Endocrine therapy in post-menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer: From literature and guidelines to clinical practice

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 100, Issue , 2016, Pages 57-68

  Sini, Valentina ^a,b   Cinieri, Saverio ^c   Conte, Pierfranco ^d,e   De Laurentiis, Michelino ^f   Leo, Angelo Di ^g   Tondini, Carlo ^h   Marchetti, Paolo ^a,i  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b SPIRITO SANTO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

^d VENETO INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY IOV IRCCS   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^f NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^g ISTITUTO TOSCANO TUMORI   (Italy)

^h Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII   (Italy)

ⁱ LABORATORIO DI PATOLOGIA VASCOLARE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Advanced breastcancer; Endocrine resistance; Endocrine therapy; Hormone receptor positive; Maintenance; Postmenopausal; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE; ANASTROZOLE; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BEVACIZUMAB; ERLOTINIB; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; EVEROLIMUS; FLUOXYMESTERONE; FULVESTRANT; GEFITINIB; GOSERELIN; HORMONE RECEPTOR; LAPATINIB; LETROZOLE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MEGESTROL ACETATE; PALBOCICLIB; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; TAMOXIFEN; TRASTUZUMAB; VASCULOTROPIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC HORMONE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS;

ADVANCED CANCER; BREAST CANCER; BREAST METASTASIS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS; HORMONAL THERAPY; HORMONE RESISTANCE; HORMONE RESPONSIVE BREAST CANCER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OVARIECTOMY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; POSTMENOPAUSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG RESISTANCE; FEMALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; FEMALE; HUMANS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84960399646     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: 18790461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.008     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Allegra J.C., Bertino J., Bonomi P., et al. Metastatic breast cancer: preliminary results with oral hormonal therapy. Semin. Oncol. 1985, 12:61-64.
2. Bachelot T., Bourgier C., Cropet C., et al. Randomized phase II trial of everolimus in combination with tamoxifen in patients with hormone receptorpositive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer with prior exposure to aromatase inhibitors: a GINECO study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30:2718-2724.
3. Baselga J., Semiglazov V., van Dam P., et al. Phase II randomized study of neoadjuvanteverolimus plus letrozole compared with placebo plus letrozole in patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:2630-2637.
4. Baselga J., Campone M., Piccart M., et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 366:520-529.
5. Bedard P.L., Freedman O.C., Howell A., Clemons M. Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer-are signal transduction inhibitors the answer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2008, 108:307-317.
6. Bergh J., Jonsson P.E., Lidbrink E.K., et al. FACT: an open-label randomized phase III study of fulvestrant and anastrozole in combination compared with anastrozole alone as first-line therapy for patients with receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30:1919-1925.
7. Berruti A., Zola P., Buniva T., et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer patients obtaining objective response or disease stabilization after first-line chemotherapy with epirubicin. Evidence for a positive effect of maintenance hormonal therapy on overall survival. Anticancer Res. 1997, 17(4A):2763-2768.
8. Bonneterre J., Thurlimann B., Robertson J.F., et al. Anastrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in 668 postmenopausal women: results of the Tamoxifen or Arimidex Randomized Group Efficacy and Tolerability study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18:3748-3757.
9. Boulay A., Rudloff J., Ye J., et al. Dual inhibition of mTOR and estrogen receptor signaling in vitro induces cell death in models of breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:5319-5328.
10. Burstein H.J., Barry W.T., Cirrincione C., et al. Fulvestrant with or without lapatinib as therapy for hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III study. Cancer Res. 2010, 70(24 Suppl). (Abstract PD05-01).
11. Buzdar A.U., Jones S.E., Vogel C.L., et al. A phase III trial comparing anastrozole (1 and 10 milligrams), a potent and selective aromatase inhibitor, with megestrolacetate in postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma. Arimidex Study Group. Cancer 1997, 79:730-739.
12. Buzdar A.U., Jonat W., Howell A., et al. Anastrozole versus megestrol acetate in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma: results of a survival update based on a combined analysis of data from two mature phase III trials. Arimidex Study Group. Cancer 1998, 83:1142-1152.
13. Buzdar A., Douma J., Davidson N., et al. Phase III, multicenter, double-blind, randomized study of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, for advanced breast cancer versus megestrol acetate. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19:3357-3366.
14. Buzdar A., Hayes D., El-Khoudary A., et al. Phase III randomized trial of droloxifeneandtamoxifen as first-line endocrine treatment of ER/PgR-positive advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2002, 73:161-175.
15. CGA Network Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2012, 490:61-70.
16. Cardoso F., Costa A., Norton L., et al. 1st International consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 1). Breast 2012, 21(June (3)):242-252.
17. Cardoso F., Harbeck N., Fallowfield L., Kyriakides S., Senkus E., ESMO Guidelines Working Group Locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2012, 23(Suppl. 7):11-19.
18. Chia S., Gradishar W., Mauriac L., et al. Double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial of fulvestrant compared with exemestane after prior non steroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, advanced breast cancer: results from EFECT. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:1664-1670.
19. Clark A.S., West K., Streicher S., et al. Constitutive and inducible Akt activity promotes resistance to chemotherapy, trastuzumab, or tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2002, 1:707-717.
20. Coates A.S., Keshaviah A., Thurlimann B., et al. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98. J. Clin. Oncol 2007, 25:486-492.
21. Coombes R.C., Hall E., Gibson L.J., et al. Intergroup Exemestane Study: a randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350(11):1081-1092.
22. Cristofanilli M., Valero V., Mangalik A., et al. Phase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 16:1904-1914.
23. Dawood S., Cristofanilli M. Endocrine resistance in breast cancer: what really matters. Ann. Oncol. 2007, 18:1289-1291.
24. deGraffenried L.A., Friedrichs W.E., Russell D.H., et al. Inhibition of mTOR activity restores tamoxifen response in breast cancer cells with aberrant Akt activity. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, (10:8059-8067).
25. Deshmane V., Krishnamurthy S., Melemed A.S., et al. Phase III double-blind trial of arzoxifene compared with tamoxifen for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25:4967-4973.
26. Di Leo A., Jerusalem G., Petruzelka L., et al. Results of the CONFIRM phase III trial comparing fulvestrant 250mg with fulvestrant 500mg in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28:4594-4600.
27. Di Leo A., Jerusalem G., Petruzelka L., et al. Final analysis of overall survival for the Phase III confirm trial: fulvestrant 500 mg versus 250 mg. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2012, S1-S4.
28. Dombernowsky P., Smith I., Falkson G., et al. Letrozole, a new oral aromatase inhibitor for advanced breast cancer: double-blind randomized trial showing a dose effect and improved efficacy and tolerability compared with megestrolacetate. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998, 16:453-461.
29. Dufresne A., Pivot X., et al. Maintenance hormonal treatment improves progression free survival after a first line chemotherapy in patients withMetastatic breast cancer. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2008, 5:100-105.
30. Finn R., et al. PD 0332991, a selective cyclin D kinase 4/6 inhibitor, preferentially inhibits proliferation of luminal estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11:1-13.
31. Finn R.S., Crown J.P., Lang I., et al. Results of a randomized phase 2 study of PD 0332991, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor, in combination with letrozole vs letrozole alone for first-line treatment of ER+/HE?advanced breast cancer (BC). Cancer Res. 2012, 72(December (24)). Supplement 3; SABCS12-S1-6.
32. Finn, R.S. Results of a randomized phase 2 study of PD 0332991, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor, in combination with letrozole vsletrozole alone for first-line treatment of ER+, HER2- advanced breast cancer (TRIO-18) Presenter. 4th IMPAKT Breast Cancer Conference. May 3-5, 2012.
33. Forbes J.F., Cuzick J., Buzdar A., et al. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2008, 9:45-53.
34. Forero-Torres A., Saleh M.N., Galleshaw J.A., et al. Pilot trial of preoperative (neoadjuvant) letrozole in combination with bevacizumab in postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed estrogen receptor- or progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer 2010, 10(4):275-280.
35. Fossati R., Confalonieri C., Torri V., et al. Cytotoxic and hormonal treatment formetastatic breast cancer: a systematic review of published randomized trials involving 31,510 women. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998, 16:3439-3460.
36. Gill P.G., Gebski V., Snyder R., et al. Randomized comparison of the effects of tamoxifen, megestrol acetate, or tamoxifenplusmegestrol acetate on treatment response and survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. 1993, 4:741-744.
37. Greenberg P.A., Hortobagyi G.N., Smith T.L., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996, 14(8):2197-2205.
38. Gutierrez M.C., Detre S., Johnston S., Mohsin S.K., Shou J., Allred D.C., Schiff R., Osborne C.K., Dowsett M. Molecular changes in tamoxifenresistant breast cancer: relationship between estrogen receptor, HER-2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23:2469-2476.
39. Herynk M.H., Fuqua S.A. Estrogen receptor mutations in human disease. Endocr. Rev. 2004, 25:869-898.
40. Hortobagyi Gabriel N., Piccart-Gebhart Martine J., RugoHope S., et al. Correlation of molecular alterations with efficacy of everolimus in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer: results from BOLERO-2. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31. (suppl; abstr LBA509).
41. Hu X.F., Veroni M., De Luise M., Wakeling A., Sutherland R., Watts C.K., Zalcberg J.R. Circumvention of tamoxifen resistance by the pure anti-estrogen ICI 182. Int. J. Cancer 1993, 55:873-876.
42. Huober J., Fasching P.A., Barsoum M., et al. Higher efficacy of letrozole in combination with trastuzumab compared to letrozole monotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with HER2-positive, hormone-receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer - results of the eLEcTRA trial. Breast 2012, 21:27-33.
43. Ingle J.N., Ahmann D.L., Green S.J., et al. Randomized clinical trial of megestrolacetate versus tamoxifen in paramenopausal or castrated women with advanced breast cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1982, 5:155-160.
44. Ingle J.N., Green S.J., Ahmann D.L., et al. Randomized trial of tamoxifen alone or combined with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone in women with metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 1986, 4:958-964.
45. Johnston S.R., Martin L.A., Head J., et al. Aromatase inhibitors: Combinations with fulvestrant or signal transduction inhibitors as a strategy to overcome endocrine resistance. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2005, 95:173-181.
46. Johnston S., Pippen J., Pivot X., Lichinitser M., Sadeghi S., Dieras V., Gomez H.L., Romieu G., Manikhas A., Kennedy M.J., Press M.F., Maltzman J., Florance A., O'Rourke L., Oliva C., Stein S., Pegram M. Lapatinib Combined with letrozole versus letrozole and placebo as first-line therapy for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:5538-5546.
47. Johnston S.R. Endocrine manipulation in advanced breast cancer: recent advances with SERM therapies. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 7:4376-4387.
48. Johnston S.R. Enhancing the efficacy of hormonal agents with selected targeted agents. Clin. Breast Cancer 2009, 9:S28-S36.
49. Johnston S.R. Enhancing the efficacy of hormonal agents with selected targeted agents. Clin. Breast Cancer 2009, 9(Suppl. 1):S28-S36.
50. Johnston S.R.D. New strategies in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 16:1979-1987.
51. Jonat W., Howell A., Blomqvist C., et al. A randomised trial comparing two doses of the new selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex) withmegestrolacetate in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 1996, 32A:404-412.
52. Jonat W., Gnant M., Boccardo F., et al. Effectiveness of switching from adjuvant tamoxifen to anastrozole in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2006, 7:991-996.
53. Juric D., Baselga J. Tumor genetic testing for patient selection in phase I clinical trials: the case of PI3K inhibitors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30:765-766.
54. Kaufman B., Mackey J.R., Clemens M.R., Bapsy P.P., Vaid A., Wardley A., Tjulandin S., Jahn M., Lehle M., Feyereislova A., Révil C., Jones A. Trastuzumab plus anastrozole versus anastrozolealone for the treatment of postmenopausal women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, hormone receptor- positive metastatic breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III TAnDEM study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:5529-5537.
55. Kaufmann M., Bajetta E., Dirix L.Y., et al. Exemestane is superior to megestrolacetate after tamoxifen failure in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a phase III randomized double-blind trial. The Exemestane Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18:1399-1411.
56. Kloke O., Klaassen U., Oberhoff C., et al. Maintenance treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate in patients with advanced breast cancer responding to chemotherapy: results of a randomized trial. Essen Breast Cancer Study Group. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1999, 55:51-59.
57. Kuter I., Hegg R., Singer C.F., et al. Fulvestrant 500mg vs 250mg: first results from NEWEST, a randomized, phase II neoadjuvant trial in postmenopausal women with locally advanced, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007, 106:23.
58. la Haba de J., Berciano M., Cañabate M., et al. Combined antiangiogenic and anti-estrogen therapy in breast cancer. Molecular mechanisms involved. Cancer Res. 2011, 71(24 Suppl). (Abstract nr P2-05-07).
59. Linderholm B.K., Hellborg H., Johansson U., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and downstream p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are possible candidate markers of intrinsic resistance to adjuvant endocrine treatment in steroid receptor positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 125:457-465.
60. Lipton A., Harvey H.A., Santen R.J., et al. A randomized trial of aminoglutethimideversustamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 1982, 50:2265-2268.
61. Lykkesfeldt A.E., Madsen M.W., Briand P. Altered expression of estrogen-regulated genes in a tamoxifen-resistant and ICI 164,384 and ICI 182,780 sensitive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/TAMR-1. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:1587-1595.
62. Manders P., Beex L.V., Tjan-Heijnen V.C., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with the efficacy of endocrine therapy in patients with advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003, 98(10):2125-2132.
63. Margariti N., Fox S.B., Bottini A., Generali D. Overcoming breast cancer drug resistance with mTOR inhibitors. Could it be a myth or a real possibility in the short-term future?. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 128:599-606.
64. Martin M., et al. Phase III trial evaluating the addition of bevacizumab to endocrine therapy as first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer-first efficacy results from the LEA study. SABCS 2012, (Abstract S1-7).
65. Mehta R.S., Barlow W.E., Albain K.S., et al. Combination anastrozole and fulvestrant in metastatic breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:435-444.
66. Miller T., Fox E., Gonzalez-Angulo A., et al. Resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is dependent upon phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling. Cancer Res. 2009, 69(24 Suppl).
67. Montemurro F., Rondón G., Ueno N.T., et al. Factors affecting progression-free survival in hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation: role of maintenance endocrine therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002, 29:861-866.
68. Morgan L.R. Megestrol acetate v tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal patients. Semin. Oncol. 1985, 12:43-47.
69. Mouridsen H., Gershanovich M., Sun Y., et al. Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21:2101-2109.
70. Moy B., Goss P.E. Estrogen receptor pathway: resistance to endocrine therapy and new therapeutic approaches. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12:4790-4793.
71. Musgrove E.A., Sutherland R.L. Biological determinants of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2009, 9:631-643.
72. Muss H.B., Wells H.B., Paschold E.H., et al. Megestrol acetate versus tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer: 5-year analysis-a phase III trial of the Piedmont Oncology Association. J. Clin. Oncol. 1988, 6:1098-1106.
73. NCCN, 2015. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology version 1.
74. Nabholtz J.M., Buzdar A., Pollak M., et al. Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North American multicenter randomized trial. Arimidex Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18:3758-3767.
75. Nabholtz J.M., Bonneterre J., Buzdar A., et al. Anastrozole (Arimidex) versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: survival analysis and updated safety results. Eur. J. Cancer 2003, 39:1684-1689.
76. Turner Nicholas C., Ro Jungsil, Andre Fabrice, et al. PALOMA3: a double-blind, phase III trial of fulvestrant with or without palbociclib in pre- and post-menopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on prior endocrine therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33. (suppl; abstr LBA502).
77. Osborne C.K., Schiff R. Mechanisms of endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Annu. Rev. Med. 2011, 62:233-247.
78. Osborne, K., Neven, P., Dirix, L., et al., Randomized Phase II study of gefitinib (IRESSA) or placebo in combination with tamoxifen in patients with hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. CTRC-AACR 2007. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 13-16 December 2007, Poster 2067.
79. Paridaens R.J., Dirix L.Y., Beex L.V., et al. Phase III study comparing exemestane with tamoxifen as first-line hormonal treatment of metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:4883-4890.
80. Paterson A.H., Hanson J., Pritchard K.I., et al. Comparison of antiestrogen and progestogen therapy for initial treatment and consequences of their combination for second-line treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. 1990, 17:52-62.
81. Piccart-Gebhart M.J., Noguchi S., Pritchard K.I., et al. Everolimus for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: updated results of Bolero-2 phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30(21s). (suppl; abstr 559).
82. Pyrhonen S., Ellmen J., Vuorinen J., et al. Meta-analysis of trials comparing toremifene with tamoxifen and factors predicting outcome of antiestrogentherapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1999, 56:133-143.
83. Robertson J.F., Osborne C.K., Howell A., et al. Fulvestrant versus anastrozole for the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women: a prospective combined analysis of two multicenter trials. Cancer 2003, 98:229-238.
84. Robertson J.F., Erikstein B., Osborne K.C., et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of intramuscular fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2004, 43:529-538.
85. Robertson J.F., Semiglazov V., Nemsadze G., et al. Effects of fulvestrant 250mg in premenopausal women with oestrogenreceptor-positive primary breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2007, 43:64-70.
86. Robertson J.F., Llombart-Cussac A., Rolski J., et al. Activity of fulvestrant 500mg versus anastrozole 1mg as first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: results from the FIRST study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:4530-4535.
87. Robertson J.F.R., Lindemann J.P.O., Llombart-Cussac A., et al. A comparison of fulvestrant 500mg with anastrozole as first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: follow-up analysis from the FIRST study. Cancer Res. 2010, 70(24 Suppl). 76s.
88. Robertson Fulvestrant improves survival over anastrozole for patients with advanced breast cancer. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2014, (Abstract S6-04).
89. Rose C., Kamby C., Mouridsen H.T., et al. Combined endocrine treatment of postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. A randomized trial of tamoxifen vs. tamoxifen plus aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1986, S45-S50.
90. Rydén Lisa, Jirström Karin, Bendahl Pär-Ola, et al. Tumor-specific expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 but not vascular endothelial growth factor or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is associated with impaired response to adjuvant tamoxifen in premenopausal breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23:4695-4704.
91. Sanchez C.G., Ma C.X., Crowder R.J., et al. Preclinical modeling of combined phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibition with endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2011, 13:R21.
92. Smith I.E., Harris A.L., Morgan M., et al. Tamoxifen versus aminoglutethimide in advanced breast carcinoma: a randomized cross-over trial. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1981, 283:1432-1434.
93. Smith I.E., Walsh G., Skene A., et al. A phase II placebo-controlled trial of neoadjuvantanastrozole alone or with gefitinib in early breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25:3816-3822.
94. Thoennissen N.H., O'Kelly J., Lu D., et al. Capsaicin causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in ER-positive and -negative breast cancer cells by modulating the EGFR/HER-2 pathway. Oncogene 2010, 29(2):285-296.
95. Traina T.A., Rugo H.S., Caravelli J.F., et al. Feasibility trial of letrozole in combination with bevacizumab in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28:628-633.
96. Wakeling A.E., Dukes M., Bowler J. A potent specific pure antiestrogen with clinical potential. Cancer Res. 1991, 51:3867-3873.
97. Wakeling A.E. Similarities and distinctions in the mode of action of different classes of antioestrogens. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2000, 7:17-28.
98. Wang C.X., Koay D.C., Edwards A., Lu Z., Mor G., Ocal I.T., Digiovanna M.P. In vitro and in vivo effects of combination of Trastuzumab (Herceptin) and Tamoxifen in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2005, 92:251-263.
99. Wilcken N., Hornbuckle J., Ghersi D. Chemotherapy alone versus endocrine therapy alone for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003, Art. No.: CD002747. 10.1002/14651858. CD002747.
100. Wolff A.C., Lazar A.A., Bondarenko I., et al. Randomized phase III placebo controlled trial of letrozole plus oral temsirolimus as first-line endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31:195-202.
101. Zilli M., Grassadonia A., Tinari N., Di Giacobbe A., Gildetti S., Giampietro J., Natoli C., Iacobelli S. Molecular mechanisms of endocrine resistance and their implication in the therapy of breast cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1795:62-81.
102. van de Velde C.J., Rea D., Seynaeve C., et al. Adjuvant tamoxifen and exemestane in early breast cancer (TEAM): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011, 377(9762):321-331.