project PIAL, 2012.
95. Smith A. Smartphone Ownership-2013 Update. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2013.
96. Nair V, Strecher V, Fagerlin A, et al. Screening experiments and the use of fractional factorial designs in behavioral intervention research. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1354-9.
97. Chakraborty B, Collins LM, Strecher VJ, et al. Developing multicomponent interventions using fractional factorial designs. Stat Med 2009;28:2687-708.
98. Strecher VJ, McClure JB, Alexander GL, et al. Web-based smoking-cessation programs: results of a randomized trial. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:373-81.
99. McClure JB, Derry H, Riggs KR, et al. Questions about quitting (Q(2)): design and methods of a Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) randomized screening experiment for an online, motivational smoking cessation intervention. Contemp Clin Trials 2012;33:1094-102.
100. McClure JB, Shortreed SM, Bogart A, et al. The effect of program design on engagement with an internet-based smoking intervention: randomized factorial trial. J Med Internet Res 2013;15:e69.
101. Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:200-7.
102. Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Gotzsche PC, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013;346:e7586.
103. McCausland KL, Curry LE, Mushro A, et al. Promoting a web-based smoking cessation intervention: implications for practice. Cases Public Health Commun Mark 2011;5:3-26.
104. Fiore M. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline: DIANE Publishing, 2008.
105. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191-215.
106. Lombard C, Deeks A, Jolley D, et al. A low intensity, community based lifestyle programme to prevent weight gain in women with young children: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341: c3215.
107. Fjeldsoe BS, Miller YD, Marshall AL. MobileMums: a randomized controlled trial of an SMS-based physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med 2010;39:101-11.
108. Shiffman SM, Jarvik ME. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976;50:35-9.
109. Adobe Analyst. Adboe Analyst 2015. Secondary Adboe Analyst 2015. 2015. http://www.adobe.com/marketing-cloud/web-analytics/marketing-analytics-capabilities.html
110. Graham AL, Cha S, Papandonatos GD, et al. Improving adherence to web-based cessation programs: a randomized controlled trial study protocol. Trials 2013;14.
111. Yale C, Forsythe AB. Winsorized regression. Technometrics 1976;18:291-300.
112. Mendel J. Finding truth in smoking status self-reporting: a formative evaluation of reporting modality used in the Be Free Smoking Study of the Text2Quit program. School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, 2013.
113. Graham AL, Papandonatos GD. Reliability of internet-versus telephone-administered questionnaires in a diverse sample of smokers. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e8.
114. Graham AL, Papandonatos GD, Bock BC, et al. Internet-vs. telephone-administered questionnaires in a randomized trial of smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2006;8 (1):S49-57.
115. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey questionnaire. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.
116. Biener L, Abrams DB. The Contemplation Ladder: validation of a measure of readiness to consider smoking cessation. Health Psychol 1991;10:360-5.
117. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Internet & American Life Project Poll, Apr, 2011. Secondary Pew Internet & American Life Project Poll, Apr, 2011. 2011. http://www.pewinternet.org/Data-Tools/Explore-Survey-Questions/Roper-Center.aspx?t=&sdate=mm/dd/yy&edate=mm/dd/yy&k=data%20plan
118. Velicer WF, Diclemente CC, Rossi JS, et al. Relapse situations and self-efficacy: an integrative model. Addict Behav 1990;15:271-83.
119. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Hoffman JM, et al. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods 2002;7:83-104.
120. Cerin E, Mackinnon DP. A commentary on current practice in mediating variable analyses in behavioural nutrition and physical activity. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:1182-8.
121. Papandonatos GD, Williams DM, Jennings EG, et al. Mediators of physical activity behavior change: findings from a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Health Psychol 2012;31:512-20.
122. Nelson DB, Partin MR, Fu SS, et al. Why assigning ongoing tobacco use is not necessarily a conservative approach to handling missing tobacco cessation outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:77-83.
123. Little RA, Rubin DB. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York, NY: Wiley, 1987.
124. Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ, Demirtas H. Analysis of binary outcomes with missing data: missing=smoking, last observation carried forward, and a little multiple imputation. Addiction 2007;102:1564-73.
125. Smolkowski K, Danaher BG, Seeley JR, et al. Modeling missing binary outcome data in a successful web-based smokeless tobacco cessation program. Addiction 2010;105:1005-15.
126. Graham AL, Cobb NK, Papandonatos GD, et al. A randomized trial of Internet and telephone treatment for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:46-53.
127. Muñoz RF, Barrera AZ, Delucchi K, et al. International Spanish/English Internet smoking cessation trial yields 20% abstinence rates at 1 year. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11:1025-34.