Diagnosing Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Academic Emergency Medicine

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 223-242

  Martindale, Jennifer L ^a   Wakai, Abel ^b   Collins, Sean P ^c   Levy, Phillip D ^d   Diercks, Deborah ^e   Hiestand, Brian C ^f   Fermann, Gregory J ^g   Desouza, Ian ^a   Sinert, Richard ^a,b  

^a Downstate Health Sciences University   (United States)

^b ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

^c VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CREATININE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; NESIRITIDE; PEPTIDE FRAGMENT; PRO-BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (1-76);

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; AORTA VALVE DISEASE; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASCITES; AUSCULTATION; BIOIMPEDANCE; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIURETIC THERAPY; DYSPNEA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECSYS ROCHE IMMUNOASSAY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTRODE; EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN; EMERGENCY WARD; FATIGUE; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNOASSAY; IMPEDANCE; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG EXAMINATION; LUNG ULTRASOUND; MEDICAL HISTORY; MITRAL VALVE DISEASE; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLEURA EFFUSION; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STANDARD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; ACUTE DISEASE; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HEART FAILURE; HOSPITAL EMERGENCY SERVICE; LUNG; META ANALYSIS; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PROCEDURES;

ACUTE DISEASE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DYSPNEA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; LUNG; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC;

EID: 84960411629     PISSN: 10696563     EISSN: 15532712     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/acem.12878     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, et al., Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research. Circulation 2005; 112: 3958-68.
2. Adams KF Jr, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, et al., Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 2005; 149: 209-16.
3. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al., Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF): rationale and design. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 43-51.
4. Storrow AB, Jenkins CA, Self WH, et al., The burden of acute heart failure on U.S. emergency departments. JACC. Heart Failure 2014; 2: 269-77.
5. Lien CT, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME,. Heart failure in frail elderly patients: diagnostic difficulties, co-morbidities, polypharmacy and treatment dilemmas. Eur J Heart Failure 2002; 4: 91-8.
6. Hawkins NM, Petrie MC, Jhund PS, Chalmers GW, Dunn FG, McMurray JJ,. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic pitfalls and epidemiology. Eur J Heart Failure 2009; 11: 130-9.
7. Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA Jr, Anwaruddin S, et al., The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 948-54.
8. Bayes-Genis A, Santalo-Bel M, Zapico-Muniz E, et al., N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the emergency diagnosis and in-hospital monitoring of patients with dyspnoea and ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Heart Failure 2004; 6: 301-8.
9. McCullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, et al., B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation 2002; 106: 416-22.
10. Ray P, Arthaud M, Birolleau S, et al., Comparison of brain natriuretic peptide and probrain natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 643-8.
11. Villacorta H, Duarte A, Duarte NM, et al., The role of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients presenting to an emergency department with dyspnea. Arq Bras Cardiol 2002; 79: 569-72.
12. Berdague P, Caffin PY, Barazer I, et al., Use of N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide assay for etiologic diagnosis of acute dyspnea in elderly patients. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 690-8.
13. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al., 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: e147-239.
14. Collins SP, Lindsell CJ, Peacock WF, et al., The combined utility of an S3 heart sound and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in emergency department patients with dyspnea. J Cardiac Failure 2006; 12: 286-92.
15. Collins SP, Peacock WF, Lindsell CJ, et al., S3 detection as a diagnostic and prognostic aid in emergency department patients with acute dyspnea. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 53: 748-57.
16. Lokuge A, Lam L, Cameron P, et al., B-type natriuretic peptide testing and the accuracy of heart failure diagnosis in the emergency department. Circ Heart Failure 2010; 3: 104-10.
17. Robaei D, Koe L, Bais R, Gould I, Stewart T, Tofler GH,. Effect of NT-proBNP testing on diagnostic certainty in patients admitted to the emergency department with possible heart failure. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48: 212-7.
18. Huang CH, Tsai MS, Hsieh CC, Wang TD, Chang WT, Chen WJ,. Diagnostic accuracy of tissue Doppler echocardiography for patients with acute heart failure. Heart 2006; 92: 1790-4.
19. Logeart D, Saudubray C, Beyne P, et al., Comparative value of Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the etiologic diagnosis of acute dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1794-800.
20. Nazerian P, Vanni S, Zanobetti M, et al., Diagnostic accuracy of emergency Doppler echocardiography for identification of acute left ventricular heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea: comparison with Boston criteria and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide. Acad Emerg Med 2010; 17: 18-26.
21. Wang HK, Tsai MS, Chang JH, Wang TD, Chen WJ, Huang CH,. Cardiac ultrasound helps for differentiating the causes of acute dyspnea with available B-type natriuretic peptide tests. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28: 987-93.
22. Al Deeb M, Barbic S, Featherstone R, Dankoff J, Barbic D,. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21: 843-52.
23. Pivetta E, Goffi A, Lupia E, et al., Lung ultrasound-implemented diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure in the ED: a SIMEU multicenter study. Chest 2015; 148: 202-10.
24. Piccoli A, Codognotto M, Cianci V, et al., Differentiation of cardiac and noncardiac dyspnea using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). J Cardiac Failure 2012; 18: 226-32.
25. Di Somma S, Lalle I, Magrini L, et al., Additive diagnostic and prognostic value of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) to brain natriuretic peptide 'grey-zone' in patients with acute heart failure in the emergency department. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2014; 3: 167-75.
26. Wang CS, FitzGerald JM, Schulzer M, Mak E, Ayas NT,. Does this dyspneic patient in the emergency department have congestive heart failure? JAMA 2005; 294: 1944-56.
27. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al., Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ 2015; 349: g7647.
28. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al., Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000; 283: 2008-12.
29. Hill SA, Booth RA, Santaguida PL, et al., Use of BNP and NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review of the evidence. Heart Failure Rev 2014; 19: 421-38.
30. McKee PA, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Kannel WB,. The natural history of congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 1441-6.
31. Carlson KJ, Lee DC, Goroll AH, Leahy M, Johnson RA,. An analysis of physicians' reasons for prescribing long-term digitalis therapy in outpatients. J Chron Dis 1985; 38: 733-9.
32. Schocken DD, Arrieta MI, Leaverton PE, Ross EA,. Prevalence and mortality rate of congestive heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 301-6.
33. Rosamond WD, Chang PP, Baggett C, et al., Classification of heart failure in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study: a comparison of diagnostic criteria. Circ Heart Failure 2012; 5: 152-9.
34. Fonseca C, Oliveira AG, Mota T, et al., Evaluation of the performance and concordance of clinical questionnaires for the diagnosis of heart failure in primary care. Eur J Heart Failure 2004; 6 (813-20): 21-2.
35. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al., Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 161-7.
36. Collins SP, Lindsell CJ, Yealy DM, et al., A comparison of criterion standard methods to diagnose acute heart failure. Congest Heart Failure 2012; 18: 262-71.
37. Zamora J, Abraira V, Muriel A, Khan K, Coomarasamy A,. Meta-DiSc: a software for meta-analysis of test accuracy data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2006; 6: 31.
38. DerSimonian R, Laird N,. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials 1986; 7: 177-88.
39. Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L,. The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol 2005; 58: 882-93.
40. Brown MD, Reeves MJ,. Evidence-based emergency medicine/skills for evidence-based emergency care. Interval likelihood ratios: another advantage for the evidence-based diagnostician. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 42: 292-7.
41. Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al., QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 529-36.
42. Kohn MA, Carpenter CR, Newman TB,. Understanding the direction of bias in studies of diagnostic test accuracy. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20: 1194-206.
43. Worster A, Carpenter C,. Incorporation bias in studies of diagnostic tests: how to avoid being biased about bias. Can J Emerg Med 2008; 10: 174-5.
44. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al., ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2388-442.
45. Pauker SG, Kassirer JP,. The threshold approach to clinical decision making. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 1109-17.
46. Mueller T, Gegenhuber A, Poelz W, Haltmayer M,. Diagnostic accuracy of B type natriuretic peptide and amino terminal proBNP in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. Heart 2005; 91: 606-12.
47. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al., Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1-6.
48. Anderson KL, Jenq KY, Fields JM, Panebianco NL, Dean AJ,. Diagnosing heart failure among acutely dyspneic patients with cardiac, inferior vena cava, and lung ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31: 1208-14.
49. Behnes M, Brueckmann M, Lang S, et al., Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2): diagnostic and prognostic value in acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2014; 103: 107-16.
50. Choi S, Park D, Lee S, Hong Y, Kim S, Lee J,. Cut-off values of B-type natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients with dyspnoea visiting emergency departments: a study on Korean patients visiting emergency departments. Emerg Med J 2007; 24: 343-7.
51. Chung T, Sindone A, Foo F, et al., Influence of history of heart failure on diagnostic performance and utility of B-type natriuretic peptide testing for acute dyspnea in the emergency department. Am Heart J 2006; 152: 949-55.
52. Gruson D, Ketelslegers JM, Verschuren F, Thys F,. Head-to-head comparison of the prohormone proBNP1-108 with BNP and Nt-proBNP in patients admitted to emergency department. Clin Biochem 2012; 45: 249-52.
53. Kajimoto K, Madeen K, Nakayama T, Tsudo H, Kuroda T, Abe T,. Rapid evaluation by lung-cardiac-inferior vena cava (LCI) integrated ultrasound for differentiating heart failure from pulmonary disease as the cause of acute dyspnea in the emergency setting. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012; 10: 49.
54. Knudsen CW, Riis JS, Finsen AV, et al., Diagnostic value of a rapid test for B-type natriuretic peptide in patients presenting with acute dyspnoe: effect of age and gender. Eur J Heart Failure 2004; 6: 55-62.
55. Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, et al., Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2062-76.
56. Marantz PR, Kaplan MC, Alderman MH,. Clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea. Chest 1990; 97: 776-81.
57. Miller JB, Sen A, Strote SR, et al., Inferior vena cava assessment in the bedside diagnosis of acute heart failure. Am J Emerg Med 2012; 30: 778-83.
58. Morrison LK, Harrison A, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Clopton P, Maisel A,. Utility of a rapid B-natriuretic peptide assay in differentiating congestive heart failure from lung disease in patients presenting with dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 202-9.
59. Mueller C, Frana B, Rodriguez D, Laule-Kilian K, Perruchoud AP,. Emergency diagnosis of congestive heart failure: impact of signs and symptoms. Can J Cardiol 2005; 21: 921-4.
60. Parrinello G, Paterna S, Di Pasquale P, et al., The usefulness of bioelectrical impedance analysis in differentiating dyspnea due to decompensated heart failure. J Card Failure 2008; 14: 676-86.
61. Potocki M, Breidthardt T, Reichlin T, et al., Comparison of midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure. J Intern Med 2010; 267: 119-29.
62. Prosen G, Klemen P, Strnad M, Grmec S,. Combination of lung ultrasound (a comet-tail sign) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in differentiating acute heart failure from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma as cause of acute dyspnea in prehospital emergency setting. Crit Care 2011; 15: R114.
63. Russell FM, Ehrman RR, Cosby K, et al., Diagnosing acute heart failure in patients with undifferentiated dyspnea: a lung and cardiac ultrasound (LuCUS) protocol. Acad Emerg Med 2015; 22: 182-91.
64. Shaikh K, Hanif B, Siddique AA, Shaikh MY, Khan MN,. Pro-brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels, left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction in acute dyspnoea. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2012; 22: 751-5.
65. Steg PG, Joubin L, McCord J, et al., B-type natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic determination of ejection fraction in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in patients with acute dyspnea. Chest 2005; 128: 21-9.
66. Knudsen CW, Omland T, Clopton P, et al., Diagnostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide and chest radiographic findings in patients with acute dyspnea. Am J Med 2004; 116: 363-8.
67. Lainchbury JG, Campbell E, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Richards AM,. Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients with acute shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 728-35.
68. Shah KB, Kop WJ, Christenson RH, et al., Natriuretic peptides and echocardiography in acute dyspnoea: implication of elevated levels with normal systolic function. Eur J Heart Failure 2009; 11: 659-67.
69. Klemen P, Golub M, Grmec S,. Combination of quantitative capnometry, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and clinical assessment in differentiating acute heart failure from pulmonary disease as cause of acute dyspnea in pre-hospital emergency setting: study of diagnostic accuracy. Croatian Med J 2009; 50: 133-42.
70. Behnes M, Brueckmann M, Ahmad-Nejad P, et al., Diagnostic performance and cost effectiveness of measurements of plasma N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in patients presenting with acute dyspnea or peripheral edema. Int J Cardiol 2009; 135: 165-74.
71. Altman DG,. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991.
72. Mueller-Lenke N, Rudez J, Staub D, et al., Use of chest radiography in the emergency diagnosis of acute congestive heart failure. Heart 2006; 92: 695-6.
73. Alibay Y, Beauchet A, El Mahmoud R, et al., Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in assessment of acute dyspnea. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59: 20-4.
74. Boldanova T, Noveanu M, Breidthardt T, et al., Impact of history of heart failure on diagnostic and prognostic value of BNP: results from the B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation (BASEL) study. Int J Cardiol 2010; 142: 265-72.
75. Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Claessens YE, Voyer S, Desmoulins D, Ekindjian OG,. Influence of renal function on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients admitted for dyspnoea in the emergency department: comparison with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Clin Chim Acta 2005; 361: 167-75.
76. Coste J, Jourdain P, Pouchot J,. A gray zone assigned to inconclusive results of quantitative diagnostic tests: application to the use of brain natriuretic peptide for diagnosis of heart failure in acute dyspneic patients. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 2229-35.
77. de Filippi CR, Seliger SL, Maynard S, Christenson RH,. Impact of renal disease on natriuretic peptide testing for diagnosing decompensated heart failure and predicting mortality. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 1511-9.
78. Di Somma S, De Berardinis B, Bongiovanni C, Marino R, Ferri E, Alfei B,. Use of BNP and bioimpedance to drive therapy in heart failure patients. Congest Heart Failure 2010; 16 (Suppl 1): S56-61.
79. Eckstein J, Potocki M, Murray K, et al., Direct comparison of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide with N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of patients with atrial fibrillation and dyspnoea. Heart 2012; 98: 1518-22.
80. Gorissen C, Baumgarten R, de Groot M, van Haren E, Kragten H, Leers M,. Analytical and clinical performance of three natriuretic peptide tests in the emergency room. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; 45: 678-84.
81. Liteplo AS, Marill KA, Villen T, et al., Emergency thoracic ultrasound in the differentiation of the etiology of shortness of breath (ETUDES): sonographic B-lines and N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide in diagnosing congestive heart failure. Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16: 201-10.
82. Mebazaa A, Vanpoucke G, Thomas G, et al., Unbiased plasma proteomics for novel diagnostic biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: identification of quiescin Q6 as a candidate biomarker of acutely decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 2317-24.
83. Meisel SR, Januzzi JL, Medvedovski M, et al., Pre-admission NT-proBNP improves diagnostic yield and risk stratification-the NT-proBNP for EValuation of dyspnoeic patients in the Emergency Room and hospital (BNP4EVER) study. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2012; 1: 99-108.
84. Ray P, Arthaud M, Lefort Y, et al., Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide in elderly patients with acute dyspnea. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 2230-6.
85. Ro R, Thode HC Jr, Taylor M, Gulla J, Tetrault E, Singer AJ,. Comparison of the diagnostic characteristics of two B-type natriuretic peptide point-of-care devices. J Emerg Med 2011; 41: 661-7.
86. Rogers RK, Stoddard GJ, Greene T, et al., Usefulness of adjusting for clinical covariates to improve the ability of B-type natriuretic peptide to distinguish cardiac from noncardiac dyspnea. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 689-94.
87. Steinhart B, Thorpe KE, Bayoumi AM, Moe G, Januzzi JL Jr, Mazer CD,. Improving the diagnosis of acute heart failure using a validated prediction model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 1515-21.
88. Zaninotto M, Mion M, Altinier S, et al., NT-proBNP in the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea in the emergency department. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 1041-4.
89. Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Prontera C, et al., State of the art of BNP and NT-proBNP immunoassays: the CardioOrmoCheck study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414: 112-9.
90. Cibinel GA, Casoli G, Elia F, et al., Diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of pleural and lung ultrasound in discriminating cardiogenic causes of acute dyspnea in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 2012; 7: 65-70.
91. Ozkan B, Unluer EE, Akyol PY, et al., Stethoscope versus point-of-care ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea: a randomized trial. Eur J Emerg Med 2015; 22: 440-3.
92. Volpicelli G, Mussa A, Garofalo G, et al., Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24: 689-96.
93. Baumgartner RN, Chumlea WC, Roche AF,. Estimation of body composition from bioelectric impedance of body segments. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 221-6.
94. Alexander P, Alkhawam L, Curry J, et al., Lack of evidence for intravenous vasodilators in ED patients with acute heart failure: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33: 133-41.
95. Heart Failure Society of America, Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, et al., HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline. J Card Fail 2010; 16: e1-194.
96. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al., Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 797-805.
97. Wakai A, McCabe A, Kidney R, et al., Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD005151.
98. Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators. (Vasodilation in the Management of Acute CHF). Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 287: 1531-40.
99. Madias JE,. Superiority of the limb leads over the precordial leads on the 12-lead ECG in monitoring fluctuating fluid overload in a patient with congestive heart failure. J Electrocardiol 2007; 40: 395-9.
100. Kataoka H, Madias JE,. Changes in the amplitude of electrocardiogram QRS complexes during follow-up of heart failure patients. J Electrocardiol 2011; 44 (394): e1-9.
101. Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, Cluzel P, Grenier P, Rouby JJ,. Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 9-15.
102. Chakko S, Woska D, Martinez H, et al., Clinical, radiographic, and hemodynamic correlations in chronic congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care. Am J Med 1991; 90: 353-9.
103. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al., ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. J Heart Failure 2012; 14: 803-69.
104. Roberts E, Ludman AJ, Dworzynski K, et al., The diagnostic accuracy of the natriuretic peptides in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis in the acute care setting. BMJ 2015; 350: h910.
105. Carpenter CR, Keim SM, Worster A, Rosen P,; BEEM (Best Evidence in Emergency Medicine). Brain natriuretic peptide in the evaluation of emergency department dyspnea: is there a role? J Emerg Med 2012; 42: 197-205.
106. Rutten JH, Steyerberg EW, Boomsma F, et al., N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing in the emergency department: beneficial effects on hospitalization, costs, and outcome. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 71-7.
107. Schneider HG, Lam L, Lokuge A, et al., B-type natriuretic peptide testing, clinical outcomes, and health services use in emergency department patients with dyspnea: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 365-71.
108. Trinquart L, Ray P, Riou B, Teixeira A,. Natriuretic peptide testing in EDs for managing acute dyspnea: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29: 757-67.
109. Hohl CM, Mitelman BY, Wyer P, Lang E,. Should emergency physicians use B-type natriuretic peptide testing in patients with unexplained dyspnea? Can J Emerg Med 2003; 5: 162-5.
110. Lichtenstein DA, Meziere GA,. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134: 117-25.
111. Lichtenstein D, Meziere G,. A lung ultrasound sign allowing bedside distinction between pulmonary edema and COPD: the comet-tail artifact. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24: 1331-4.
112. Gudmundsson P, Rydberg E, Winter R, Willenheimer R,. Visually estimated left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography is closely correlated with formal quantitative methods. Int J Cardiol 2005; 101: 209-12.
113. Unluer EE, Karagoz A, Akoglu H, Bayata S,. Visual estimation of bedside echocardiographic ejection fraction by emergency physicians. West J Emerg Med 2014; 15: 221-6.
114. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM,. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 251-9.
115. Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al., Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22: 107-33.
116. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, et al., Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: a comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study. Circulation 2000; 102: 1788-94.
117. Summers RL, Shoemaker WC, Peacock WF, Ander DS, Coleman TG,. Bench to bedside: electrophysiologic and clinical principles of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring using impedance cardiography. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10: 669-80.
118. Tang WH, Tong W,. Measuring impedance in congestive heart failure: current options and clinical applications. Am Heart J 2009; 157: 402-11.
119. Moher D, Pham B, Lawson ML, Klassen TP,. The inclusion of reports of randomised trials published in languages other than English in systematic reviews. Health Technol Assess 2003; 7: 1-90.
120. Shaikh K, Ahmad M,. Diagnostic significance of NT-proBNP estimation in patients with acute dyspnea. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2011; 21: 584-8.
121. Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Delerme S, Allo JC, et al., B-type natriuretic peptides for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in dyspneic oldest-old patients. Clin Biochem 2008; 41: 1049-54.
122. Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Guerin S, Andre S, et al., Midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of cardiac-related dyspnea according to renal function in the emergency department: a comparison with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP. Clin Chem 2010; 56: 1708-17.
123. Takase H, Dohi Y,. Kidney function crucially affects B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proBNP and their relationship. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44: 303-8.